Scientific Computing

V. School of Mathematics and Science

Introduction to High-Performance Computing

@ University Oldenburg
The new HPC cluster: hardware and usage

Stefan Harfst (Scientific Computing)

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Contents

• New HPC Cluster

Overview
• User Environment
– File Systems
– Modules
• SLURM Job Submission
– GPUs
• Migration from old System
– Matlab

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NEW HPC CLUSTER

OVERVIEW

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• the new hardware was Delivery Day

delivered Aug 22nd

http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/fk5/wr/aktuelles/artikel/art/neue-hochleistungsrechner-fuer-die-universitaet-oldenburg-2380/

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Overview New Hardware

• CARL
– multi-purpose cluster as a basic computing resource
– funded by the University/MWK and the DFG under grant number
INST 184/157-1 FUGG (Forschungsgroßgerät nach Art. 91b GG)
• EDDY
– CFD cluster for wind energy research
– funded by the BMWi under grant number 0324005

• used as a shared HPC cluster

– common infrastructure is shared (e.g. file systems, network)
– shared administration

http://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=Acknowledging_the_HPC_facilities_2016

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HPC Facilities @ University Oldenburg

• shared HPC cluster CARL/EDDY

– close to 600 compute nodes
– 4 login and 2 administration nodes
– Infiniband FDR interconnect for parallel computing
– 10/1GE network
– parallel file system (GPFS) with 900TB capacity
– NFS mounted central storage

– Linux (RHEL) as OS
– many scientific applications and libraries available
– Job Scheduler (SLURM)

https://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=HPC_Facilities_of_the_University_of_Oldenburg_2016

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Schematic View of HPC Cluster

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Schematic View GE Network

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Summary CARL & EDDY

Feature CARL EDDY Total

Nodes 327 244 571
Cores 7.640 5.856 13.496
RAM 77 TB 21 TB 98 TB
GPFS 450 TB 450 TB 900 TB
local disks 360 TB - 360 TB
Rpeak (nominal) 271 Tflop/s 201 Tflop/s 482 Tflop/s
Rpeak (AVX2) 221 Tflop/s 164 Tflop/s 385 Tflop/s
Rmax 457.2 Tflop/s

Rank 363 in Top500 https://www.top500.org/system/178942

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Top500 Performance Development

CARL/EDDY
• Rmax 457.2 Tflop/s
• Rank 363
• 571 nodes
• 13,500 cores
• 100 TB RAM

17x Rmax
1.6x nodes
3.3x cores
10x RAM

HERO/FLOW
• Rmax 27.2 Tflop/s
• not ranked
• 350 nodes
• 4,000 cores
• 10 TB RAM
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Compute Nodes CARL

• 128/158x MPC-LOM/STD
– multiple nodes per chassis
– 2x Intel 2650 V4
– 12 cores @ 2,2 GHz
– 128/256 GB RAM (8x16/32)

– 1 TB HDD

• 9x MPC-GPU
– as MPC-STD
– NVIDIA Tesla GPU

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Compute Nodes CARL

• 30x MPC-BIG
– 2x Intel 2667 V4
– 8 cores @ 3,2 GHz
– 512 GB RAM (16x32)

• 2x MPC-PP
– 4x Intel 8891 V4
– 10 cores @ 2,8 GHz
– 2048 GB RAM (64x32)

• both with
– 1x Intel P3700 2.0TB NVMe Flash Adapter
with up to 2.8/2.0 GB/s R/W performance
– free PCIe slots for future expansion

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Compute Nodes EDDY

• 160/81x CFD-LOM/HIM
– multiple nodes per chassis
– 2x Intel 2650 V4
– 12 cores @ 2,2 GHz
– 64/128 GB RAM (8x8/16)

• 3x CFD-GPU
– as MPC-STD
– NVIDIA Tesla GPU

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Interconnect

• FDR Infiniband
– 54 Gbit/s data transfer (throughput)
– latency 0.7ms
– message rate 137 Million msg/s
– switched fabric topology (fat tree)

– CARL blocking factor 8:1

– EDDY fully non-blocking

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Parallel Filesystem

• GPFS Storage Server

– Dual Server System
– GPFS Nativ Raid Technologie
– RAID 8+2P
– 232 HDDs, 900TB net capacity
– Fast Raid Rebuild
• < 1 Hour

• Shared Storage for both Clusters

– min. 12000 MB/s write performance
– min. 17500 MB/s read performance

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Racks in Server Room

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USER ENVIRONMENT

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Login to the HPC Cluster

http://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=Login

• Linux
– use ssh as before with carl or eddy as login nodes
ssh -X [email protected]
• Windows
– use MobaXterm (recommended) or PuTTY

• login host names

hpcl00[1-4].hpc.uni-oldenburg.de
– can be used instead of carl or eddy (for login to specific node)
– no difference between carl and eddy as login

