CHAPTER Solutions Key

8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry

2
ARE YOU READY? PAGE 515 2a. x = (2)(8) = 16 b. x 2 = (10)(30) = 300
x=4 x = √300 = 10 √3
1. D 2. C
3. A 4. E c. x 2 = (8)(9) = 72
x = √72 = 6 √2
5. ___
PR = ___
10 = 2; ___
QR ___
= 12 = 2 3. 9 2 = (u)(3)
RT 5 RS 6
∠PRQ  ∠TRS by Vert.  Thm. 81 = 3u
yes; PRQ ∼ TRS by SAS ∼ u = 27
v 2 = (3)(3 + u) w 2 = (u)(3 + u)
6. ___
AB = __
6 = __
3 ; ___
BC = ___
15 = __
3
FE 4 2 ED 10 2 v 2 = (3)(30) = 90 w 2 = (27)(30) = 810
∠B  ∠E by Rt. ∠  Thm. v = √ 
90 = 3 √10 w = √810 = 9 √
10
yes; ABC ∼ FED by SAS ∼
4. Let x be height of cliff above eye level.
7. x = 5 √2
 8. 16 = x √
2 (28) 2 = 5.5x
16 √
2 = 2x x ≈ 142.5 ft
x = 8 √
2 Cliff is about 142.5 + 5.5, or 148 ft high.

9. x = 4 √3 10. x = 2(3) = 6
THINK AND DISCUSS
11. 3(x - 1) = 12 12. -2(y + 5) = -1
x-1=4 y + 5 = 0.5 1. Set up the proportion __
7 = ___
x , and solve for x.
2
x 21
x=5 y = -4.5 x = 7(21) = 147
13. 6 = 8(x - 3) 14. 2 = -1(z + 4) x = √
147 = 7 √3
6 = 8x - 24 2 = -z - 4 2.
A !LTITUDE TO
30 = 8x z = -6
HYPOTENUSE
x = 3.75 D ___
AD 

___
BD

BD
CD
,EG 
15. __4 = ___6 16. __5 = ___
x ___
AC 

___

AB 'EOMETRIC
y 18 8 32 AB AD
-EANS IN 2IGHT
__4 = __1 5(32) = 8(x) 4RIANGLES
y 3 160 = 8x B C
4(3) = y(1) x = 20 ,EG 
y = 12 ___
AC 

___

BC
BC CD

17. __
m = ___
8 = __
2 18. __y = __9
9 12 3 4 y
3m = 9(2) = 18 y(y) = 4(9) EXERCISES
m=6 y 2 = 36 GUIDED PRACTICE
y = ±6 1. 8 is geometric mean of 2 and 32.
19. 13.118 ≈ 13.12 20. 37.91 ≈ 37.9 2. Sketch the 3 rt. with  of in corr. positions.
21. 15.992 ≈ 16.0 22. 173.05 ≈ 173 P

8-1 SIMILARITY IN RIGHT TRIANGLES,

PAGES 518–523
R Q
S
CHECK IT OUT!
S
1. Sketch the 3 rt. with  of in corr. positions.
J R P P Q

By Thm. 8-1-1, RPQ ∼ PSQ ∼ RSP.

K L
M
M

K J J L

By Thm. 8-1-1, LJK ∼ JMK ∼ LMJ.

175 Holt McDougal Geometry

 3. Sketch the 3 rt.  with  of  in corr. positions. PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
B 15. By Thm. 8-1-1, MPN ∼ PQN ∼ MQP.
16. By Thm. 8-1-1, CAB ∼ ADB ∼ CDA.
17. By Thm. 8-1-1, RSU ∼ RTS ∼ STU.
2
E D 18. x = (5)(45) = 225 19. x 2 = (3)(15) = 45
E x = 15 x = 3 √ 5

B 20. x 2 = (5)(8) = 40 21. x = __

2
4 ()
1 (80) = 20
x = 2 √10
x = 2 √
5
C D C E

By Thm. 8-1-1, BED ∼ ECD ∼ BCE. 22. x 2 = (1.5)(12) = 18

x = 3 √2
23. x = __
2
( )( )
2 ___
27 = ___
3 40
9
20
4. Sketch the 3 rt.  with  of  in corr. positions.
x = ____
3 = ____
3 √
5
X 10
2 √
5
2
24. 12 = 4(4 + x) y 2 = 4(32) = 128
144 = 16 + 4x y = 8 √2
128 = 4x
Y Z x = 32
Y z 2 = 32(4 + 32) = 1152
X
z = 24 √2
25. x 2 = (30)(40) = 1200 y 2 = (30)(70) = 2100
W Z W Y x = 20 √ 3 y = 10 √21
2
By Thm. 8-1-1, XYZ ∼ XWY ∼ YWZ. z = (70)(40) = 2800
z = 20 √
7
5. x 2 = (2)(50) = 100 6. x 2 = (4)(16) = 64
x = 10 x=8 26. 9.6 2 = (z)(12.8)
92.16 = 12.8z
()
7. x 2 = __
1 (8) = 4
2
8. x 2 = (9)(12) = 108 z = 7.2
x=2 x = √108 = 6 √3 y 2 = (12.8)(12.8 + 7.2) = 256
2 y = 16
9. x = (16)(25) = 400 10. x 2 = (7)(11) = 77 2
x = 20 x = (7.2)(12.8 + 7.2) = 144
x = √77
x = 12
11. x 2 = (10)(6) = 60 y 2 = (6)(4) = 24 27. Let h represent height of tower above eye level.
x = √60 = 2 √
15 y = √24 = 2 √6 91 ft 3 in. = 91.25 ft
2
z = (10)(4) = 40 (91.25) 2 = 5h
z = √
40 = 2 √
10 h ≈ 1665 ft
Tower is about 1665 + 5 = 1670 ft high.
12. 10 2 = 100 = 20x 2
y = (20)(20 + 5) = 500
x=5 28. 8 2 = 64 = 2x
y = √
500 = 10 √5
x = 32
z 2 = (5)(20 + 5) = 125
29. (2 √
5 ) = 20 = 6x
2
z = √125 = 5 √5

13. (6 √
13 ) = (18)(18 + z)
2
x 2 = (8)(18) = 144 x = ___
10 = 3 __
1
3 3
468 = 324 + 18z x = 12
30. y; __
x = __ 31. x + y; _____ = __
z x+y u
144 = 18z
z y u x
z=8
32. y; _____ = __ 33. z; __ = __
2
y = (8)(18 + 8) = 208 x+y v y z
v y z x
y = √
208 = 4 √
13
2
14. RS 2 = (64)(60) = 3840 34. v; v = y(x + y) 35. x; u 2 = (x + y)x
RS = √3840 ≈ 62.0 m 36. BD 2 = (AD)(CD) 37. BC 2 = (AC)(CD)
= (12)(8) = 96 = (16)(5) = 80
BD = 4 √6 BC = 4 √5

176 Holt McDougal Geometry

38. BD 2 = (AC)(CD) 2 CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
39. BC = (AC)(CD)
= ( √2
)( √2
) = 2 5 = CD √
10 50. Let x be length of shorter seg.

BD = √2 5 √
10 = 10CD 8 2 = (x)(4x) = 4x 2
CD = ____ 8 = √
√
10 4x 2 = 2x
2 x=4
40. √
(0.1) (0.03) X 100% ≈ 5.5% Lengths of segs. are 4 in. and 4(4) = 16 in.

51. (2 √
21 ) = (x)(x + 5)
2
41. B is incorrect; proportion should be ___
12 = ___
EF .
EF 8 2
84 = x + 5x
2
42. a = (2)(5) = 10 0 = x 2 + 5x - 84
a = √10 ≈ 3.2 0 = (x - 7)(x + 12)
Altitude is about 3.2 cm long. x = 7 (since x > 0)
y 2 = (7)(5) = 35
43. By Corollary 8-1-3, a 2 = x(x + y) and b 2 = y(x + y).
y = √35
So a 2 + b 2 = x(x + y) + y(x + y). By Distrib. Prop.,
2
this expression simplifies to z = 5(5 + 7) = 60
(x + y)(x + y) = (x + y)2 = c 2. So a 2 + b 2 = c 2. z = 2 √
15
2
44a. SW 2 = (RS)(ST ) = (4)(3) = 12 52. Let AD = DC = a. By Corollary 8-1-3, AB =
2 2 2
SW = √12 ≈ 3.46 ft, or 3 ft 6 in. (a)(2a) = 2a , and BC = (a)(2a) = 2a . So
AB = BC = a √ 2 . Therefore ABC is isosc., so it is
b. RW 2 = (RS)(RT ) = (4)(7) = 28 a 45°-45°-90° .
RW = √28 ≈ 5.29 ft, or 5 ft 3 in.
2
53. Step 1 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in BDE to find BF and BD.
45. Area of rect. is ab, and area of square is s . It is EF 2 = (BF)(FD)
2
given that s = ab, so s is geometric mean of a and b.
3.28 2 = 4.86BF
2
46. Let z be geometric mean of x and y, where x = a BF ≈ 2.214
and y = b . So z = √
2
a 2b 2 = ab, which is a whole BD ≈ 7.074
number. Step 2 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in BDE to find BE.
TEST PREP BE 2 = (BF)(BD) ≈ 15.662
BE ≈ 3.958
47. D Step 3 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in BCD to find BC.
XY 2 = (8)(11) = 88
BD 2 = (BE)(BC)
XY ≈ 9.4 ft
7.074 2 ≈ 3.958BC
48. H BC ≈ 12.643
BD 2 = (9)(4) = 36 Step 4 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in BCD to find CD.
BD = 6
CD 2 = (BC)(EC) ≈ 109.806
Area = __
1 (BD)(AC)
CD ≈ 10.479
2
= __
1 (6)(13) = 39 m 2 Step 5 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in ABC to find AC.
2 BC 2 = (AC)(CD)
49. A 12.643 2 ≈ 10.479AC
2
RS = (1)(y + 1) = y + 1 AC ≈ 15.26 cm
RS = √
y+1 Step 6 Apply Pyth. Thm. in ABD to find AB.
AB 2 = BD 2 + AD 2
AB 2 ≈ 7.07 2 + (15.26 - 10.48) 2
AB ≈ 8.53 cm
SPIRAL REVIEW
54. at x-intercept, y = 0 at y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 4 = 4 = 6x 3y + 4 = 6(0)
x = __4 = __
2 3y = -4
y = - __
6 3 4
3
55. at x-intercept, y = 0 at y-intercept, x = 0
x + 4 = 2(0) 0 + 4 = 2y
x = -4 y=2
56. at x-intercept, y = 0 at y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) - 15 = -15 = 15x 3y - 15 = 15(0)
x = -1 3y = 15
y=5

177 Holt McDougal Geometry

 −−
57. 58. 4a. DF is the hyp. Given: EF, opp. to given ∠D. Since
opp. side and hyp. are involved, use a sine ratio.
c c
sin D = _______ = ___

opp. leg EF

hyp. DF
sin 51° = ___
17
Ȗе


  Ȗе
 



 Ȗе


DF
c = 2(3) = 6 c = 2(7) = 14 DF = ______
17 ≈ 21.87 m
sin 51°
−−
59. b. ST is adj. to the given ∠. Given: TU, the hyp. Since
adj. side and hyp. are involved, use a cosine ratio.
c
cos T = ______ = ___
 adj. leg ST
hyp. TU
cos 42° = ___
ST


 Ȗе


9.5
c = 2(2) = 4 9.5(cos 42°) = ST
ST ≈ 7.06 in.
60. ∠DEC is a rt. ∠, so 30y = 90 → y = 3 −−
m∠EDC = 8(3) + 15 = 39° c. BC is adj. to the given ∠. Given: AC, opp. ∠B. Since
opp. side and adj. side are involved, use a tangent
 bisects ∠ADC, so m∠EDA = m∠EDC = 39°
61. DB ratio.
tan B = _______ = ___
62. AB = BC opp. leg AC
2x + 8 = 4x adj. leg BC
8 = 2x tan 18° = ___
12
x=4 BC
AB = 2(4) + 8 = 16 BC = ______
12 ≈ 36.93 ft
tan 18°
−−
d. JL is opp. the given ∠. Given: KL, the hyp. Since
8-2 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS,
opp. side and hyp. are involved, use a sine ratio.
PAGES 525–532
sin K = _______ = ___
opp. leg JL
CHECK IT OUT! hyp. KL
1a. cos A = ___
24 = 0.96 b. tan B = ___
24 ≈ 3.43 sin 27° = ____
JL
25 7 13.6
13.6(sin 27°) = JL
c. sin B = ___
24 = 0.96 2. JL ≈ 6.17 cm
25
5. 1 Understand the Problem
s

s Ȗе


Make a sketch. The answer is AC.
2 Make a Plan
−−
AC is the hyp. You are given AB, the leg opp. ∠C.
s Since opp. leg and hyp. are involved, write an
tan 45° = __
s=1 equation using a sine ratio.
s 3 Solve
3a. b. sin C = ___
AB
AC
sin 4.8° = ___
1.2
AC
AC = _______
1.2 ≈ 14.34 ft
sin 4.8°
4 Look Back
tan 11° ≈ 0.19 sin 62° ≈ 0.88 Problem asks for AC rounded to nearest hundredth,
so round the length to 14.34. Length AC of ramp is
c. 14.34 ft.

THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Solve sin 32° = ___
4 . 2. Solve cos 32° = ___
6.4 .
AB AB
cos 30° ≈ 0.87

178 Holt McDougal Geometry

 −−
!BBREVIATION 7ORDS $IAGRAM
18. BC is opp. the given ∠. Given: AC, the hyp. Since
3. opp. side and hyp. are involved, use a sine ratio.
OPP LEG

sin A = _______ = ___

SIN Ê???????
HYP
4HE SINE OF AN Ȝ IS THE RATIO OF (YPOTENUSE opp. leg BC
THE LENGTH OF THE OPP LEG TO /PPOSITE
THE LENGTH OF THE HYP A
hyp. AC
ADJ LEG
COS Ê??????? 4HE COSINE OF AN Ȝ IS THE RATIO
sin 23° = ___
BC
HYP (YPOTENUSE 4
OF THE LENGTH OF THE ADJ LEG TO
THE LENGTH OF THE HYP 4(sin 23°) = BC
A
!DJACENT BC ≈ 1.56 in.
OPP LEG −−
TAN Ê???????
ADJ LEG
4HE TANGENT OF AN Ȝ IS THE RATIO 19. QR is opp. the given ∠. Given: PQ, adj. to given
OF THE LENGTH OF THE OPP LEG TO /PPOSITE
THE LENGTH OF THE ADJ LEG ∠. Since opp. and adj. sides are involved, use a
A
!DJACENT tangent ratio.
tan P = _______ = ___
opp. leg QR
EXERCISES adj. leg PQ
tan 50° = ___
QR
GUIDED PRACTICE
8.1
1. sin J = ___ 2. tan N = ___
LK MP 8.1(tan 50°) = QR
JL MN QR ≈ 9.65 m
−−
3. sin C = __
4 = 0.80 4. tan A = __
3 = 0.75 20. KL is adj. to the given ∠. Given: JL, the hyp. Since
5 4 adj. side and hyp. are involved, use a cosine ratio.
cos L = ______ = ___
adj. leg KL
5. cos A = __
4 = 0.80 6. cos C = __
3 = 0.60
5 5 hyp. JL
cos 61° = ___
KL
7. tan C = __
4 ≈ 1.33 8. sin A = __
3 = 0.60
2.5
3 5 2.5(cos 61°) = KL
9. 11. KL ≈ 1.21 cm
x 21. 1 Understand the Problem
x

s Ȗе


The answer is XY, opp. the given ∠.
s
2 Make a Plan
You are given WZ, which is twice WY, the leg adj. to


x Ȗе



s ∠W. First, calculate WY. Then, since opp. and adj.
cos 60° = ___
x = __1
____
s = ___
√2 legs are involved, write an equation using a tangent
2x 2 sin 45° = ratio.
s √
2 2
10. tan 30° = ____
x = ___
√
3 3 Solve
√
x 3  3 WY = __1 WZ
2
12. 13. __
= 1 (56) = 28 ft
2
tan W = ____
XY
WY
tan 15° = ___
XY
28
XY = 28(tan 15°) ≈ 7.5028 ft
tan 67° ≈ 2.36 sin 23° ≈ 0.39 4 Look Back
14. 15. Problem asks for XY rounded to nearest inch.
Height XY of pediment is 7 ft 6 in.
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

22. cos D = ___

8 ≈ 0.47 23. tan D = ___
15 ≈ 1.88
17 8
sin 49° ≈ 0.75 cos 88° ≈ 0.03 24. tan F = ___
8 ≈ 0.53 25. cos F = ___
15 ≈ 0.88
15 17
16. 17.
26. sin F = ___
8 ≈ 0.47 27. sin D = ___
15 ≈ 0.88
17 17

28. 29. sin 30° = ___

x = __
1
2x 2
x
x
cos 12° ≈ 0.98 tan 9° ≈ 0.16

x Ȗе

tan 60° = ____

x √
3
= √
3
x

179 Holt McDougal Geometry

30. cos 45° = ____
s = ___
√2 51. The tangent ratio is < 1 for  measuring < 45°
2 and > 1 for  measuring > 45°. In a 45°-45°-90°
s √2

, both legs have same length, so tan 45° = 1. If
s

s Ȗе


the acute ∠ measure increases, opp. leg length
also increases, so tangent ratio is > 1. If the acute
∠ measure decreases, the opp. leg length also
s decreases, so tangent ratio is < 1.
31. tan 51° ≈ 1.23 32. sin 80° ≈ 0.98 52a. AC = _____
AB b. AD = AB sin ∠ABD
sin C = 25 sin (90 - 28)°
= ______
33. cos 77° ≈ 0.22 34. tan 14° ≈ 0.25 25
≈ 22.07 ft
35. sin 55° ≈ 0.82 36. cos 48° ≈ 0.67 sin 65°
≈ 27.58 ft ≈ 22 ft 1 in.
37. PQ = 11 sin 19° 38. cos 46° = ____
19.2
≈ 27 ft 7 in.
≈ 3.58 cm AC
_______
AC = 19.2 53. From diagram, C
sin A = __
cos 46° 3 = 0.6.
≈ 27.64 in. 5

39. sin 34° = ___ 40. cos 25° = ___
33
11 
GH XZ
GH = ______
11 XZ = _______
33
A
sin 34° cos 25°  B
≈ 19.67 ft ≈ 36.41 in.
54. From diagram, D
41. tan 61° = ___
9.5 42. EF = 83.1 tan 12° tan D = ___
24 ≈ 3.43. 
KL ≈ 17.66 m 7 
______
KL = 9.5
tan 61° F
 E
≈ 5.27 ft

43. sin 15° = ____

1.58 55. Let 1 face be ABC with A the apex; let M be mdpt.
−−
 of BC.
= ______
1.58 ≈ 6.10 m
BC = 2BM
sin 15° = ______
2h
tan 52°
44. If a and b are opp. and adj. leg lengths,
= ______ ≈ 753 ft
2(482)
tan (m∠) = __a =1
b tan 52°
a=b
56a, b. Check students’ work.
 is 45°-45°-90°, so m∠ = 45°
c. 20° d. sin 20° = 0.34
45. sin 45° = ____
s = cos 45°
cos 20° = 0.94
s √2

So sine and cosine ratios tan 20° = 0.36
s

s Ȗе


are =. e. Values in part d should be close to estimate-based
values in part b.

s 57a. tan 30° = x = ___

____ √3
x √
3 3
46. sin 30° = ___
x = __
1
sin 30° = ___
x = __
1 x
2x 2 x
2x 2
x Sine of a 30° ∠ is 0.5.
x
cos 30° = ____
x √
3
= ___
√3
_1 2x 2


x Ȗе



___
2
= ___
1 = ___√3


x Ȗе



___
√3  √3 3

47. cos 30° = ____


x √3
= sin 60°
2
So tan 30° = _______
sin 30°
2x cos 30°
cos 30° = sine of a 60° ∠
48. h = 10 sin 75.5° ≈ 9.7 ft b. tan A = __
a , sin A = __
a , cos A = __
b
b c c
49. BC = AD 50. SU = _______
RS _a
cos 49° c. _____
sin A = __c = __a · __c = __a = tan A
= 3 tan (90 - 68)°
= _______
UT cos A _b c b b
≈ 1.2 ft cos 49°
c

= _______
(___) (___)
9.4 ≈ 14.3 in. 2 2
√2 √
2
cos 49° 58. (sin 45°) 2 + (cos 45°) 2 = +
2 2
= __
2 + __2=1
4 4

180 Holt McDougal Geometry

 () ( )
2 72. AC cos A = AB
59. (sin 30°) 2 + (cos 30°) 2 = __
1 2 + ___
√3
2 2 (15x) cos 21° = 5x + 27
(15 cos 21° - 5)(x) = 27
= __
1 + __
3=1
x = ____________
27 ≈3
4 4 15 cos 21° - 5

(___) (__)
2 AB ≈ 5(3) + 27 ≈ 42
√3 2
+ 1
2 2
60. (sin 60°) + (cos 60°) = AC ≈ 15(3) ≈ 45
2 2
__
3 __
1 BC ≈ √
45 2 - 42 2 ≈ 16
= + =1
( )
4 4
73. (tan A) + 1 = _____
sin A 2 + 1
2

61a. sin A = __
a , cos A = __
b cos A
c c 2 2
= ________________
(sin A) + (cos A)

b. (sin A) 2 + (cos A) 2 = __ () ()
a 2 + __ 2
b (cos A) 2
c c
= _______
1
2 2
= _______ (cos A) 2
a +b
c2 74. Int.  of a reg. pentagon
= __
2
c =1 measure
c2
c. Derivation of identity uses fact that in a rt. ,
(_____
)
5 - 2 (180) = 108°.
5
r r
2 2 2
a + b = c , which is Pyth. Thm. In the diagram,
sin A = ___
BC ; cos B = ___
BC ; sin A = cos B;
m∠1 = __ 1 (108) = 54°. 
AB AB 2  IN
∠ A and ∠ B are comp.; the sine of an ∠ is equal to Therefore,
the cosine of its comp. r = _______
0.5 ≈ 0.85 in.
cos 54°
62. P = 2 + 2 tan 24° + 2/cos 24° ≈ 5.08 m
_____
A = __
1 (2)(2 tan 24°) ≈ 0.89 m 2 _____
1 76. sec Z = 1
75. csc Y = cos Z
2 sin Y
___ ___ = ___
1 = ___
1
7.2
_______
7.2
__ __
XZ
+ _______
2 2 XZ
63. P = 7.2 + ≈ 18.64 cm YZ
YZ

= ___
cos 51° cos 51° YZ
= ___
(2 ) ≈ 16.00 cm
YZ
A = __
1 (7.2) ___
7.2 tan 51° 2 XZ
XZ
= __
2 5 = 1.25
= __
5 = 1.25
4
64. P = 4 + ______
4 + ______
4 ≈ 11.22 ft 4
sin 58° tan 58° _____
1
A = __
2 (
1 (4) ______
4
tan 58° )
≈ 5.00 ft 2
77. cot Y =
tan Y
= ___
1
65. P = 10 + 10 sin 72° + 10 cos 72° ≈ 22.60 in. __
XZ

A = __
1 (10 sin 72°)(10 cos 72°) ≈ 14.69 in.2 XY
2 = ___
XY
XZ
66. sin A = ___
BC ; cos B = ___
BC ; sin A = cos B; ∠A and ∠B
AB AB = __
3 = 0.75
are comp.; sine of an ∠ is = to cosine of its comp. 4
67. Tangent of an acute ∠ increases as measure of the SPIRAL REVIEW
∠ increases.
78.–80.Possible answers given.
TEST PREP 78. (-3, -15), (-1, -9), (0, -6)
68. A 79. (-2, 11), (0, 10), (2, 9) 80. (-2, 14), (0, 2), (4, 2)
69. H 70. C
cos N = ___
NP = sin M 81. Trans. Prop. of 82. Reflex. Prop. of
17 tan 65° ≈ 36 ft
MN 83. Symm. Prop. of 84. √
3 · 27 = √
81 = 9
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND 85. √6 · 24 = √144
  = 12 86. √
8 · 32 = √
256 = 16
71. AB tan A = BC
(4x) tan 42° = 3x + 3
(4 tan 42° - 3)(x) = 3
x = ___________
3 ≈5
4 tan 42° - 3
AB ≈ 4(5) ≈ 20
BC ≈ 3(5) + 3 ≈ 18
AC ≈ √
20 2 + 18 2 ≈ 27

181 Holt McDougal Geometry

8-3 SOLVING RIGHT TRIANGLES, 3. 4RIGONOMETRIC 2ATIO )NVERSE 4RIGONOMETRIC &UNCTION
PAGES 534–541
SIN A  ??? SIN т??? у 
MȜA
 
3INE

CHECK IT OUT! PAGES 534–536 #OSINE COS A  ???


