CHAPTER Solutions Key

4 Triangle Congruence
ARE YOU READY? PAGE 213 3. Step 1 Find the value of y.
−− −−
FG  GH
1. F 2. D FG = GH
3. B 4. A 3y - 4 = 2y + 3
3y = 2y + 7
5. E 6. 35°
y =7
7. 90° Step 2 Substitute 7 for y.
8–11. Check students’ drawings. FG = 3y - 4 GH = 2y + 3
12. _
9 x + 7 = 25 = 3(7) - 4 = 17 = 2(7) + 3 = 17
2 FH = 5y - 18
- 7 ___
______ -7 = 5(7) - 18 = 17
_9 x = 18 4a. P = 3(7) = 21 in. b. P = 3(10) = 30 in.
2
x=_=4
2(18) _
100 ÷ 21 = 4 16 100 ÷ 30 = 3 _
1
9 21 3
4 triangles 3 triangles
13. 3x - = _
_
2 4
3 3 THINK AND DISCUSS
+_ 2 +_ 2 −− −− −− −− −− −−
1. DE, EF, ∠E; EF, FD, ∠F; FD, DE, ∠D
______ 3 ____3
3x = 2 2. Possible answer:
x=_ 2
3
3. No; all 3  in an acute  must be acute, but they
14. x - _
1= _
12 do not have to have the same measure;
5 5
possible answer:
+_1 +_ 1
5 ____
_____ 5
x=_13 = 2_
3 4. In an equil. rt. , all 3 sides have the same length.
5 5 By the Pyth. Thm., the 3 side lengths are related by
the formula c 2 = a 2 + b 2, making the hyp. c greater
15. 2y = 5y - _21 16. t is 3 times m.
2 than either a or b. So the 3 sides cannot have the
- 5y _________
- 5y t = 3m
_____ same length.
-3y = - ___
21
5. ̱ #LASSIFICATION
2
y = = 3_
_7 1
2 2 "Y SIDES "Y ѓ
17. Twice x is 9 ft. 18. 53° + twice y is 90°. EQUIL  Ɂ SIDES ACUTE  ACUTE ѓ
ISOSC AT LEAST  Ɂ
SIDES EQUIANGULAR  Ɂ
2x = 9 53 + 2y = 90 SCALENE NO Ɂ
SIDES ACUTE ѓ
19. Price r is price p less 20. Half j is b plus 5 oz.
RT  RT Ȝ
25. _1 j = b + 5 OBTUSE  OBTUSE Ȝ

r = p - 25 2
EXERCISES
4-1 CLASSIFYING TRIANGLES, GUIDED PRACTICE
PAGES 216–221 1. An equilateral triangle has three congruent sides.
CHECK IT OUT! 2. One angle is obtuse and the other two angles are
acute.
1. ∠FHG and ∠EHF are complementary.
m∠FHG + m∠EHF = 90° 3. ∠DBC is a rt. ∠. 4. ∠ABD and ∠DBC are
m∠FHG + 30° = 90° So DBC is a rt. . supp.
m∠FHG = 60° ∠ABD + ∠DBC = 180°
All  are equal. So FHG is equiangular by ∠ABD + 90 = 180
definition. ∠ABD = 90°
∠ABD is a rt. ∠. So
2. AC = AB = 15 ABD is a rt. .
No sides are congruent. So ACD is scalene.
5. m∠ADC = m∠ADB + m∠BDC
= 31 + 70 = 101°
∠ADC is obtuse. So ADC is an obtuse .