• from outside of the campus network use VPN connection

– see instructions at http://www.itdienste.uni-oldenburg.de/21240.html

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File Systems
http://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=File_system_and_Data_Management

• central ISILON storage

– used for home directories (as before)
– NFS mounted over 10Gb Ethernet
– full backup and snapshot functionality
– can be mounted on local workstation using CIFS
• shared parallel storage (GPFS)
– used for data and work directories
– data transfer over FDR Infiniband
– currently no backup
– can also be mounted on local workstation using CIFS
• local disks or SSDs for scratch
– CARL compute nodes have local storage (1-2TB per node)
– EDDY compute nodes have 1GB RAM disk (for compatibility)
– usable during job run time
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New Directory Structure

• on every filesystem ($HOME, $DATA, $WORK) users will
have their own subdirectory
– e.g. for $HOME
drwx------ abcd1234 agsomegroup /user/abcd1234

– default permissions prevent other users from seeing the contents

of their directory
– user can give permissions to others to access files or
subdirectory as needed (user‘s responsibility)
– file and directory access can be based on primary (the working
group) and secondary (e.g. the institute) Unix groups
– recommendation: keep access restricted on $HOME and if
needed share files/dirs. on $DATA or $WORK
https://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=File_system_and_Data_Management#Managing_access_rights_of_your_folders

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File Systems
File Env.
Path Used for
System Variable
Home $HOME /user/abcd1234 critical data that cannot easily be
reproduced (program codes, initial
conditions, results from data analysis)
Data $DATA /gss/data/abcd1234 important data from simulations for
on-going analysis and long term
(project duration) storage
Work $WORK /gss/work/abcd1234 data storage for simulation runtime,
pre- and post-processing, short term
(weeks) storage
Scratch $TMPDIR /scratch/<job-dir> temporary data storage during job
runtime

• home and data can be mounted on local workstations

• data may have some kind of backup in the future
• special quota rule for work
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Quotas
https://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=File_system_and_Data_Management#Quotas

• on every file system default quotas are in place

– home and data have 1TB and 2TB, respectively
– work has 10TB
– maybe increased upon request

• special quota on work

– in addition to hard limit above, work also has soft quota of 2TB
– if usage is over soft quota a grace period of 30 days is triggered
– after grace period no data can be written to work by user

 clean up your data on work regularly

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File System Shares

https://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=Local_Mounting_of_File_Systems

• as before you can mount your $HOME directory on your

local workstation
• it is also possible to mount $DATA locally (work in
progress)
• server address for mounting are
$HOME //daten.uni-oldenburg.de/hpchome
$DATA //daten.uni-oldenburg.de/hpcdata
(data does not work yet)
– for Windows connect a network drive
– for Linux add information in /etc/fstab

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Modules

• user environment can be modified by loading/unloading

modules
– modules provide access to compiler, libraries, and scientific
applications
– typically modules for applications load all required dependencies

• changes with the new system

– Lua-based module system Lmod (rather than TCL-based)
– module commands are the same as before
– more features (caching, default modules, searching)
– module names may be different (capitalization and version suffix)

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Module Commands
https://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=User_environment_-_The_usage_of_module_2016

• find modules
module available [module-name]
module spider [module-name]
– list all modules [with given module name]
– spider is case-insensitive and understands reg-exp

• load/unload
module load <module-name>
module remove <module-name>
– to return to a default state
module restore

• information about modules

module list
module help <module-name>
module spider <module-name>

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Examples: Module Commands

$ module list
1) hpc-uniol-env 2) slurm/current
$ module load GCC/4.9.4
$ module list
1) hpc-uniol-env 2) slurm/current 3) GCC/4.9.4
4) …
$ module swap GCC/4.9.4 GCC/5.4.0
$ module restore
$ module purge
$ module load hpc-uniol-env

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Toolchains
https://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=Toolchains

• toolchains provide an environment for building

applications (including from your own codes)
• toolchains may include compilers, MPI library, numerical
libraries
– different versions to combine multiple versions of components
• examples:
– goolf: GCC, OpenMPI, OpenBLAS, ScaLAPACK, FFTW
– gompi: GCC, OpenMPI
– intel: Intel compilers, MPI, MKL
• if needed you may request additional toolchains from
http://easybuild.readthedocs.io/en/latest/eb_list_toolchains.html

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SLURM JOB SUBMISSION

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SGE vs SLURM Job Script

https://slurm.schedmd.com/rosetta.pdf

SGE: myscript.job SLURM: myscript.job

#!/bin/bash #!/bin/bash

#$ -cwd # -cwd not needed, default

#SBATCH --partition=carl.p
#SBATCH --ntasks=1
#$ -l h_rt=2:00:0 #SBATCH --time=0-2:00
#$ -l h_vmem=300M #SBATCH --mem-per-cpu=2G
#$ -N basic_test #SBATCH --job-name=basic_test
#$ -j y # default is single file
#$ -m ea #SBATCH --mail-type=END,FAIL
#$ -M [email protected] #SBATCH [email protected]

module load myExample/2017 module load myExample/2017

./myExample ./myExample

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changed syntax
no longer needed SGE vs SLURM Job Script
new option https://slurm.schedmd.com/rosetta.pdf