COS  ???
т  у 
MȜA

1a. ____
14.4 = ___
8 = sin A b. ____
27 = 1.875 = tan A  ???
TAN A  ???
 
4ANGENT 
TAN т  у 
MȜA
30.6 17 14.4
→ ∠A is ∠2 → ∠A is ∠1
2a. b. EXERCISES
GUIDED PRACTICE

1. ___
8 = __
4 = sin A 2. __
8 = 1 __
1 = tan A
10 5 6 3
→ ∠A is ∠1 → ∠A is ∠1

-1 -1 3. ___
6 = 0.6 = cos A 4. ___
8 = 0.8 = cos A
tan (0.75) ≈ 37° cos (0.05) ≈ 87° 10 10
→ ∠A is ∠1 → ∠A is ∠2
3. DF = ____
DE
5. __ 6. ___
c. 6 = 0.75 = tan A 6 = 0.6 = sin A
sin F
= ______
14 ≈ 16.51 8 10
sin 58° → ∠A is ∠2 → ∠A is ∠2
EF = _____
DE 7. 8.
tan F
= ______
14 ≈ 8.75
sin -1(0.67) ≈ 42° tan 58°
Acute  of a rt.  are
comp. So,
m∠D = 90 - 58 = 32°
4. Step 1 Find side lengths. R y S
tan -1(2.1) ≈ 65° 3()
cos -1 __
1 ≈ 71°

Plot pts. R, S, and T. 

9. 10.
RS = 7 ST = 7
RT x
= √(-3 - 4)2 + (5 + 2)2 
 

= √(-7) + 7 T
2 2

= √98 ≈ 9.90
Step 2 Find ∠ measures. 6()
cos -1 __
5 ≈ 34° sin -1(0.5) = 30°
m∠S = 90°
()
11. 12.
m∠R = tan -1 __
7 = 45°
7
m∠T = 90 - 45 = 45°

5. 38% = ____
38
100
A 38% grade means Baldwin St. rises 38 ft for every
100 ft of horiz. dist. sin -1(0.61) ≈ 38° tan -1(0.09) ≈ 5°
F
 FT 13. tan P = ___
3.1
8.9
D
 FT
E m∠P = tan -1 ___
8.9 ( )
3.1 ≈ 19°

m∠D = tan -1 ____

100 ( )
38 ≈ 21° Acute  of a rt.  are comp. So
m∠R ≈ 90 - 19 ≈ 71°.
RP = _____
3.1
THINK AND DISCUSS sin P
= ____________
3.1 ≈ 9.42
( ( ))
1. Find RS using Pyth. Thm. Then find m∠R using
sin tan -1 ___
3.1
m∠R = sin
-1 ___
4.1 ( )
3.5 , and find m∠T using either 8.9

( )
14. AB = 7.4 cos 32° ≈ 6.28
m∠T = cos -1 ___
3.5 or m∠T = 90 - m∠R.
BC = 7.4 sin 32° ≈ 3.92
4.1
-1
Acute  of a rt.  are comp. So
2. cos (0.35) = m∠Z m∠C = 90 - 32 = 58°.

182 Holt McDougal Geometry

15. By Pyth. Thm., 19. Step 1 Find side lengths. y C

YZ = √
11 2 + 8.6 2 Plot pts. A, B, and C.
= √
194.96 ≈ 13.96 AB = 2 BC = 4

tan Y = ___ AC = √

8.6 (1 + 1)2 + (5 - 1)2 A B x
11   
m∠Y = tan ( )
-1 ___
8.6 ≈ 38°
11
= √
22 + 42
= √
20 ≈ 4.47
tan Z = ___
11
8.6 Step 2 Find ∠ measures.
m∠Z = tan ( )
-1 ___
11 ≈ 52°
m∠B = 90°
m∠A = tan -1 __ ()
8.6 4 ≈ 63°
16. Step 1 Find side lengths. y
2
Plot pts. D, E, and F. m∠C = 90 - 63 ≈ 27°

20. 8% = ____
DE = 3 EF = 6 D 8
DF = √
(-2 - 4)2 + (-2 - 1) 2 x 100
   An 8% grade means hill rises 8 m for every 100 m
= √
(-6) 2 + (-3) 2 F of horiz. dist.

( )
E
m∠ = tan ____
 -1 8
= √
45 ≈ 6.71 ≈ 5°
100

Step 2 Find ∠ measures. PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

m∠E = 90°
21. ___
5 = ___
7.5 = tan∠2 22. 2.4 = ___
18 = tan∠1
m∠D = tan -1 __
3 ()
6 ≈ 63°
12 18
∠A = ∠2
7.5
∠A = ∠1
m∠F ≈ 90 - 63 ≈ 27°
17. Step 1 Find side lengths. 23. ___
12 = ____
18 = sin∠1 24. ___
5 = ____
7.5 = sin∠2
y 13 19.5 13 19.5
Plot pts. R, S, and T.  ∠A = ∠1 ∠A = ∠2
S R
RS = 5 ST = 6
24. ___
12 = ____
18 = cos∠2 26. ___
5 = ____
7.5 = cos∠1
RT = √
(-2 - 3)2 + (-3 - 3) 2 x 13 19.5 13 19.5
 ∠A = ∠2 ∠A = ∠1
= √
(-5) 2 + (-6) 2  
-1
27. sin (0.31) ≈ 18° 28. tan -1(1) = 45°
= √
61 ≈ 7.81
T  -1
29. cos (0.8) ≈ 37° 30. cos -1(0.72) ≈ 44°
Step 2 Find ∠ measures.
m∠S = 90°
31. tan -1(1.55) ≈ 57° ( )
32. sin -1 ___
9 ≈ 32°
17
m∠R = tan -1 __
5 ()
6 ≈ 50° 33. Step 1 Find unknown side lengths.
JK = 3.2 cos 26° ≈ 2.88
m∠T ≈ 90 - 50 ≈ 40°
LK = 3.2 sin 26° ≈ 1.40
18. Step 1 Find side lengths. y Step 2 Find unknown ∠ measure.
Plot pts. X, Y, and Z. Y m∠L = 90 - 26 = 64°
x
XZ = 7 YZ = 7
  
34. Step 1 Find unknown side length.

XY = √(-3 - 4)2 + (1 + 6)2
DF = ( √ 5 ) + ( √
2)

√ 2 2

= √
(-7) 2 + 7 2  = √5 + 2 = √7
  ≈ 2.65
= √
98 ≈ 9.90 Step 2 Find unknown ∠ measures.

( )
Z X
m∠D = tan -1 ___ ≈ 32°
√
2
Step 2 Find ∠ measures. √
5
m∠Z = 90°
m∠X = tan -1 __()
7 = 45°
7
m∠F = tan-1
(___)
√5
√2

≈ 58°

m∠Y = 90 - 45 = 45° 35. Step 1 Find unknown ∠ measures.

m∠P = cos
-1 ___
( )
6.7 ≈ 36°
8.3
m∠R = sin -1 ___ ( )
6.7 ≈ 54°
8.3
Step 2 Find unknown side length.
QR = 8.3 sin P
= 8.3 sin cos (
-1 ___
( ))
6.7 ≈ 4.90
8.3

183 Holt McDougal Geometry

36. Step 1 Find side lengths.
−− −−
AB is vert., AB = 5; BC is horiz., BC = 1
51. tan
-1
(___
28 )
45 ≈ 58°, tan
(___
28 )
-1
90 ≈ 73°

Acute ∠ measure changes from about 58° to about

By Pyth. Thm., AC = √
5 2 + 1 2 = √
26 ≈ 5.10
73°, an increase by a factor of 1.26.
Step 2 Find ∠ measures.
m∠B = 90° 52. m∠ = tan -1 ____( )
28 ≈ 16°
m∠A = tan -1 ___
AB ( )
BC = sin -1 __
1 ≈ 11°
5 () 100

m∠C ≈ 90 - 11 ≈ 79° 53a. AB = √

(6 + 1) 2 + (1 - 0) 2
37. Step 1 Find side lengths. = √
72 + 12
−−− −− = 
√50 = 5 √ 2
MN is vert., MN = 4; NP is horiz., NP = 4
BC = √
(0 - 6) 2 + (3 - 1) 2
By Pyth. Thm., MP = √
4 2 + 4 2 = √
32 ≈ 5.66
Step 2 Find ∠ measures. = √
62 + 22
m∠N = 90° = √
40 = 2 √
10
m∠M = tan -1 ___
MN ( )
NP = tan -1 __
4 = 45°
4 () 
AC = √(0 + 1) + (3 - 0)
2 2

m∠P = 90 - 45 = 45° = √

1 2 + 3 2 = √
10

38. Range of ∠ measures is between tan -1 ___

1 ≈ 3°
( ) b. AC 2 + BC 2 = 10 + 40

( ) = 50 = AB 2
-1 ___
1 ≈ 4°. 20
and tan
16 So ABC is a rt. , and C is the rt. ∠.
-1
39. tan (3.5) ≈ 74° ()
40. sin -1 __
2 ≈ 42°
3
c. m∠A = sin -1 ___
BC
AB ( )
sin 42° ≈ __
( )
tan 74° ≈ 3.5 2
-1 _____
2 √
10
3 = sin
5 √2
41. cos 42° ≈ 0.74 42. cos 12° ≈ 0.98
-1
cos (0.98) ≈ 12° 2 √5
= sin -1
5 (____)
≈ 63°
43. sin 69° ≈ 0.93 44. cos 60° = __
1
m∠B = 90 - m∠A ≈ 27°
2
sin -1(0.93) ≈ 69°
45. Assume square has sides of length a. Then either
54. m∠BDC = tan -1 __
2 ≈ 16°
7 ()
(___
4.5 )
rt.  formed by a diag. has legs of length a. So 3.2 ≈ 35°
measure of ∠ formed by diag. and a side is 55. m∠STV = tan -1
tan -1 __ ()
a = tan -1(1) = 45°.
a
46a. Possible answer: m∠P ≈ 40°
56. m∠DGF = 2m∠DGH = 2 sin -1 ___
2.4 ≈ 66°
4.4 ( )
b. RQ ≈ 2.2 cm, PQ ≈ 3.1 cm 57. m∠LKN = tan -1 ___
9 ≈ 62°
4.8 ( )
c. m∠P = tan -1
( )
___
RQ
PQ
58. tan 70° > tan 60°; possible answer: consider 2 rt.
, 1 with a 60° ∠ and 1 with a 70° ∠. Suppose that
≈ tan
-1
( )
___
2.2 ≈ 35°
3.1
legs adj. to these have length 1 unit. Leg opp. 70°
∠ will be longer than leg opp. 60° ∠. So tan 70° is
d. Possible answer: Answer in part c is likely more greaater than tan 60°.
accurate, since it is easier to measure lengths to
59. tan -1(m) = tan -1(3) ≈ 72°
the nearest tenth than to measure to the nearest
degree. 60. tan -1(m) = tan -1 __ ()
2 ≈ 34°

( 100 )
3
47a. m∠1 = tan -1 ____
8 ≈ 5°
61. 5y = 4x + 3
b. m∠1 ≈ 90 - 5 ≈ 85° y = __
4 x + __
3
5 5
c. h = _________________
31 ≈ 31.10 ft, or 31 ft 1 in.
-1
tan (m) = tan
-1 __
5 ()
4 ≈ 39°

(
sin 90 - tan -1
( 100 ))
___
8
62. Since  is not a rt. ., trig. ratios do not apply.