65 Holt McDougal Geometry

 6. EG = 3 + 3 = 6, 7. EF = 3, EH = 8, 21. PQ + PR + QR = 60

PQ + PQ + _
EH = 8, GH = 8 FH = 7.4 4 PQ = 60
−− −−
EH  GH No sides are congruent, 3
Exactly two sides are so EFH is scalene. _
10 PQ = 60
, so EGH is isosc. 3
8. GF = 3, GH = 8, FH = 7.4
PQ = _3 (60) = 18 ft
No sides are congruent, so HFG is scalene. 10
9. Step 1 Find y. PR = PQ = 18 ft
6y = 4y + 12 QR = _4 PQ = _ 4 (18) = 24 ft
2y = 12 3 3
y=6 _
1
22. 150 ÷ 60 = 2 ; 2 complete trusses
Step 2 Find side lengths. 2
23. 24. Not possible: an
 is equilateral, so all three side lengths = 6y = 36.
equiangular  has only
10. Step 1 Find x. acute .
2x + 1.7 = x + 2.4
2x = x + 0.7
x = 0.7 25. 26.
Step 2 Find side lengths.
x + 2.4 = 0.7 + 2.4 = 3.1
2x + 1.7 = 2(0.7) + 1.7 = 1.4 + 1.7 = 3.1
4x + 0.5 = 4(0.7) + 0.5 = 2.8 + 0.5 = 3.3 27. Not possible: an 28.
equiangular  must
11. Perimeter is also be equilateral.
P = 3 + 3 + 1.5
= 7.5 cm 29. Let x represent each side length.
50 ÷ 7.5 = 6 _
2 earrings x + x + x = 105
3 3x = 105
The jeweler can make 6 earrings.
x = 35 in.
−− −−
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 30. AB  AC, so  is isosc.
12. m∠BEA = 90°; rt.  ∠BAC and ∠CAD are supp., and ∠CAD is acute; so
∠BAC is obtuse.
13. m∠BCD = 60 + 60 = 120°; obtuse ABC is isosc. obtuse.
14. m∠ABC = 30 + 30 = 60° −− −−
m∠ABC = m∠ACB = m∠BAC; equiangular 31. AC  CD and m∠ACD = 90°.
−− −− −− ACD is isosc. rt.
15. PS  ST  PT; equilateral
−− −− 32. (4x - 1) + (4x - 1) + x = 34
16. PS  RS, so PS = RS = 10; RP = 17; isosc. 9x - 2 = 34
17. RT = 10 + 10 = 20, RP = 17, PT = 10; scalene 9x = 36
x=4
18. Step 1 Find z. 19. Step 1 Find x.
3z - 1 = z + 5 8x + 1.4 = 2x + 6.8
_
33a. E 22nd Street side = 1 (Broadway side) - 8
2
3z = z + 6 8x = 2x + 5.4 _
2z = 6 6x = 5.4 = 1 (190) - 8 = 87 ft
2
z =3 x = 0.9 5th Avenue side = 2(E 22nd Street side) - 1
Step 2 Find side Step 2 Find side = 2(87) - 1
lengths. lengths. = 173 ft
z+5=3+5=8 8x + 1.4 = 8(0.9) + 1.4
3z - 1 = 3(3) - 1 = 8 = 7.2 + 1.4 b. All sides are different, so  is scalene.
4z - 4 = 4(3) - 4 = 8 = 8.6 34. No; yes; not every isosc.  is equil. because only
2x + 6.8 = 2(0.9) + 6.8 2 of the 3 sides must be . Every equil.  has 3 
= 1.8 + 6.8 sides, and the def. of an isosc.  requires that at
= 8.6 least 2 sides be .
20a. Check students’ b. Possible answer: 35. S; equil, acute 36. S; scalene, acute
drawings. scalene obtuse
−− −− −−
XY, YZ, XZ, ∠X, ∠Y,
∠Z

66 Holt McDougal Geometry

37. A; 3 congruent sides, so always satisfies isosceles 46. Statements Reasons
 classification
1. ABC is equiangular. 1. Given
2. ∠A  ∠B  ∠C 2. Def. of
equiangular 
38. s = _P . The perimeter of an equil.  is 3 times the −− −−
3. EF AC 3. Given
3
length of any 1 side, or P = 3s. Solve this formula 4. ∠BEF  ∠A, 4. Corr. Post.
for s by dividing both sides by 3. ∠BFE  ∠C
39. Check students’ constructions. 5. ∠BEF  ∠B, 5. Trans. Prop. of 
2 2 2 ∠BFE  ∠B
40a. DE = AD + AE

( )
2 6. ∠BEF  ∠BFE 6.  to the same
= 52 + _ 10
∠ are .
2
= 25 + 25 = 50 7. EFB is equiangular. 7. Def. of
DE = √50 = 5 √2
 cm equiangular 
−− −−
Think: CE  DE.
47. Think: Each side has the same measure. Use the
CE = DE = 5 √2  cm
expression y + 10 for this measure.
b. Think: DE bisects ∠AEF. 3(y + 10) = 21
m∠DEF = _ 1 m∠AEF 3y + 30 = 21
2 3y = -9
_
= 1 (90) = 45° y = -3
2
Think: ∠CEF  ∠DEF, so m∠CEF = 45°. 48. Step 1 Find x. Think: Average of x + 12, 3x + 4,
m∠DEC = m∠DEF + m∠CEF and 8x - 16 is 24.
= 45 + 45 = 90° _1 (x + 12 + 3x + 4 + 8x - 16) = 24
3 _1 (12x) = 24
c. CE = DE and m∠DEC = 90°
isosc. ; rt.  3
4x = 24
TEST PREP x= 6
41. D Step 2 Find side lengths.
3s = P x + 12 = 6 + 12 = 18
3s = 36 _
2 3x + 4 = 3(6) + 4 = 22
3 8x -16 = 8(6) - 16 = 32
s=_
3 (
1 36 + _ 2
3 ) longest side - average = 32 - 24 = 8