SGE: myscript.job SLURM: myscript.job

#!/bin/bash #!/bin/bash

#$ -cwd # -cwd not needed, default

#SBATCH --partition=carl.p
#SBATCH --ntasks=1
#$ -l h_rt=2:00:0 #SBATCH --time=0-2:00
#$ -l h_vmem=300M #SBATCH --mem-per-cpu=2G
#$ -N basic_test #SBATCH --job-name=basic_test
#$ -j y # default is single file
#$ -m ea #SBATCH --mail-type=END,FAIL
#$ -M [email protected] #SBATCH [email protected]

module load myExample/2017 module load myExample/2017

./myExample ./myExample

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SLURM Job Control Commands

https://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=SLURM_Job_Management_(Queueing)_System

• submitting a job script

sbatch myscript.job
• viewing the job queue
squeue
– shows all jobs from all users per default
– add -u $USER to only show your own jobs
• status of all queues
sinfo
• information about running and finished jobs
sacct –j <job-id>
– SGE command qacct only worked for finished jobs
• kill or cancel a job
scancel <job-id>

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Options for SBATCH

https://slurm.schedmd.com/sbatch.html

Option Short Form Description

--job-name=JobName -J JobName sets a name for job which is display in the
queue
--partion=<partition> -p <partition> (comma-separated list of) partition(s)
where the job should run, no default
--output=<filename> -o <filename> output files for STDOUT and STDERR,
--error=<filename> -e <filename> default is join in slurm-%j.out
--ntasks=<n> -n <n> number of tasks (e.g. for MPI parallel
jobs)
--mem-per-cpu=<m> memory per core/task, optional
--mem=<m> memory per node, exclusive with above
--mail-type=<MT> mail settings
--mail-user=...

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Partitions

• partitions in SLURM are the equivalent of queues in SGE

– each node type has its own partition
– partitions define the available resources and set defaults
Default Default
Partition NodeType CPUs Misc
RunTime Memory
mpcs.p MPC-STD 24 10 375M
mpcl.p MPC-LOM 24 5 000M
mpcb.p MPC-BIG 16 2h 30G
mpcp.p MPC-PP 40 50G
1x Tesla
mpcg.p MPC-GPU 24 10 375M
P100 GPU
carl.p combines mpcs.p, mpcl.p, and mpcg.p

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Parallel Jobs

• SLURM does not need parallel environments

• parallel jobs can be defined in different ways:
– number of tasks, SLURM will use as few nodes as possible
#SBATCH --ntasks=24
– number of nodes and number of tasks
#SBATCH --nodes=2
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=12
– number of CPUs (cores) per task
#SBATCH --ntasks=1
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=24
– the first two examples can be used for MPI parallel jobs, the last
is for OpenMP or thread-based parallelization (PE smp)
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MPI

• applications using MPI are aware of the resources

allocated by SLURM for the job
– no need to specify the number of processes or hostnames

• starting parallel execution (within job script)

– load module for MPI library
– using MPI
mpirun ./myMPIprogram
– using SLURM
srun ./myMPIprogram

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Example Job Script MPI

#!/bin/bash
#
#SBATCH -J TestJob # Jobname
#SBATCH -p cfdh_shrt.p # Partition: cfdh
#SBATCH -t 0-00:10 # time (D-HH:MM)
#SBATCH -o slurm.%N.%j.out # STDOUT
#SBATCH -e slurm.%N.%j.err # STDERR
#SBATCH --ntasks 192 # Number of Tasks

## alternatively (for better control of job distribution)

##SBATCH --nodes=8 # number of nodes
##SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=24 # tasks per node

module load impi # load Intel MPI

mpirun ./someParallelApplication
#srun ./someParallelApplication

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SLURM Environment Variables

https://slurm.schedmd.com/sbatch.html#lbAG
SLURM_JOB_NAME name of the job
SLURM_JOB_ID the ID of the job allocation
SLURM_SUBMIT_DIR the directory from which sbatch was
invoked
SLURM_JOB_NODELIST list of nodes allocated to the job
SLURM_JOB_NUM_NODES total number of nodes in the job's
resource allocation
SLURM_NTASKS_PER_NODE number of tasks requested per node,
only set if --ntasks-per-node is specified
SLURM_NTASKS same as -n, --ntasks
SLURM_CPUS_PER_TASK number of cpus requested per task,
only set if --cpus-per-task is specified
SLURM_TASKS_PER_NODE number of tasks to be initiated on each
node
SLURM_MEM_PER_CPU same as --mem-per-cpu
SLURM_MEM_PER_NODE same as --mem
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srun