()
48. sin -1 __
5 ()
3 ≈ 37°, sin -1 __
4 ≈ 53°
5
63. No; possible answer: you only need to know 2 side
lengths. You can use Pyth. Thm. to find 3rd side

(___
13 ) (___
13 )
-1 5 ≈ 23°, sin 12 ≈ 67° -1
length or use trig. ratios to find acute ∠ measures.
49. sin

50. sin -1 (___

17 )
8 ≈ 28°, sin
(___
17 )
15 ≈ 62° -1

184 Holt McDougal Geometry

64. AD = AC cos A SPIRAL REVIEW

( ( ))
= 10 cos tan
-1 ___
6
10
≈ 8.57 77. false; 6.8 ≯ 2 + 2.5 + 3.3 = 7.8

78. true; _____________________ ≈ 3.5 in.

2 + 2.5 + 3.3 + 6.8 + 3.6
BD = BC cos B

( (___))
5
-1 10
= 6 cos tan ≈ 3.09
6 79. False; rainfall decreased from April to May.
CD = BC sin B ___
AB = ___
AC

( (___))
80. ∠B ∠E 81.
-1 10 DE DF
= 6 sin tan ≈ 5.14 37 = 2x + 11
6
26 = 2x ______
3y + 7 ________
=
1.4 + 1.6
=1
(8.57)(3.09) ≈ 26 ≈ (5.14) 2 2y + 6 1.4 + 1.6
x = 13
(8.57)(8.57 + 3.09) ≈ 100 = (10) 2 3y + 7 = 2y + 6
(3.09)(8.57 + 3.09) ≈ 36 = (6) 2 y = -1
TEST PREP 82. DF = 1.4 + 1.6 = 3 83. sin 63° ≈ 0.89
65. D 66. J 84. cos 27° ≈ 0.89 85. tan 64° ≈ 2.05
67. A 68. 9°
( )
tan -1 ___
1.4 ≈ 27°
2.7 ( )
tan -1 ___
3 ≈ 9°
20
READY TO GO ON? PAGE 543

CHALLENGE AND EXTEND 1. x = √(5)(12) 2. x = √(2.75)(44)

= √60 = 2 √15 = √121 = 11
69. LH = 10 sin J = 20 sin 25°
sin J = 2 sin 25°
m∠J = sin -1(2 sin 25°) ≈ 58°
3. x = √(__52 )(___158 ) 2
4. x = (4)(8) = 32
x = √32 = 4 √2
√___
75 = ____
70. BD = 3.2 tan A = 8 cos 64° 5 3 √
= y 2 = (4)(12) = 48
tan A = 2.5 cos 64° 16 4
y = √48 = 4 √3
m∠A = tan -1(2.5 cos 64°) ≈ 48°
-1
z 2 = (8)(12) = 96
71. Let ∠A be an acute ∠ with m∠A = cos (cos 34°). z = √96 = 4 √6
Then cos A = cos 34°. Since cos is a 1-to-1 function
5. (12 √5 ) = (24)(x + 24) 6. 6 2 = 12x
2
on acute ∠ measures, m∠A = 34°.
72. Since tan is a 1-to-1 function on acute ∠ measures, 720 = 24x + 576 36 = 12x
x = tan [tan -1(1.5)] → x = 1.5 144 = 24x x=3
x=6 y 2 = 12(12 + x)
73. Since sin is a 1-to-1 function on acute ∠ measures, y 2 = 24x = (12)(15) = 180
y = sin(sin -1 x) → y = x = 24(6) = 144 y = √180 = 6 √5

( (____))
74. y = 40 sin tan -1 6
100
≈ 2.40 ft
y = 12
z 2 = (24 + x)(x)
2
z = (12 + x)x
= (15)(3) = 45
-1
75. Possible answer: The expression sin (1.5) = (30)(6) = 180 z = √45 = 3 √5
represents an ∠ measure that has a sine of 1.5. The z = √180 = 6 √5
sine of an acute ∠ of a rt.  must be between 0
7. (AB) 2 = (BC)(BD)
and 1, so the expression sin -1(1.5) is undefined.
= (22)(30) = 660
−−
76. Let BD be altitude. Then AB = √660 ≈ 25.7 m
Area = __1 (base)(height)
2 8. Let legs of 45°-45°-90°  have length x.
__
= 1 (AC)(BD) tan 45° = __
x=1
x
2
__
= 1 (b)(c sin A) 9. Let 30°-60°-90°  have side lengths x, x √3 , 2x.
2 sin 30° = ___
x = __
1
__
= 1 bc sin A.
2x 2
2
10. cos 30° = ____
x √3
= ___
√3
11. sin 16° ≈ 0.28
2x 2
12. cos 79° ≈ 0.19 13. tan 27° ≈ 0.51

14. QR = ______
14 ≈ 23.30 in.
tan 31°
15. AB = 6 cos 50° ≈ 3.86 m
16. LM = 4.2 sin 62° ≈ 3.71 cm
17. m∠A = 90 - 32 = 58°
BC = ______
22 ≈ 35.21
tan 32°
AC = ______
22 ≈ 41.52
sin 32°

185 Holt McDougal Geometry

18. HJ = √
7 2 + 10.5 2 4. Step 1 Let P represent P o
plane, and A and B
= √
159.25 ≈ 12.62
( )
represent two airports.   FT
-1 ____
o
m∠H = tan 10.5 ≈ 56°
7 Let x be distance o o
C yA x B

( )
between airports. z
-1 ____
7
m∠J = tan ≈ 34° Step 2 Find y.
10.5
By Alt. Int.  Thm.,
19. m∠Z = 90 - 28 = 62° m∠CAP = 78°. In
XY = 5.1 cos 28° ≈ 4.50 APC,
tan 78° = ______
YZ = 5.1 sin 28° ≈ 2.39 12,000
y
( )
20. tan -1 ___
1 ≈ 3°
18 y= ______
12,000
tan 78°
≈ 2550.7 ft
Step 3 Find z.
By Alt. Int.  Thm., m∠CBP = 19°. In BPC,
tan 19° = ______
12,000
8-4 ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND z
DEPRESSION, PAGES 544–549 z= ______
12,000
≈ 34,850.6 ft
tan 19°
CHECK IT OUT! Step 4 Find x.
1a. ∠5 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a x=z-y
pt. below the line. It is an ∠ of depression. ≈ 34,850.6 - 2550.7 ≈ 32,300 ft

b. ∠6 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a

THINK AND DISCUSS
pt. above the line. It is an ∠ of elevation.
1. It increases, because height of skyscraper is
2. Let A represent airport
constant and horiz. dist. is decreasing.
and P represent plane.
Let x be horiz. distance P 2.
!NGLE OF %LEVATION
between plane and
airport.
tan 29° = _____
 FT 7ORDS $IAGRAM
3500
AN Ȝ FORMED BY
x
x= ______
3500 A
o
x
A HORIZ LINE AND
A LINE OF SIGHT TO
tan 29° A PT ABOVE
≈ 6314 ft
!NGLE OF $EPRESSION
3. Let T represent top of T o
tower and F represent  FT x F 7ORDS $IAGRAM
S
fire. Let x be horiz. AN Ȝ FORMED BY
distance between A HORIZ LINE AND
tower and fire. A LINE OF SIGHT
TO A PT BELOW
By Alt. Int.  Thm., m∠F = 3°.
tan 3° = ___
90
x
EXERCISES
x = _____
90 ≈ 1717 ft
tan 3° GUIDED PRACTICE
1. elevation 2. depression
3. ∠1 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a
pt. above the line. It is an ∠ of elevation.
4. ∠2 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a
pt. below the line. It is an ∠ of depression.
5. ∠3 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a
pt. above the line. It is an ∠ of elevation.
6. ∠4 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a
pt. below the line. It is an ∠ of depression.
7. Let h be height of flagpole.
tan 37° = ____
h
24.2
h = 24 tan 37° ≈ 18 ft

186 Holt McDougal Geometry

 8. Let H represent H o 26. When the ∠ of elevation is exactly 45°, the length
helicopter and A of the shadow will be the same as the length of
represent accident.  FT telephone pole, since a rt. isosc.  is formed and
Let x be horiz. dist. tan 45° = 1.
x A
between helicopter
and accident. 27a. x = ______
1250 ≈ 2080 ft b. v = __
s
tan 31° t
By Alt. Int.  Thm., m∠A = 18°.
t= __
s
tan 18° = _____
1560 v
≈ _____
x 2080 ≈ 14 s
x = ______
1560 ≈ 4801 ft 150
tan 18°
TEST PREP
9. Step 1 Let T represent T
top of canyon, and A 28. D
dist. = ______
o 1600 ≈ 2285 ft
and B represent near o
tan 35°
and far sides of river.
Let w be width of river. 29. J
 M
Step 2 Find y. height = 93 tan 60° ≈ 161 ft
By Alt. Int.  Thm., 30. 4RAIL MARKER The ∠ of elevation
m∠CAT = 74°. In o o increases as Jim moves
ATC, C y A x B closer to trail marker.
z

tan 74° = ____

191
y ƒ
y = ______
191 ≈ 54.77 m *IM  *IM 
tan 74°
Step 3 Find z. CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
By Alt. Int.  Thm., m∠CBT = 58°. In BTC,
31. Let x and y be dists. from Jorge and from Susan to
tan 58° = ____
191
foot of Big Ben; let h be height of Big Ben.
z
______
z = 191 ≈ 119.35 m
Jorge: h = x tan 49.5°
tan 58° Susan: h = y tan 65°
Step 4 Find w. y = x - 38
w=z-y h = x tan 49.5° = (x - 38) tan 65°
≈ 119.35 - 54.77 ≈ 64.6 m 38 tan 65° = x(tan 65° - tan 49.5°)
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING x = _________________
38 tan 65°
(tan 65° - tan 49.5°)
10. ∠1: ∠ of depression 11. ∠2: ∠ of elevation h = x tan 49.5°
12. ∠3: ∠ of elevation 13. ∠4: ∠ of depression = _________________
38 tan 65° (tan 49.5°) ≈ 98 m
(tan 65° - tan 49.5°)