= 12_2 in. SPIRAL REVIEW

9
42. F 43. D 49. y = x 2 50. y = x
By graphing, LMN has no rt. ∠. 2
51. y = x
RT  RS  ST, so
RST is isosc. 52. F; skew lines do not intersect and are not parallel.

44. 3 53. T
P = AB + BC + AC 54. F; Possible answer: 30 has a 0 in the ones place,
=_1x + _
1 +_5 -x+_1x + _
1 but 30 is not a multiple of 20.
2 4 2 2 4
55. y = 4x + 2 has slope 4. Line is to y = 4x.
= _(
1 -1+_
2
1 x+_
2
1 +_
4 2)
5 +_1
4 56. 4y = -x + 8
=3 y = - __
1x + 2
4
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND Slope is neg. reciprocal of 4. Line is ⊥ to y = 4x.

57. _
45. It is an isosc.  since 2 sides of the  have length 1 y = 2x
a. It is also a rt.  since 2 sides of the  lie on the 2
coord. axes and form a rt. ∠. y = 4x
Line coincides with y = 4x.

58. -2y = _ 1x
21
y = - __ x
4
Slope is neg. reciprocal of 4. Line is ⊥ to y = 4x.

67 Holt McDougal Geometry

4-2 ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS IN 2. 2; 6
TRIANGLES, PAGES 223–230
CHECK IT OUT!
1. Step 1 Find m∠NKM.
3.
m∠KMN + m∠MNK + m∠NKM = 180° 4HEOREM 7ORDS $IAGRAM
88 + 48 + m∠NKM = 180
̱
3UM 4HE SUM OF MȜ
MȜ

136 + m∠NKM = 180
4HM THE MEASURES MȜ 
ƒ

m∠NKM = 44° OF THE INT ѓ 
Step 2 Find m∠MJK. OF A ̱ IS ƒ  
m∠JMK + m∠JKM + m∠MJK = 180°
44 + 104 + m∠MJK = 180 %XT Ȝ 4HE MEASURE OF MȜ 
MȜ
MȜ

4HM AN EXT Ȝ OF A ̱

148 + m∠MJK = 180 
IS 
TO THE SUM OF
m∠MJK = 32° THE MEASURES OF
2a. Let acute  be ∠A, ∠B, with m∠A = 63.7°. ITS REMOTE INT ѓ
  
m∠A + m∠B = 90°
63.7 + m∠B = 90 4HIRD ѓ )F  ѓ OF  ̱ Ȝ Ɂ
Ȝ
m∠B = 26.3° 4HM ARE Ɂ TO  ѓ OF
ANOTHER ̱
THEN
b. Let acute  be ∠C, ∠D, with m∠C = x°. THE THIRD PAIR OF
m∠C + m∠D = 90° ѓ ARE Ɂ
 
x + m∠D = 90
m∠D = (90 - x)°

c. Let acute  be ∠E, ∠F, with m∠E = 48 __

2 °.
5 EXERCISES
m∠E + m∠F = 90
48 __
2 + m∠F = 90 GUIDED PRACTICE

m∠F = 41_
5 3° 1. Possible answers: think “out of the way”
5 2. Exterior ∠ is next to ∠E. So the remote interior 
3. m∠ACD = m∠ABC + m∠BAC are ∠D and ∠F.
6z - 9 = 90 + 2z + 1 3. auxiliary lines
4z = 100
z = 25 4. Think: Use  ∠ Sum Thm.
m∠ACD = 6z – 9 = 6(25) – 9 = 141° 180 = 3y + 13 + 2y + 2 + 5y - 5
180 = 10y + 10
4. ∠P  ∠T 170 = 10y
m∠P = m∠T y = 17
2x 2 = 4x 2 - 32
-2x 2 = -32 5. Deneb: 3y + 13 = 3(17) + 13 = 64°
x 2 = 16 Altair: 2y + 2 = 2(17) + 2 = 36°
So m∠P = 2x 2 = 32°. Vega: 5y - 5 = 5(17) - 5 = 80°
Since m∠T = m∠P, m∠T = 32°. 6. 20.8 + m∠ = 90 7. y + m∠ = 90
m∠ = 69.2° m∠ = (90 - y)°
THINK AND DISCUSS
8. 24_
2 + m∠ = 90
1. 3
 m∠ = 65 _
1°
3
  