• the srun command can be used to execute parallel commands

– not necessarily limited to MPI
– command is executed per default ntasks times

• example

srun hostname | sort -u

– will write a list of nodes allocated to the job to STDOUT

• srun can also be used to allocate resources if used outside of

a batch job script
– using same options as for sbatch (as command-line options)

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Job Arrays

• job arrays can be used to run identical job scripts with

multiple parameter
– should be strongly preferred over submitting multiple jobs
• additional SBATCH in job script, e.g.
#SBATCH --array=0-15:4%2
– array indexes can be defined as ranges, with step sizes (:), and
limitations on simultaneous running (%) plus comma-separated
list
• additional environment variables
– most important is SLURM_ARRAY_TASK_ID to change
parameters for run

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Job Array Example

. . .
#SBATCH --job-name=arrayJob
#SBATCH --output=arrayJob_%A_%a.out
#SBATCH --array=1-16
. . .

# Print this sub-job's task ID

echo "My SLURM_ARRAY_TASK_ID: " $SLURM_ARRAY_TASK_ID

# Do some work based on the SLURM_ARRAY_TASK_ID

# For example:
# ./my_process $SLURM_ARRAY_TASK_ID
# or
# ./my_process -i inputfile.$SLURM_ARRAY_TASK_ID.inp

Do not use sbatch in for-loops, this can always be transformed into a job array

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Using $TMPDIR

• all MPC-nodes (and CFD-GPU) have local disks or SSDs

– for diskless nodes a RAM-disk (1G) is available for consistency
– mounted as /scratch
– during runtime a job-specific directory is created, the path is
stored in $TMPDIR
• SLURM is aware of local disks as Generic RESource
(GRES)
– you can request a GRES in your job script, e.g.
#SBATCH --gres=tmpdir:100G
– multiple GRES in comma-separated list (not multiple --gres)

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Using $TMPDIR

• the local disks are intended for temporary files from I/O
intensive applications
– $TMPDIR will be deleted after the job is finished

• example
. . .
#SBATCH --gres=tmpdir:500G
. . .
# change to TMPDIR
cd $TMPDIR
# create a lot of data
./mysim > largeDataFile
# post-processing reduces data file
./mypp < largeDataFile > $SLURM_SUBMIT_DIR/smallResultFile

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Using GPUs
• a total of 12 identical GPU nodes is available
– 9x MPC-GPU (mpcg.p) and 3x CFD-GPU (cfdg.p)
– one Tesla P100 GPU per node

• modules for
– CUDA SDK (examples and more)
– cuBLAS and cuFFT

• requesting GPUs in job script

– as GRES: #SBATCH --gres=gpu:1
– with TMPDIR: #SBATCH --gres=gpu:1,tmpdir:100G
– without GRES request you cannot use GPUs even if your job is
running on GPU node

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MIGRATION TO THE NEW

SYSTEM

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Migration to the new System

• new login nodes

• new HOME-directories
• new directory structure in file systems
• some or most modules renamed
• translate SGE scripts to SLURM
• all jobs may use parallel filesystem for I/O
• MPI-parallel jobs now use FDR Infiniband

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Migration of Data
• the new cluster has a new $HOME directory
– central ISILON storage system
• links to the old $HOME and /data/work allow you to copy data
– read-only on the new cluster (as long as the old cluster is
accessible)
– please clean-up your data before copying
$ pwd
/user/abcd1234
$ ls
… old_home_abcd1234 old_work_abcd1234 …
$ cp -ar old_home_abcd1234/somedir .
– eventually you should delete all data in the old_* dirs. (6 month time
scale or so)

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MATLAB
https://wiki.hpcuser.uni-oldenburg.de/index.php?title=Configuration_MDCS_2016

• on CARL/EDDY only Matlab R2016b is installed

– new integration is required (after installing R2016b locally)
– an upgrade of the integration files will be uploaded in the next
days
– updates at least once a year (b-versions)

• transition
– apart from the new version and integration nothing has changed
– license transition will be step by step (eventually with 32 licenses
remaining on the old system)

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HERO and FLOW

• the old systems will be shutdown

– planned date is April 1st (at least for submission of new jobs)
– removal of the hardware is planned for mid May

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HERO and FLOW

• the old systems will be shutdown

– planned date is April 1st (at least for submission of new jobs)
– removal of the hardware is planned for mid May

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Need Help? Software Missing?

• see new wiki

– main page will be changed soon
– old pages will remain

• contact us
– e-mail: [email protected]
(will reach everyone below and IT services)
– Stefan Harfst: [email protected]
– Julius Brunken: [email protected]
– Wilke Trei: [email protected]

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