32. Speed = 500 ___ mi · ______

1 h · ______
14. h = 1.5 + 100 tan 67° ≈ 237 m 5280 ft = 44,000 ft/min
15. x = _______
120 ≈ 1962 ft h 60 min 1 mi
16. z = y - x Let time until over lake be t. Then horiz. dist to lake is
tan 3.5°
= 1 tan 74° - 1 tan 16°
s = 44,000t = ______
14,000
≈ 3.2 mi tan 6°
17. true 18. true t= ___________
14,000
≈ 3 min.
44,000 tan 6°
19. false; ∠ of elevation gets closer to 90°
33. h = x tan 5° = (10 - x) tan 2°
20. true 21. ∠1 and ∠3
x(tan 5° + tan 2°) = 10 tan 2°
22. m∠2 = 30° (given) x = ____________
10 tan 2°
m∠1 = 90 - m∠2 tan 5° + tan 2°
= 90 - 30 = 60° (comp. ) h = x tan 5°
m∠3 = m∠1 = 60°, = ____________
10 tan 2° (tan 5°)
tan 5° + tan 2°
m∠4 = m∠2 = 30° (Alt. Int.  Thm.) ≈ 0.2496 mi ≈ 1318 ft
23. Possible answer: As a hot air ballon descends 34. h = y - x
vertically, ∠ of depression to an object on the ground = 46 tan 42° - 46 tan 18°
decreases. ≈ 26.47 ft or 26 ft 6 in.
24. By Alt. Int.  Thm.,
( )
∠ of depression = tan -1 ____
165 ≈ 73°
50

25a. x = ______
1000 ≈ 424 ft b. z = y - x
tan 67°
= ______
1000 - ______
1000
tan 55° tan 67°
≈ 276 ft

187 Holt McDougal Geometry

SPIRAL REVIEW
2a. ____
sin N = _____
sin M b. ____
sin L = ____
sin K
35. Let x and y be dists. run by Emma and mother in MP NP JK JL
time t. When they meet,
______
sin 39° = ______
sin 88° ____
sin L = _______
sin 125°
22 NP 6 10
x+y=1 NP sin 39° = 22 sin 88° ________
6 sin 125°
sin L =
NP = ________
6t + 4t = 1 22 sin 88° 10
10t = 1
t = 0.1 h or 6 min
sin 39°
≈ 34.9 (
m∠L = sin ________
-1 6 sin 125°
10 )
≈ 29°
36. Let p be original price.
discounted price = 0.7p c. ____
sin X = ____
sin Y d. m∠A = 180 - 67° - 44°
price after coupon = 0.85(0.7p) = 17.85 YZ XZ = 69°
p = ________
17.85 = 30 ____
sin X = ______
sin 50°
____
sin A = ____
sin B
0.85(0.7) 4.3 7.6
sin X = _________
4.3 sin 50° BC AC
Original price was $30. ______
sin 69° = ______
sin 67°
7.6
( )
18
m∠X = sin ________
37. rhombus, square 38. rectangle, square -1 4.3 sin 50° AC
7.6 AC sin 69° = 18 sin 67°
39. rectangle, rhombus, 40. rectangle, rhombus,
square square ≈ 26° AC = ________
18 sin 67°
sin 69°
42. __ = __
2 2 2 y 5 ≈ 17.7
41. x + 3 = 5
2 x 3 2 2 2
x + 9 = 25 3a. DE = DF + EF - 2(DF)(EF) cos F
___
y = 5x
x 2 = 16 3
2 2
= 16 + 18 - 2(16)(18) cos 21°
x=4 ____
5(4) ___ DE 2 ≈ 42.2577
= = 20
3 3 DE ≈ 6.5
2
43. x = 3z b. JL 2 = JK 2 + KL 2 - 2(JK)(KL) cos K
4 2 = 3z 8 2 = 15 2 + 10 2 - 2(15)(10) cos K
z = ___
16 64 = 325 - 300 cos K
3 -261 = -300 cos K
cos K = ____
261
300
8-5 LAW OF SINES AND LAW OF
COSINES, PAGES 551–558
m∠K = cos ( )
-1 ____
261 ≈ 30°
300
2 2 2
CHECK IT OUT! c. YZ = XY + XZ - 2(XY)(XZ) cos X
2 2
1a. = 10 + 4 - 2(10)(4) cos 34°
YZ 2 ≈ 49.6770
YZ ≈ 7.0

d. PQ 2 = QR 2 + PR 2 - 2(QR)(PR) cos R
2 2
9.6 2 = 10.5 + 5.9 - 2(10.5)(5.9) cos R
92.16 = 145.06 - 123.9 cos R
tan 175° ≈ -0.09 -52.9 = -123.9 cos R
b. cos R = _____
52.9
123.9
m∠R = cos (
-1 _____
)
52.9 ≈ 65°
123.9
4. Step 1 Find length of cable.
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 - 2(AB)(BC) cos B
cos 92° ≈ -0.03 = 31 2 + 56 2 - 2(31)(56) cos 100°
2
AC = 4699.9065
c. AC = 68.6 m
Step 2 Find angle measure between cable and
ground.
____
sin A = ____
sin B
BC AC
____
sin A = _______
sin 100°
sin 160° ≈ 0.34 56 68.56
sin A = _________
56 sin 100°
68.56
m∠A = sin (
-1 _________
56 sin 100° ≈ 54°
68.56 )

188 Holt McDougal Geometry

THINK AND DISCUSS 6.
1. m∠A.
2.
'IVEN )NFORMATION -ETHOD %XAMPLE

4WO ANGLE MEASURES ,AW OF 3INES 

AND ANY SIDE LENGTH ƒ ƒ sin 150° = 0.5
7.
4WO SIDE LENGTHS AND ,AW OF 3INES 

A NONINCLUDED ANGLE ƒ
MEASURE

4WO SIDE LENGTHS AND ,AW OF #OSINES 

THE INCLUDED ANGLE ƒ
MEASURE 
sin 147° ≈ 0.54
4HREE SIDE LENGTHS ,AW OF #OSINES 
 8.


EXERCISES
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. tan 164° ≈ -0.29

9.

sin 100° ≈ 0.98

2. cos 156° ≈ -0.91

10. ____
sin R = ____
sin S 11. ____
sin B = ____
sin C
ST RT AC AB
______
sin 36° = ______
sin 70° ____
sin B = _______
sin 101°
15 RT 14 20
RT sin 36° = 15 sin 70° sin B = _________
14 sin 101°
cos 167° ≈ -0.97 RT = ________
15 sin 70° 20

3.
sin 36°
≈ 24.0 (
-1 _________
B = sin 14 sin 101°
20 )
≈ 43°

12. ____
sin F = ____
sin D
DE EF
____
sin F = ______
sin 84°
20 31
tan 92° ≈ -28.64 sin F = ________
20 sin 84°
31
4.
F = sin
-1 20
(
________
sin 84°
31 )
≈ 40°
2 2 2
13. PR = PQ + QR - 2(PQ)(QR) cos Q
2 2 2
7 = 6 + 10 - 2(6)(10) cos Q
49 = 136 - 120 cos Q
tan 141° ≈ -0.81 -87 = -120 cos Q
5. cos Q = ____
87
120
m∠Q = cos
-1 ____
( )
87 ≈ 44°
120
2 2 2
14. MN = LM + LN - 2(LM)(LN) cos L
2 2
= 30 + 25 - 2(30)(25) cos77°
cos 133° ≈ -0.68 MN 2 ≈ 1187.5734
MN ≈ 34.5

189 Holt McDougal Geometry

15. AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 - 2(AC)(BC) cos C 35. EF 2 = 8.4 2 + 10.6 2 - 2(8.4)(10.6) cos 51°
= 8 2 + 11 2 - 2(8)(11) cos 131 ≈ 70.8506
2
AB ≈ 300.4664 EF ≈ 8.4
AB ≈ 17.3
36. LM 2 = 10.1 2 + 12.9 2 - 2(10.1)(12.9) cos 112°
16. Think: Find each ∠ using Law of Cosines. ≈ 366.0350
20 2 = 24 2 + 30 2 - 2(24)(30) cos∠1 LM ≈ 19.1
400 = 1476 - 1440 cos∠1
37. 5 2 = 13 2 + 14 2 - 2(13)(14) cos G
-1076 = -1440 cos∠1
( )
25 = 365 - 364 cos G
m∠1 = cos -1 _____
1076 ≈ 42°
-340 = -364 cos G
1440
24 2 = 20 2 + 30 2 - 2(20)(30) cos∠2
576 = 1300 - 1200 cos∠2
m∠G = cos
-1 ____
364 ( )
340 ≈ 21°

2 2 2
-724 = -1200 cos∠2 38. AB = 108 + 55 - 2(108)(55) cos 59°
(
m∠2 = cos -1 _____
724 ≈ 53°
1200 ) ≈ 8570.3477
AB ≈ 92.6
30 2 = 24 2 + 20 2 - 2(24)(20) cos∠3 ____
sin B ≈ ______
sin 59°
900 = 976 - 960 cos∠3 55 92.576
76 = -960 cos∠3 m∠B ≈ sin (
-1 ________
55 sin 59° ≈ 31°
)
( )
m∠3 = cos -1 ____
76 ≈ 85°
960 ____
sin B = ____
92.576
sin A
39.
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING b a
______
sin 22° = ______
sin 74°
17. cos 95° ≈ -0.09 18. tan 178° ≈ -0.03 3.2 a
19. tan 118° ≈ -1.88 20. sin 132° ≈ 0.74 a= _________
3.2 sin 74° ≈ 8.2 cm
sin 22°
21. sin 98° ≈ 0.99 22. cos 124° ≈ -0.56
2 22
40. c = a + b - 2ab cos C
23. tan 139° ≈ -0.87 24. cos 145° ≈ -0.82
= 9.5 + 7.1 2 - 2(9.5)(7.1) cos 100°
2

25. sin 128° ≈ 0.79 ≈ 164.0851

26. ____
sin C = _______
sin 122° c ≈ 12.8 in.
6.8 10.2 41. b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B
m∠C = sin (
-1 __________
6.8 sin 122°
10.2 ) 3.1 2 = 2.2 2 + 4 2 - 2(2.2)(4) cos B
9.61 = 20.84 - 17.6 cos B
≈ 34°
-11.23 = -17.6 cos B
27. ______
sin 17° = _______ 28. _______
sin 140° = ______
( )
sin 135° sin 20° _____ ≈ 50°
8.5 PR 9 JL m∠B = cos -1 11.23
17.6
PR = __________
8.5 sin 135° JL = _______
9 sin 20°
sin 17° sin 140° 42. ____
sin C = ____
sin A
≈ 20.6 ≈ 4.8 c a
____
sin C = ______
sin 45°
29. ______
sin 56° = ______
sin 47° 30. ____
sin J = ______
sin 80° 8.4 10.3
11.7 EF
_________
EF = 11.7 sin 47°
61 100
(
m∠J = sin ________ )
-1 61 sin 80°
m∠C = sin (
-1 _________
8.4 sin 45° ≈ 35°
10.3 )
sin 56° 100
≈ 10.4 ≈ 37° 43. No; 3 ∠ measures do not uniquely determine a .
There is not enough information to use either Law
31. ____
sin X = ______
sin 78°
of Sines or Law of Cosines.
3.6 3.9
(
-1 _________
)
2 2 2
m∠X = sin 3.6 sin 78° ≈ 65° 44. c = a + b - 2ab cos C
3.9 = a + b 2 - 2ab cos 90°
2

2 2 2 = a2 + b2
32. AB = 13 + 5.8 - 2(13)(5.8) cos 67°
Law of Cosines simplifies to Pyth. Thm.
≈ 143.7177
AB ≈ 12.0 45. Let ∠ of turn be ∠1 and let ∠2 be opp. 6-km side.
2 2 2 6 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 - 2(3)(4) cos ∠2
33. 9.7 = 14.7 + 6.8 - 2(14.7)(6.8) cos Z 36 = 25 - 24 cos ∠2
94.09 = 262.33 - 199.92 cos Z 11 = -24 cos ∠2
( )
-168.24 = -199.92 cos Z
m∠2 = cos -1 - ___11
m∠Z = cos -1 ______ (
168.24 ≈ 33°
199.92 ) m∠1 = 180 - m∠2
24

= 180 - cos - ___ ( )