9. m∠M + m∠N = m∠NPQ
Since ∠3 and ∠4 are supp. , m∠3 + m∠4 = 180° 3y + 1 + 2y + 2 = 48
by def. ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 180° by the  Sum Thm. 5y + 3 = 48
By the trans. Prop. of =, 5y = 45
m∠3 + m∠4 = m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3. Subtract m∠3 y=9
from both sides. Then m∠4 = m∠1 + m∠2. m∠M = 3y + 1 = 3(9) + 1 = 28°
10. m∠K + m∠L = m∠HJL
7x + 6x - 1 = 90
13x = 91
x =7
m∠L = 6x - 1 = 6(7) - 1 = 41°

68 Holt McDougal Geometry

11. m∠A + m∠B = 117 22. Think: Use Third  Thm.
65 + m∠B = 117 ∠Q  ∠S
m∠B = 52° m∠Q = m∠S
m∠A + m∠B + m∠BCA = 180 2x 2 = 3x 2 - 64
117 + m∠BCA = 180 64 = x 2
m∠BCA = 63° m∠Q = 2x 2 = 2(64) = 128°
12. ∠C  ∠F 13. ∠S  ∠U m∠S = m∠Q = 128°
m∠C = m∠F m∠S = m∠U 23. Think: Use  ∠ Sum Thm.
4x 2 = 3x 2 + 25 5x - 11 = 4x + 9 m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = 180
x 2 = 25 x = 20 x + 4x + 7x = 180
m∠C = 4x 2 = 100° m∠S = 5x - 11 12x = 180
m∠F = m∠C = 100° = 5(20) - 11 x = 15
= 89° m∠1 = x = 15°
m∠U = m∠S = 89° m∠2 = 4x = 60°
14. ∠C  ∠Z m∠3 = 7x = 105°
m∠C = m∠Z 24. Statements Reasons
4x + 7 = 3(x + 5)
4x + 7 = 3x + 15 1. DEF with rt. ∠F 1. Given
x=8 2. m∠F = 90° 2. Def. of rt. ∠
m∠C = 4x + 7 = 4(8) + 7 = 39°
3. m∠D + m∠E + m∠F 3.  Sum Thm.
m∠Z = m∠C = 39°
= 180°
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 4. m∠D + m∠E + 90° 4. Subst.
15. m∠A + m∠B + m∠P = 180 = 180°
39 + 57 + m∠P = 180 5. m∠D + m∠E = 90° 5. Subtr. Prop.
96 + m∠P = 180
m∠P = 84° 6. ∠D and ∠E are comp. 6. Def. of comp. 
__
1
16. 76 + m∠ = 90 17. 2x + m∠ = 90 25. Proof 1:
4 _
3
m∠ = 13 ° m∠ = (90 - 2x)°
Statements Reasons
4
18. 56.8 + m∠ = 90 1. ABC is equiangular 1. Given
m∠ = 33.2°
2. m∠A = m∠B = m∠C 2. Def. of
19. Think: Use Ext. ∠ Thm. equilangular
m∠W + m∠X = m∠XYZ
3. m∠A + m∠B + m∠C 3.  Sum Thm.
5x + 2 + 8x + 4 = 15x - 18
= 180°
13x + 6 = 15x - 18
24 = 2x 4. m∠A + m∠A + m∠A = 180° 4. Subst. prop
x = 12 m∠B + m∠B + m∠B = 180°
m∠XYZ = 15x - 18 m∠C + m∠C + m∠C = 180°
= 15(12) - 18 = 162° 5. 3m∠A = 180°, 5. Simplify.
20. Think: Use Ext. ∠ Thm and subst. m∠C = m∠D. 3m∠B = 180°,
m∠C + m∠D = m∠ABD 3m∠C = 180°
2m∠D = m∠ABD 6. m∠A = 60°, m∠B = 60°, 6. Div. Prop.
2(6x - 5) = 11x + 1 m∠C = 60° of =
12x - 10 = 11x + 1
x = 11 Proof 2:
m∠C = m∠D ∠A, ∠B, and ∠C are all congruent, so their
= 6x - 5 measures are equal. The sum of the three ∠
= 6(11) - 5 = 61° measures is 180°, by  Sum Thm. Therefore,
21. Think: Use Third  Thm. 3 · (common ∠ measure) = 180°. So the common
∠N  ∠P ∠ measure is 60°. That is,
m∠N = m∠P m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = 60°.
3y 2 = 12y 2 - 144
-9y 2 = -144
y 2 = 16
m∠N = 3y 2 = 3(16) = 48°
m∠P = m∠N = 48°

69 Holt McDougal Geometry

26. Step 1 Write an equation. 30. ∠XWU, ∠UWY, and ∠YWV are supp. .
m∠1 = 1_ 1 m∠2 m∠XWU + m∠UWY + m∠YWV = 180
4 54 + m∠UWY + 78 = 180
Step 2 Since the acute  of a rt.  are comp. write
m∠UWY + 132 = 180
and solve another equation.
m∠UWY = 48°
m∠1 + m∠2 = 90
_
1
1 m∠2 + m∠2 = 90
31. Think: Use Third  Thm.
4 ∠WUY  ∠ZXY
_9 m∠2 = 90 ∠UYW  ∠XYZ
4 ∠WZX  ∠UWY
m∠2 = _ 4 (90) = 40°
m∠WZX = m∠UWY = 48°
9
Step 3 Find the larger acute ∠, m∠1. 32. ∠XYZ and ∠WZX are acute  in a rt. .
m∠1 = 1_ 1 m∠2 = _ 5 (40) = 50° m∠XYZ + m∠WZX = 90
4 4 m∠XYZ + 48 = 90
27. B E m∠XYZ = 42°
33. Let ∠1, ∠2, and ∠3 be internal . Let ∠4, ∠5, and
∠6 be external .
A C D F
Think: Use Ext. ∠ Thm.
Statements Reasons m∠4 = m∠1 + m∠2
1. ABC, DEF, ∠A  ∠D, 1. Given m∠1 = m∠2 = 60°
∠B  ∠E So m∠4 = 60 + 60 = 120°.
Likewise, m∠5 = m∠6 = 120°.
2. m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180° 2.  Sum Thm. Ext. ∠ sum = m∠4 + m∠5 + m∠6 = 360°
3. m∠C = 180° - m∠A - m∠B 3. Subtr. Prop. 34. Think: Use Third  Thm.
of = ∠SRQ  ∠RST
4. m∠D + m∠E + m∠F = 180° 4.  Sum Thm. m∠SRQ = m∠RST = 37.5°
5. m∠F = 180° - m∠D - m∠E 5. Subtr. Prop. 35. Let acute ∠ measures be x° and 4x°.
of = x + 4x = 90
5x = 90
6. m∠A = m∠D, m∠B = m∠E 6. Def. of  
x = 18
7. m∠F = 180° - m∠A - m∠B 7. Subst. Smallest ∠ measure is x° = 18°.
8. m∠F = m∠C 8. Trans. Prop. 36a. hypotenuse b. x ° + y° + 90° = 180°
of =
c. x° + y ° = 90 d. z° = x ° + 90°
9. ∠F  ∠C 9. Def. of   x and y are comp. ∠
measures.
28. Statements Reasons e. x + y = 90 z = x + 90
1. ABC with ext. ∠ACD 1. Given 37 + y = 90 z = 37 + 90
2. m∠A + m∠B + m∠ACB 2.  Sum Thm. y = 53° z = 127°
= 180° 37.
3. m∠ACB + m∠ACD = 180° 3. Lin. Pair Thm.
4. m∠ACD = 180° - m∠ACB 4. Subtr. Prop.
of = The ext.  at the same vertex of a  are vert. .
Since vert.  are , the 2 ext.  have the same
5. m∠ACD = (m∠A + m∠B + 5. Subst. measure.
m∠ACB) - m∠ACB
6.m∠ACD = m∠A + m∠B 7. Simplify. 38. Statements Reasons
−− −− −− −−
1. AB ⊥ BD, BD ⊥ CD, 1. Given
29. Think: Use Alt. Int.  Thm. ∠A  ∠C
m∠WUX + m∠UXZ = 180
m∠WUX + 90 = 180 2. ∠ABD and ∠CDB are rt.  2. Def. of ⊥ lines
m∠WUX = 90° 3. m∠ABD = m∠CBD 3. Def. of rt. 
So UWX is a rt. .
4. ∠ABD  ∠CDB 4. Rt. ∠  Thm.
m∠UXW + m∠XWU = 90
m∠UXW + 54 = 90 5. ∠ADB  ∠CBD 5. Third  Thm.
m∠UXW = 36° −− −−
6. AD CB 6. Conv. of Alt.
Int.  Thm.