2 2 2 11 ≈ 63°
34. 5 = 12 + 13 - 2(12)(13) cos R -1
25 = 313 - 312 cos R 24
-288 = -312 cos R
( )
m∠R = cos -1 ____
288 ≈ 23°
312

190 Holt McDougal Geometry

46. Step 1 Find 3rd side length. Think: Use Law of c. Dist. = speed · time
Cosines. AF = 150t 1
x 2 = 5 2 + 9 2 - 2(5)(9) cos 109° BF = 150t 2
≈ 135.3011 BF - AF = 150(t 1 - t 2)
x ≈ 11.6 cm t 1 - t 2 = ________
BF - AF
Step 2 Find perimeter. 150
P ≈ 5 + 9 + 11.6 ≈ 25.6 cm ≈ __________
14.2 - 11.3
150
47. Step 1 Find 2nd side length. Think: Use  ∠ Sum ≈ 0.193 h or 1.2 min
Thm., Law of Sines. 51. Given ∠ is opp. one of given sides, so use Law of
m∠3 = 180 - (93 + 24) = 63° Sines.
______
sin 63° = ______
sin 24°
16 x 52. Given ∠ is included by given sides, so use Law of
x= ________
16 sin 24° ≈ 7.30 ft Cosines.
sin 63° 53. One of given  is opp. given side, so use Law of
Step 2 Find 3rd side length. Think: Use Law of
Sines.
Sines.
______
sin 63° = ______
sin 93° 54a. RS = √3 2 + 2 2 = √13 ≈ 3.6
16 y
ST = √6 + 2 = √40 = 2 √10 ≈ 6.3
2 2
y= ________
16 sin 93° ≈ 17.93 ft
RT = √3 + 4 = 5
sin 63° 2 2
Step 3 Find perimeter.
P ≈ 16 + 7.30 + 17.93 ≈ 41.2 ft b. ∠R, because it is opp. the longest side.

48. Step 1 Find 2nd side length. Think: Use Law of c. ST 2 = RS 2 + RT 2 - 2(RS)(RT) cos R
Sines. 40 = 13 + 25 - 2( √13 )(5) cos R
______ _______
sin 45° = sin 115° 2 = -10 √13 (cos R)

( )
7.3 x
R = cos - ______ 2
-1
x= _________
7.3 sin 115° ≈ 9.36 in. ≈ 93°
sin 45° 10 √13
2 2 2
Step 2 Find 3rd side length. Think: Use  ∠ Sum 55. BC = 6.46 + 7.14 - 2(6.46)(7.14) cos 104°
Thm., Law of Sines. ≈ 115.12197
m∠3 = 180 - (45 + 115) = 20° BC ≈ 10.73 cm
______
sin 45° = ______
sin 20° AB 2 = 3.86 2 + 7.14 2 - 2(3.86)(7.14) cos 138°
7.3 y ≈ 106.84194
y= _________
7.3 sin 20° ≈ 3.53 in.
AB ≈ 10.34 cm
sin 45° _______
sin ABE ≈ _______
sin 138°
Step 3 Find perimeter. 3.86 10.34

49.
P = 7.3 + 9.36 + 3.53 ≈ 20.2
B
m∠ABE ≈ sin (
-1 ___________
)
3.86 sin 138° ≈ 14.47°
10.34
_______
sin EBC ≈ _______
sin 104°
 6.46 10.73
( )
 
-1 ___________
6.46 sin 104° ≈ 35.74°
m∠EBC ≈ sin
o 10.73
A C m∠ABC = m∠ABE + m∠EBC
C
≈ 14.47 + 35.74 ≈ 50°
Figure shows two possible positions for C. Since
−− −−− 56. A is incorrect; possible answer: the fraction on the
BC  BC', ∠C  ∠BC'C, so ∠C and ∠BC'A are
supp. right side of the proportion is incorrect.
____
sin C = ______
sin 30° It should be ______
sin 70° = ______
sin 85° , as in B.
12 9 12 x

(
m∠C = sin -1 ________
9 )
12sin 30° ≈ 42° 2
57a. y + h
2
b. b 2
m∠BC'A = 180 - m∠C c. a 2 = c 2 - 2cx + x 2 + h 2
≈ 180 - 42 ≈ 138°
d. a 2 = c 2 + b 2 - 2cx
50a. Think: Use  ∠ Sum Thm.
m∠F + 51 + 38 = 180 e. b cos A f. Subst.
m∠F + 89 = 180 58. No; possible answer: to use Law of Sines, you need
m∠F = 91° to know at least 1 side length and ∠ measure opp.
that side.
b. ______
sin 91° = ______
sin 38° ______
sin 91° = ______
sin 51°
18.3 AF 18.3 BF
AF = _________
18.3sin 38° BF = _________
18.3sin 51°
sin 91° sin 91°
≈ 11 mi ≈ 14 mi

191 Holt McDougal Geometry

TEST PREP 2. Step 1 Draw vector y
59. A on a coord. plane. Use 
Ͱ ͱ
AB 2 = 12 2 + 14 2 - 2(12)(14) cos 23° origin as initial pt. Then x
≈ 32.71 (-3, 1) is terminal pt.   
AB ≈ 5.7 cm Step 2 Find magnitude. 
Nearest given value is 5.5 cm. Use Dist. Formula.

60. H
⎪〈-3, 1〉⎥ = √
(-3 - 0) 2 + (1 - 0) 2 = √
10 ≈ 3.2
61. C
m∠Y = 180 - (25 + 135) = 20° 3. Step 1 Draw vector y
______
sin 20° = ______
sin 25° on a coord. plane. Use Ͱ ͱ
100 XY origin as initial pt. 
XY = _________
100 sin 25° ≈ 124 m Step 2 Find direction. x
sin 20° Draw rt. ABC as    
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
shown. ∠A is ∠ formed
by vector and x-axis,
62. AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 - 2(AC)(BC) cos ACB and tan A = __ 3 . So
(2 + 3) 2 = (2 + 4) 2 + (3 + 4) 2 7
- 2(2 + 4)(3 + 4) cos ACB
25 = 85 - 84 cos ACB
m∠A = tan -1 __ ()
3 ≈ 23°
7
-60 = -84 cos ACB ⎯⎯⎯ = RS
4a. PQ ⎯⎯⎯ (same magnitude and direction)

( )
m∠ACB = cos -1 ___ 60 ≈ 44°
84
⎯⎯⎯  RS
b. PQ ⎯⎯⎯ and XY
⎯⎯⎯  MN
⎯⎯⎯ (same or opp. direction)
5. Step 1 Sketch vectors for kayaker and current.
63. Let pts. be A(-1, 1), B(1, 3), and C(3, 2)
N N
AB = √ 8 ; AC = √
2 2 + 2 2 = √ 4 2 + 1 2 = √
17 ; +AYAKER

BC = √
2 2 + 1 2 = √
5

BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 - 2(AB)(AC) cos A y
5 = 8 + 17 - 2( √ 8 )( √
17 ) cos A #URRENT
W E W E
-20 = -4 √34 (cos A) x

m∠A = cos
(
-1 _____
)
20 ≈ 31°
4 
√ 34
S S

Step 2 Write vector for kayaker in component form.

64. Let P be position of boat after 45 min = 0.75 h. It has magn. 4 mi/h and makes ∠ of 70° with x-axis.
Given information: AB = 5 mi, AP = (6 mi/h)(0.75 h) cos 70° = __
x , so x = 4 cos 70° ≈ 1.37
4
= 4.5 mi, ∠A = 180 - 32 = 148°
sin 70° = __ , so y = 4 sin 70° ≈ 3.76
y
BP 2 = AB 2 + AP 2 - 2(AB)(AP) cos A 4
= 5 2 + 4.5 2 - 2(5)(4.5) cos 148° Kayaker’s vector is 〈1.37, 3.76〉.
≈ 83.4122 Step 3 Write vector for current in component form:
BP ≈ 9.1 mi 〈1, 0〉.
⎯⎯⎯.
Step 4 Find and sketch resultant vector AB
SPIRAL REVIEW
Add components of kayaker’s vector and current’s
65. 3n 66. 2n + 1 vector.
67. 2n + 2 68. Alt. Ext.  Thm. 〈1.37, 3.76〉 + 〈1, 0〉 = 〈2.37, 3.76〉
69. Alt. Int.  Thm. 70. Same-Side Int.  Thm. 2ESULTANT
N B
71. Alt. Ext.  Thm. 72. ∠2
 
73. ∠1 74. ∠1 

W E
8-6 VECTORS, PAGES 559–567 A  C
S
CHECK IT OUT!
Step 5 Find magn. and direction of resultant vector.
1a. Horiz. change along u is -3 units. Magn. of resultant vector is kayak’s actual speed.
Vert. change along u is -4 units.
So component form of u is 〈-3, -4〉. ⎪〈2.37, 3.76〉 = √
⎥ (2.37 - 0)2 + (3.76 - 0)2 ≈ 4.4 mi/h
∠ measure formed by resultant vector gives kayak’s
b. Horiz. change from L to M is 7 units. actual direction.
Vert. change from L to M is 1 unit.
So component form of LM⎯⎯⎯ is 〈7, 1〉. tan A ≈ ____
3.76 , so m∠A = tan -1 ____
2.37 ( )
3.76 ≈ 58°, or N 32° E.
2.37

192 Holt McDougal Geometry

THINK AND DISCUSS 11. Step 1 Draw vector y
on a coord. plane. Use  Ͱ ͱ
1. It does not have a direction.
origin as initial pt. x
2. Pyth. Thm. Step 2 Find direction.   
3. Possible answer: Write each vector in component Draw rt. ABC as 
form and add horizontal and vertical components. shown. ∠A is ∠ formed
4. ƽ by vector and x-axis,
.AMES vť AB OR Ͱx yͱ
and tan A = __
$EFINITION A QUANTITY WITH 1 . So
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION
5

%XAMPLES THE VELOCITY

6ECTOR m∠A = tan -1 __
5 ()
1 ≈ 11°

OF A SHIP THE FORCE

12. Step 1 Draw vector on a y
APPLIED TO AN OBJECT  Ͱ ͱ
coord. plane. Use origin
as initial pt. 
EXERCISES Step 2 Find direction. x
GUIDED PRACTICE Draw rt. ABC as   
1. equal 2. parallel shown. ∠A is ∠ formed
3. magnitude by vector and x-axis,
4. Horiz. change from A to C is 5 units. and tan A = __ 3 . So
6
Vert. change from A to C is 3 units.
So component form of AC ⎯⎯⎯ is 〈5, 3〉.
m∠A = tan -1 __
6 ()
3 ≈ 27°.

5. Horiz. change from M to N is 8 units. ⎯⎯⎯ = EF

13. CD ⎯⎯⎯ (same magn. and direction)
Vert. change from M to N is -8 units. ⎯⎯⎯  EF
⎯⎯⎯ and AB ⎯⎯⎯ (same or opp. direction)
⎯⎯⎯  GH
14. CD
So component form of MN ⎯⎯⎯ is 〈8, -8〉.
⎯⎯⎯ = XY
15. RS ⎯⎯⎯ (same magn. and direction)
6. Horiz. change from P to Q is 2 units.
Vert. change from P to Q is 5 units. ⎯⎯⎯  XY
16. RS ⎯⎯⎯ and MN ⎯⎯⎯ (same or opp. direction)
⎯⎯⎯  PQ
So component form of PQ ⎯⎯⎯ is 〈2, 5〉. 17. Step 1 Sketch vectors for 2 stages of hike.
7. Step 1 Draw vector y
 Ͱ ͱ
N N
on a coord. plane. Use
origin as initial pt. Then 
(1, 4) is terminal pt. x  y
Step 2 Find magnitude.    o 
Use Dist. Formula. E x W E W

⎪〈1, 4〉⎥ = √(1 - 0) 2 + (4 - 0) 2 = √17 ≈ 4.1 S S

Step 2 Write vector for 1st stage in component
8. Step 1 Draw vector y
 form. It has magn. 2 mi and makes ∠ of 50° with
on a coord. plane. Use  x x-axis.
origin as initial pt. Then
(-3, -2) is terminal pt.
 cos 50° = __x , so x = 2 cos 50° ≈ 1.29
 2
sin 50° = __ , so y = 2 sin 50° ≈ 1.53
Step 2 Find magnitude. Ͱ ͱ y
Use Dist. Formula. 2
Vector for 1st stage is 〈1.29, 1.53〉.
⎪〈-3, -2〉⎥ = √(-3 - 0) 2 + (-2 - 0) 2 Step 3 Write vector for 2nd stage in component
= √13 ≈ 3.6 form: 〈3, 0〉.
9. Step 1 Draw vector y ⎯⎯⎯.
Step 4 Find and sketch resultant vector AB
on a coord. plane. Use x Add components of 1st- and 2nd-stage vectors.
 
origin as initial pt. Then 〈1.29, 1.53〉 + 〈3, 0〉 = 〈4.29, 1.53〉
(5, -3) is terminal pt. N
Step 2 Find magnitude.  Ͱ ͱ
Use Dist. Formula. B
 
⎪〈5, -3〉⎥ = √(5 - 0) + (-3 - 0) = √34 ≈ 5.8
2 2


10. Step 1 Draw vector E x W

y Ͱ ͱ A  C
on a coord. plane. Use  S
origin as initial pt. Step 5 Find magn. and direction of resultant vector.
Step 2 Find direction. 
Magn. of resultant vector is straight-line dist. to
x
Draw rt. ABC as campsite.
  
shown. ∠A is ∠ formed ⎪〈4.29, 1.53〉⎥ = √(4.29 - 0)2 + (1.53 - 0)2 ≈ 4.6 mi
by vector and x-axis, ∠ measure formed by resultant vector gives
and tan A = __ 6 . So
direction of hike.
( )
4
tan A ≈ ____
1.53 , so m∠A = tan -1 ____
()
1.53 ≈ 20°, or N 70° E.
m∠A = tan -1 __ 6 ≈ 56°
4.29 4.29
4

193 Holt McDougal Geometry

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 31. Step 1 Write airplane’s vector in component form.
18. 〈9, 2〉 19. 〈-3.5, 5.5〉 x = 200 cos 65° ≈ 84.524; y = 200 sin 65° ≈ 181.262
Airplane’s vector is 〈84.524, 181.262〉.
20. 〈-4, -4〉 Step 2 Write windspeed vector in component form.
21. Step 1 Draw vector y x = 40 cos 45° ≈ 28.284; y = -40 sin 45° ≈ -28.284
on a coord. plane. Use  Windspeed vector is 〈28.284, -28.284〉.
origin as initial pt. Ͱ ͱ x Step 3 Find resultant vector AB⎯⎯⎯. Add components
Step 2 Find magnitude.   
of airplane’s and windspeed vectors.
Since vector is horiz.,  〈84.524, 181.262〉 + 〈28.284, -28.284〉
≈ 〈112.81, 152.98〉
⎪〈-2, 0〉⎥ = ⎪-2⎥ = 2.0 Step 4 Find magn. and direction of resultant vector.
22. Step 1 Draw vector y 〈112.81, 152.98〉 = √
⎪ 112.812 + 152.982
⎥
on a coord. plane. Use  Ͱ ͱ
≈ 190.1 km/h
origin as initial pt.
Step 2 Find magnitude.   
x m∠A ≈ tan
-1
( 112.81 ) ≈ 54°, or N 36° E.
______
152.98

Use Pyth. Thm.  32. 〈1, 2〉 + 〈0, 6〉 = 〈1 + 0, 2 + 6〉 = 〈1, 8〉

33. 〈-3, 4〉 + 〈5, -2〉 = 〈-3 + 5, 4 + (-2)〉 = 〈2, 2〉
⎪〈1.5, 1.5〉⎥ = √
1.5 2 + 1.5 2 = √
4.5 ≈ 2.1
34. 〈0, 1〉 + 〈7, 0〉 = 〈0 + 7, 1 + 0〉 = 〈7, 1〉
23. Step 1 Draw vector y
on a coord. plane. Use x 35. 〈8, 3〉 + 〈-2, -1〉 = 〈8 + (-2), 3 + (-1)〉 = 〈6, 2〉
   36. Yes; possible answer: if you use head-to-tail method
origin as initial pt.
Step 2 Find magnitude.  in both orders, you end up with a  and its diag.
Use Pyth. Thm.  Ͱ ͱ Resultant vector is the diag. See figures below.

⎪〈2.5, -3.5〉⎥ = √

2.5 2 + 3.5 2 = √
18.5 ≈ 4.3
uť
Ê Ê
ÊÊÊvť vťÊ uť
Ê
24. Step 1 Draw vector on a y

coord. plane. Use origin uť
Ê vťÊ Ê
ÊÊÊuť
as initial pt.  Ͱ ͱ vťÊ
Step 2 Find direction. x

( )
m∠A = tan -1 ___
1.5 ≈ 21°
4
    be a vert. line. Use Alt. Int  Thm.
37a. Let FG
m∠F = m∠GFH + m∠GFX
25. Step 1 Draw vector on a y = 45 + 53 = 98°

coord. plane. Use origin Ͱ ͱ
b. HX 2 = 50 2 + 41 2 - 2(50)(41) cos 98°
as initial pt. 
≈ 4751.6097
Step 2 Find direction. x

( )
HX ≈ 68.9 mi/h
m∠A = tan -1 ___
2.5 ≈ 36°   
3.5 c. _______
sin FHX ≈ ______
sin 98°
41 68.9
( )
26. Step 1 Draw vector y -1 ________
41 sin 98° ≈ 36°
on a coord. plane. Use Ͱ ͱ m∠FHX ≈ sin
 68.9
origin as initial pt.
Step 2 Find direction.  d. direction ≈ 45 + 36 = 81° E of N, or N 81° E

m∠A = tan -1 __() 5 ≈ 68°

2   
x 38. 〈15 cos 42°, 15 sin 42°〉 ≈ 〈11.1, 10.0〉
39. 〈7.2 cos 9°, 7.2 sin 9°〉 ≈ 〈7.1, 1.1〉

27. DE = LM 28. All 4 vectors are . 40. direction relative to x-axis = 90 - 57 = 33°
〈12.1 cos 33°, 12.1 sin 33°〉 ≈ 〈10.1, 6.6〉
29. RS = UV
41. direction relative to x-axis = 90 - 22 = 68°
30. RS UV AB and CD XY 〈5.8 cos 68°, 5.8 sin 68°〉 ≈ 〈2.2, 5.4〉
42a. 10 sin 45° ≈ 7.1 lb b. 10 sin 75° ≈ 9.7 lb
c. Taneka; she applies more vert. force.

43a. Prob. of 1 on 1st draw is __

1 ; prob. of then drawing
4
2 is __
1 . So Prob. 〈1, 2〉 = __
( ) 14 · __13 = ___
1.
3 12
b. Prob.(vector to 〈1, 2〉)
= Prob.(〈1, 2〉 or 〈2, 4〉)
= ___
1 + ___
1 = __
1
12 12 6

194 Holt McDougal Geometry

 b. ⎪ v⎥ = √1 + 3 = √10 ; ⎪2 v⎥ = √2 2 + 6 2 = 2 √10
2 2
44a. a- b = 〈4, -2; -2, -1〉 b. a = 〈4, -2〉
= 〈2, -3〉 - b = 〈-2, -1〉 2 v is twice the magnitude of v.
a+(- b) is shown
below ()
c. direction of v = tan -1 __
3 = 72°
1
direction of 2 v = tan()
Directions are the same.
-1 __
2 ()
6 = tan -1 __
3 = 72°
1


a d. Multiply each component by k.
 
a+(-b) e. - v = (-1) v = (-1)〈x, y〉

-b = 〈(-1)x, (-1)y〉 = 〈-x, -y〉
58. If u > v, resultant points due west, with magn. u - v.
If v > u, resultant points due east, with magn. v - u.
If u = v, resultant is 〈0, 0〉.

45. ⎪ u⎥ = ⎪4⎥ = 4 46. ⎪ v⎥ = ⎪3⎥ = 3 59. A line seg. has magnitude (or length), but no
direction of u = 0° direction of v = 90° direction. A ray is a part of a line that continues
indefinitely in one direction. Thus it has direction
47. ⎪w⎥ = √2 2 + 3 2 = √13 ≈ 3.6 and infinite magnitude. A vector has both direction
direction of w = tan ()
-1 __
3 ≈ 56°
2
and magnitude.
TEST PREP
48. ⎪ z⎥ = √4 + 1 = √17 ≈ 4.1
2 2
60. C 61. G
direction of z = tan ()
-1 __
1 ≈ 14°
4
w = (-2)〈2, 1〉 tan -1 __()
9 ≈ 52°
7
49. Pass pattern vectors are 〈0, 10〉 and 〈10, 0〉. 62. C
Resultant vector is 〈0, 10〉 + 〈10, 0〉 = 〈10, 10〉. √5 2 + 11 2 = √146 ≈ 12
Magn. of resultant is √10 2 + 10 2 = 10 √2 ; 63. 8.2
Direction of resultant is tan ( 10 )
-1 ___
10 = 45°. ⎪AB
⎯⎯⎯⎥ = √(-5 + 3) 2 + (-2 - 6) 2 = √68 ≈ 8.2
Jason’s move is equivalent to resultant.
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
50.–52. Possible answers given.
64. 〈-2, 3〉 is in 2nd quadrant, so direction is between
50. Think: Change sign of one component only. 90° and 180°.
〈3, 6〉 has same magn. but different direction.
Think: Multiply both components by the same factor. -2( )
direction = 180 + tan -1 ___
3 ≈ 124°

〈-6, 12〉 has same direction but different magn. 65. 〈-4, 0〉 lies along negative x-axis, so direction = 180°.
51. 〈-12, -5〉 has same magn. but different (opp.) 66. 〈-5, -3〉 is in 3rd quadrant, so direction is between
direction. 180° and 270°.
〈24, 10〉 has same direction but different magn. direction = 180 + tan
-5( )
-1 ___
-3 ≈ 211°

52. 〈-8, 11〉 has same magn. but different (opp.)