39. Check students’ sketches. Ext. ∠ measures = sums

of remote int. ∠ measures: 155°, 65°, and 140°.

70 Holt McDougal Geometry

40a. m∠FCE = __
1 m∠DCE 49. Let m∠A = x °.
2 m∠B = 1_ 1 (x) - 5
= __
1 (90) = 45° 2
2 m∠C = 2_ 1 (x) - 5
m∠FCB = __
1 m∠FCE 2
m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180
2
x + 1_
1 (x) - 5 + 2_ 1 (x) - 5 = 180
= __
1 (45) = 22.5°
2 2
2 5x - 10 = 180
b. m∠CBE + m∠BEC + m∠BCE = 180 5x = 190
m∠CBE + 90 + 22.5 = 180 x = 38
m∠CBE + 112.5 = 180 m∠A = x° = 38°
m∠CBE = 67.5°
SPIRAL REVIEW
TEST PREP 50. x    
41. C
128 = 71 + x f x    

x = 57
51.
x    
42. F
(2s + 10) + 58 + 66 = 180 f x    
2s + 134 = 180
2s = 46 52.
x    
s = 23 f x    
43. D
−− −− −−
m∠A + m∠B = m∠BCD 53. Use Seg. Add. Post. 54. AD  CD  AC
m∠B = m∠BCD - m∠A MN + NP = MP Isosc.
44. Let 2x, 3x, and 4x represent the ∠ measures. The 4 + NP = 6
sum of the ∠ measures of a  is 180°, so NP = 2 in.
2x + 3x + 4x = 180°. Solving the eqn. for the NP + PQ = NQ
value of x, yields x = 20. Find each measure by 2 + 4 = NQ
subsituting 20 for x in each expression. NQ = 6 in.
2x = 2(20) = 40; 3x = 3(20) = 60; 4x = 4(20) = 80. −− −− −− −− −− −−
55. BD, CD, BC are  56. AB, AD, BD are 
Since all of the  measure less than 90°, they are Scalene Scalene
all acute  by def. Thus the  is acute.
−− −− −−
57. AD  CD  AC
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
Equilateral
45. 117 = (2y 2 + 7) + (61 - y 2)
117 = y 2 + 68
49 = y 2 4-3 CONGRUENT TRIANGLES,
y = 7 or -7 PAGES 231–237
46. A rt.  is formed. The 2 same-side int.  are CHECK IT OUT!
supp., so the 2  formed by their bisectors must be
1. Angles: ∠L  ∠E, ∠M  ∠F, ∠N  ∠G, ∠P  ∠H
comp. That means the remaining ∠ of the  must −− −− −−− −− −− −− −− −−
Sides: LM  EF, MN  FG, NP  GH, LP  EH
measure 90°. −− −−
2a. AB  DE
47. Since an ext. ∠ is = to a sum of 2 remote int. , it
2x - 2 = 6
must be greater than either ∠. Therefore, it cannot
2x = 8
be  to a remote int. ∠.
x =4
48. Possible sets of ∠ measures:
b. Since the acute  of a rt.  are comp.
(30, 30, 120), (30, 60, 90), (60, 60, 60)
m∠B + m∠C = 90
Probability = _2
53 + m∠C = 90
3
m∠C = 37°
∠F  ∠C
m∠F = m∠C = 37°

71 Holt McDougal Geometry

 3. Statements Reasons 11. Statements Reasons
−− −−
1. ∠A  ∠D 1. Given 1. AB  CD 1. Given
2. ∠BCA  ∠ECD 2. Vert.  are . 2. ∠ABE  ∠CDE, 2. Alt. Int. ∠ Thm.
3. ∠ABC  ∠DEC 3. Third  Thm. ∠BAE  ∠DCE
−− −− −− −−
4. AB  DE 4. Given 3. AB  CD 3. Given
−− −− −− −−
5. AD bisects BE, and BE 5. Given 4. E is the mdpt. of AC 4. Given
−− −−
bisects AD. and BD
−− −− −− −− −− −− −− −−
6. BC  EC, AC  BC 6. Def. of bisector 5. AE  CE, BE  DE 5. Def. of mdpt.