67. Let v = 〈x, y〉 be required velocity vector. Then
direction.
〈x, y〉 + 〈4, 0〉 = 〈10 cos 20°, 10 sin 20°〉
〈4, -5.5〉 has same direction but different magn.
x + 4 = 10 cos 20°
53. u + v = 〈1 + 2.5, 2 + (-1)〉 = 〈3.5, 1〉 x = 10 cos 20° - 4 ≈ 5.40 mi/h
⎪u + v⎥ = √3.5 2 + 1 2 = √13.25 ≈ 3.6 y = 10 sin 20° ≈ 3.42 mi/h
direction of u + v = tan ( )
-1 ___
1 ≈ 16° ⎪ v⎥ = √5.402 + 3.422 ≈ 6.4 mi/h
3.5
54. u + v = 〈-2 + 4.8, 7 + (-3.1)〉 = 〈2.8, 3.9〉
bearing = tan (____
-1
5.40 )
3.42 ≈ 32°, or N 58° E

⎪u + v⎥ = √2.8 2 + 3.9 2 = √23.05 ≈ 4.8 68. v = 〈x, y〉 = 〈3 cos 60°, 3 cos 60°〉 + 〈6, 0〉
direction of u + v = tan ( )
-1 ___
3.9 ≈ 54°
2.8
+ 〈4 cos 40°, 4 sin 40°〉
x = 3 cos 60° + 6 + 4 cos 40° ≈ 10.56 km
55. u + v = 〈6 + (-2), 0 + 4〉 = 〈4, 4〉 y = 3 sin 60° + 0 + 4 sin 40° ≈ 5.17 km

⎪u + v⎥ = √4 2 + 4 2 = 4 √2 ≈ 5.7 ⎪ v⎥ = √10.562 + 5.172 ≈ 11.8 km

direction of u + v = tan ()
-1 __
4 = 45°
4
bearing = tan (_____
-1
10.56 )
5.17 = 26°, or N 64° E

56. u + v = 〈-1.2 + 5.2, 8 + (-2.1)〉 = 〈4, 5.9〉

⎪u + v⎥ = √4 2 + 5.9 2 = √50.81 ≈ 7.1
direction of u + v = tan ( )
-1 ___
5.9 ≈ 56°
4
57a. v = 〈1, 3〉; 2 v = 〈2, 6〉

195 Holt McDougal Geometry

SPIRAL REVIEW 7. 4 2 = 5 2 + 6 2 - 2(5)(6) cos F
⎧ x - y = -5 y 16 = 61 - 60 cos F
69. ⎨ 
-45 = -60 cos F
⎩ y = 3x + 1
→⎨
⎧ y=x+5
⎩ y = 3x + 1 x 
y 


( )
m∠F = cos -1 ___
45 ≈ 41°
60
 y 
x  2 2 2
8. QS = 10.5 + 6 - 2(10.5)(6) cos 39°
≈ 48.3296
x
Lines intersect at (2, 7). QS ≈ 7.0
 
9. ⎪〈3, 1〉⎥ = √
32 + 12 
y
⎧ x - 2y = 0 y = √
10 ≈ 3.2
70. ⎨
y
x 


⎩ 2y + x = 8  Ͱ ͱ
x
⎧ y = 0.5x
→⎨ x   
⎩ y = -0.5x + 4
 
x 
y 


 10. ⎪〈-2, -4〉⎥ = √
22 + 42 y
x
Lines intersect at (4, 2). = √
20
  
≈ 4.5
⎧x+y=5 y
71. ⎨ 
Ͱ ͱ

⎩ 3y + 15 = 2x

x
y 

⎧ y = -x + 5
→⎨ 11. ⎪〈0, 5〉⎥ = ⎪5⎥ = 5 y
⎩ y = __
2x - 5 Ͱ ͱ
3  
x 

y
 
x


Lines intersect at  x
(6, -1).   

72. NP = 3JL 73. Area = (3) 2(6)

Perim. = 3(12) = 36 cm = 54 cm 2 12. direction = tan -1 __
1
2 () 
y

74. BC 2 = 3.5 2 + 4 2 - 2(3.5)(4) cos 50° ≈ 27° Ͱ ͱ

x
≈ 10.2519 
 
BC ≈ 3.2 

75. ____
sin B ≈ ______
sin 50°
4
m∠B ≈ sin
3.20
(
-1 _______
4 sin 50°
) ≈ 73°
13. direction = tan -1 __
3
5 () 
y
Ͱ ͱ
3.20 ≈ 31°

76. m∠C ≈ 180 - (50 + 73) ≈ 57° x
  

READY TO GO ON? PAGE 569

1. By Alt. Int. Thm., dist. = ______

1600 ≈ 2372 ft.
14. direction = tan -1 __
4
4 () 
y
Ͱ ͱ
= 45°
tan 34°

2. height = 6 tan 78° ≈ 28.2 m x

3. ____ _______
sin A = sin 118°   
14 20
A = sin (
_________
-1 14 sin 118°
20 ) ≈ 38° 15. Let 〈x, y〉 be resultant vector.
〈x, y〉 = 〈6 sin 32°, 6 cos 32°〉 + 〈8, 0〉
4. ______
sin 41° = ______
sin 84° x = 6 sin 32° + 8 ≈ 11.18 km
7 GH y = 6 cos 32° ≈ 5.09 km
GH = _______
7 sin 84° ≈ 10.6
dist. = √
11.18 2 + 5.09 2 ≈ 12.3 km
sin 41°
5. m∠X = 180 - (92 + 62) = 26°
direction = tan (_____
-1
11.18 )
5.09 ≈ 24°, or N 66° E

______
sin 26° = ______
sin 92°
8 XZ
XZ = _______
8 sin 92° ≈ 18.2
sin 26°
6. UV 2 = 12 2 + 9 2 - 2(12)(9) cos 35°
≈ 48.0632
UV ≈ 6.9

196 Holt McDougal Geometry

STUDY GUIDE: REVIEW, PAGES 572–575 LESSON 8-4
VOCABULARY 20. ∠ of depression 21. ∠ of elevation

1. component form 2. equal vectors 22. height = 5.1 tan 82° ≈ 36 ft

3. geometric mean 4. angle of elevation 23. horiz. dist. = _____

32 ≈ 458 m
tan 4°
5. trigonometric ratio
LESSON 8-5
LESSON 8-1
24. ____
sin Z = ______
sin 40° 25. ______
sin 23° = _______
sin 130°
6. PRQ ∼ RSQ ∼ PSR 4 7 16 MN

()
7. x 2 = __
1 (100) = 25
4
2
8. x = (3)(17) = 51
m∠Z = sin (
-1 _______
4 sin 40°
7 ) MN = _________
16 sin 130°
sin 23°
x = √
51 ≈ 22° ≈ 31.4
x = √
25 = 5
2 2 2
2 2 26. EF = 14 + 12 + 2(14)(12) cos 101°
9. x = (5)(7) = 35 10. 6 = (x)(12) ≈ 404.1118
x = √
35 36 = 12x EF ≈ 20.1
2 x=3
y = 5(5 + 7) = 60
27. 10 2 = 6 2 + 12 2 - 2(6)(12) cos Q
y = √
60 = 2 √
15 y 2 = (3)(3 + 12) = 45
100 = 180 - 144 cos Q
2 y = √
45 = 3 √5
z = 7(5 + 7) = 84 -80 = -144 cos Q
m∠Q = cos -1 ____ ( )
2
84 = 2 √
z = √ 21 z = (12)(3 + 12) = 80 ≈ 56°
180 144
z = √
180 = 6 √5
LESSON 8-6
11. ( √
6 ) = (1)(1 + x)
2 2
y = (1)(5) = 5
6=1+x ⎯⎯⎯ = 〈-2 - 5, 3 - 1〉 = 〈-7, 2〉
28. AB
y = √
5
x=5 ⎯⎯⎯ = 〈-1 - (-2), -2 - 4〉 = 〈1, -6〉
29. MN
2
z = (5)(1 + 5) = 30 ⎯⎯⎯ = 〈-2, -5〉
30. RS
z = √
30 
31. ⎪〈-5, -3〉⎥ = √5 2
+ 32 y

 ≈ 5.8
= √34
LESSON 8-2  x

12. sin 80° = ___
11 13. cos 29° = ___
PR
Ͱ ͱ
UV 7.2 
UV = ______
11 PR = 7.2 cos 29°
sin 80° ≈ 6.30 m
32. ⎪〈-2, 0〉⎥ = ⎪2⎥ = 2 y
≈ 11.17 m 

14. cos 33° = ____

XY 15. tan 47° = ___
1.4 Ͱ ͱ x
12.3 JL 
XY = 12.3 cos 33° ______
JL = 1.4
 

≈ 10.32 cm tan 47°
≈ 1.31 cm
33. ⎪〈4, -4〉⎥ = √
42 + 42 y
x
LESSON 8-3  ≈ 5.7
= √32   
16. m∠C = 90 - 22 = 68° 
AB = 5.2 cos 22° ≈ 4.82

AC = 5.2 sin 22° ≈ 1.95 Ͱ ͱ

( )
17. m∠H = tan -1 ___
4.7 ≈ 53°
3.5 34. direction = tan -1 __
5
4 () 
y Ͱ ͱ

m∠G ≈ 90 - 53 ≈ 37° = 51°

HG = √
3.5 2 + 4.7 2 ≈ 5.86 
x
18. m∠S = 90 - 50 = 40°   
RS = ______
32.5 ≈ 42.43
sin 50°
RT = ______
32.5 ≈ 27.27
tan 50°
35. direction = tan -1 __
2
7 () 
y

= 16°
( )

19. m∠Q = tan -1 ___
Ͱ ͱ
8.6 ≈ 41°
x
9.9
   
m∠N ≈ 90 - 41 ≈ 49°
QN = √
9.9 2 + 8.6 2 ≈ 13.11

197 Holt McDougal Geometry

36. plane’s vector = 〈600 cos 35°, 600 sin 35°〉
15. ⎪〈1, 3〉⎥ = √
12 + 32 
y
crosswind vector = 〈50, 0〉
 ≈ 3.2
= √10 Ͱ ͱ
resultant vector = 〈600 cos 35° + 50, 600 sin 35°〉 
≈ 〈541.49, 344.15〉 x

speed ≈ √541.49 2 + 344.15 2 ≈ 641.6 mi/h   

direction ≈ tan
-1 ______
541.49( )
344.15 ≈ 32°, or N 58° E
16. ⎪〈-4, 1〉⎥ = √
42 + 12 y

 ≈ 4.1
= √17

CHAPTER TEST, PAGE 576 Ͱ ͱ
x
2 2   
1. 4 = (x)(8) y = 8(2 + 8) = 80
16 = 8x y = √ 
80 = 4 √5
x=2 17. ⎪〈2, -3〉⎥ = √
22 + 32 y

z 2 = 2(2 + 8) = 20  ≈ 3.6
= √13 x
z = √ 
20 = 2 √5   

2. x 2 = (6)(12) = 72 y 2 = 12(6 + 12) = 216
Ͱ ͱ
x = √72 = 6 √2 y = √ 
216 = 6 √6
2
z = 6(6 + 12) = 108
z = √ 
108 = 6 √3
()
18. direction = tan -1 __
5
3 
y Ͱ ͱ

= 59°
3. (2 √
30 ) = 10(10 + x) y 2 = (2)(10) = 20
2 
x
120 = 100 + 10x y = √20 = 2 √5   
20 = 10x
x=2
z 2 = 2(2 + 10) = 24 ()
19. direction = tan -1 __
1
4 
y

z = √ 
24 = 2 √6 = 14°  Ͱ ͱ
4. Let 30°-60°-90°  have 5. Let 45°-45°-90°  have x
sides x, x √
3 , 2x. sides s, s, s √
2.   

cos 60° = ___

x = __
1 sin 45° = ____
s = ___
√
2
2x 2 s √2
 2 20. boat’s vector = 〈3.5 cos 50°, 3.5 sin 50°〉
current’s vector = 〈2, 0〉
6. tan 60° = ____ = √3
x √3  7. PR = 4.5 sin 18° resultant vector = 〈3.5 cos 50° + 2, 3.5 sin 50°〉
x
≈ 1.39 m ≈ 〈4.25, 2.68〉
8. AB = ______
9 9. FG = ______
6.1 speed ≈ √
4.25 2 + 2.68 2 ≈ 5.0 mi/h

(____
4.25 )
cos 51° tan 34°
direction ≈ tan
-12.68 ≈ 32°, or N 58° E
≈ 14.30 cm ≈ 9.04 in.

10. m∠ = tan
-1
(___
10 )
3.5 11. horiz. dist. = ______
910
tan 61°
≈ 19° ≈ 504 ft

12. ____
sin B = ______
sin 85° 13. ______
sin 35° = _______
sin 108°
4 9 11 RS
m∠B = sin (
-1 _______
4 sin 85°
9 ) RS = _________
11 sin 108°
sin 35°
≈ 26° ≈ 18.2
2 2 2
14. 7 = 10 + 15 - 2(10)(15) cos M
49 = 325 - 300 cos M
-276 = -300 cos M
m∠M = cos
-1 ____
( )
276 ≈ 23°
300

198 Holt McDougal Geometry