7. ABC  DEC 7. Def. of   6. ∠AEB  ∠CED 6. Vert. ∠ Thm

. 7. ABE  CDE 7. Def. of  

4. Statements Reasons
−− −− PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING, PAGES 235–236
1. JK  ML 1. Given
2. ∠KJN  ∠MLN, 2. Alt. Int.  Thm. 12. Statements Reasons
∠JKN  ∠LMN 1. ∠UST  ∠RST, ∠U  ∠R 1. Given
3. ∠ JNK  ∠LNM 3. Vert.  Thm. 2. ∠STU  ∠STR 2. Third  Thm.
−− −− −− −−
4. JK  ML 4. Given 3. SU  SR 3. Given
−− −− −− −−
5. MK bisects JL, 5. Given 4. ST  ST 4. Reflex. Prop.
−− −−
and JL bisects MK. of 
−− −− −−− −− −− −−
6. JN  LN, MN  KN 6. Def. of bisector 5. TU  TR 5. Given
7. JKN  MLN 7. Def. of   6. RTS  UTS 6. Def. of  
−− −−
THINK AND DISCUSS 13. LM 14. CF
1. Measure all the sides and all the . The trusses are 15. ∠N 16. ∠D
the same size if all the corr. sides and are . −− −−
17. ∠ADB  ∠CDB 18. AB  CB
2. m∠ADB = m∠CDB AB = CB
̱PQR Ɂ
̱LMN
4x + 10 = 90 y - 7 = 12
4x = 80 y = 19
!NGLES 3IDES x = 20
ȜP Ɂ
ȜL PQ Ɂ
LM
m∠C = x + 11 = 31°
ȜQ Ɂ
ȜM QR Ɂ
MN
ȜR Ɂ
ȜN PR Ɂ
LN
19. Statements Reasons
1. ∠N  ∠R 1. Given
EXERCISES −−
2. MP bisects ∠NMR 2. Given
GUIDED PRATICE
3. ∠NMP  ∠RMP 3. Def. of ∠ bisector
1. You find the  and 2. ∠B
sides that are in the 4. ∠NPM  ∠RPM 4. Third  Thm.
−−
same, or matching, 5. P is the mdpt. of NR 5. Given
places in the 2 . −− −−
6. PN  PR 6. Def. of mdpt.
−− −− −−− −−−
3. LM 4. RT 7. MN  MR 7. Given
−−− −− −−
5. ∠M 6. NM 8. MP  MP 8. Reflex. Prop. of 
7. ∠R 8. ∠T 9. MNP  MRP 9. Def. of  
−− −−
9. JK  FG 10. ∠G  ∠K
JK = FG m∠G = m∠K 20. Statements Reasons
3y - 15 = 12 4x - 20 = 108
1. ∠ADC and ∠BCD are 1. Given
3y = 27 4x = 128
rt. 
y=9 x = 32
KL = y = 9 2. ∠ADC  ∠BCD 2. Rt. ∠  Thm.
3. ∠DAC  ∠CBD 3. Given
4. ∠ACD  ∠BDC 4. Third  Thm.
−− −− −− −−
5. AC  BD, AD  BC 5. Given
−− −−
6. DC  DC 6. Reflex. Prop. of 
7. ADC  BCD 7. Def. of  

72 Holt McDougal Geometry

21. GSR  KPH, 22. RVUTS  VWXZY 27. B
SRG  PHK
RSG  HPK,
−− −−
23. AB  DE 24. ∠L  ∠P
AB = DE m∠L = m∠P A C
2x - 10 = x + 20 x 2 + 10 = 2x 2 + 1 D
x = 30 9 = x2 Statements Reasons
AB = 2x - 10 m∠L = x 2 + 10 −− −−
1. BD ⊥ AC 1. Given
= 2(30) - 10 = 50 = 9 + 10 = 19°
2. ∠ADB and ∠CDB are 2. Def. of ⊥
−− −−
25. BC  QR rt. .
BC = QR 3. ∠ADB  ∠CDB 3. Rt. ∠  Thm.
6x + 5 = 5x + 7 −−
x=2 4. BD bisects ∠ABC. 4. Given
BC = 6x + 5 5. ∠ABD  ∠CBD 5. Def. of
= 6(2) + 5 = 17 bisector
−− −− 6. ∠A  ∠C 6. Third  Thm.
26a. KL  ML by the def. of a square.
−− −−
7. AB  CB 7. Given
b. Statements Reasons −− −−
8. BD  BD 8. Reflex. Prop.
1. JKLM is a square. 1. Given
−− −− of 
2. KL  ML 2. Def. of a −−
9. D is the mdpt. of AC. 9. Given
square −− −−
−− −− 10. AD  CD 10. Def. of mdpt.
3. JL and MK are ⊥ 3. Given
bisectors of each other. 11. ABD  CBD 12. Def. of 
−−− −−
4. MN  KN 4. Def. of 28. Possible answer:
bisector
−− −−
5. NL  NL 5. Reflex. Prop.
of 
 CM
6. ∠MNL and ∠KNL are 6. Def. of ⊥
 CM
rt. .
7. ∠MNL  ∠KNL 7. Rt. ∠  Thm.
8. ∠NML  ∠NKL 8. Given  CM  CM

9. ∠NLM  ∠NLK 9. Third  Thm. 29. Solution A is incorrect. ∠E  ∠M, so m∠E = 46°.
10. NML  NKL 10. Def. of  30. Yes; by the Third  Thm., ∠K  ∠W, so all 6 pairs
of corr. parts are . Therefore, the are .
TEST PREP
31. B
Matching up , ABC  FDE.
32. G
∠N  ∠S ∠M  ∠R
m∠N = m∠S m∠M = m∠R
62 = 2x + 8 58 = 3y - 2
54 = 2x 60 = 3y
x = 27 y = 20
33. D
m∠Y = 180 - (m∠X + m∠Z)
= 180 - (m∠A + m∠C)
= 180 - 60.9 = 119.1°
34. J
P = MN + NR + RM
= SP + QP + SR + RQ
= 33 + 30 + 10 + 24 = 97

73 Holt McDougal Geometry

CHALLENGE AND EXTEND 7. m∠M + m∠N = m∠NLK
35. P = TU + UV + VW + TW 6y + 3 + 84 = 151 - 2y
149 = 6x + 7x + 3 + 9x - 8 + 8x - 11 8y = 64
149 = 30x - 16 y=8
165 = 30x m∠M = 6y + 3 = 51°
x = 5.5 8. m∠C + m∠D = m∠ABC
Yes; UV = WV = 41.5, and UT = WT = 33. 90 + 5x = 20x - 15
TV = TV by the Reflex. Prop. of =. It is given that 105 = 15x
∠VWT  ∠VUT and ∠WTV  ∠UTV. x=7
∠WVT = ∠UVT by the Third  Thm. Thus m∠ABC = 20x – 15 = 125°
TUV  TWV by the def. of  . 9. m∠RTP = m∠R + m∠T = 55 + 37 = 92°
36. ∠E  ∠A −− −−
10. EF 11. JL
m∠E = m∠A
y 2 - 10 = 90 12. ∠E 13. ∠L
−− −−
y 2 = 100 14. PR  SU 15. ∠S  ∠P
m∠D = m∠H PR = SU m∠S = m∠P
= 2y 2 - 132 14 = 3m + 2 2y = 46
= 2(100) - 132 = 68° 12 = 3m y = 23
m=4
37. Statements Reasons PQ = 2m + 1 = 9
−− −−
1. RS  RT; ∠S  ∠T 1. Given
−− −− 16. Statements Reasons
2. ST  TS 2. Reflex. Prop. of 
1. AB CD 1. Given
3. ∠T  ∠S 3. Sym. Prop. of 
2. ∠BAD  ∠CDA 2. Alt. Int.  Thm.
4. ∠R  ∠R 4. Reflex. Prop. of  −− −− −− −−
3. AC ⊥ CD, DB ⊥ AB 3. Given.
5. RST  RTS 5. Def. of  
4. ∠ACD and ∠DBA are rt.  4. Def. of ⊥
SPIRAL REVIEW 5. ∠ACD  ∠DBA 5. Rt. ∠  Thm.
38. P(both even) = P(cube 1 even) · P(cube 1 even) 6. ∠CAD  ∠BDA 6. Third  Thm.
=_1 ·_
1 =_1 −− −− −− −−
7. AB  CD, AC  DB 7. Given
2 2 4
−− −−
39. P(sum is 5) = P(1, 4) + P(2, 3) + P(3, 2) + P(4, 1) 8. AD  DA 8. Reflex. Prop.
of 
=_ 4 =_ 1
36 9 9. ACD  DBA 9. Def. of  
40. acute 41. rt.
42. obtuse 4-4 TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE: SSS AND
43. Step 1 Find x. SAS, PAGES 242–249
3x + 20 + 4x + x + 16 = 180
8x + 36 = 180 CHECK IT OUT!
x = 18 −− −− −− −−
1. It is given that AB  CD and BC  DA. By the
Step 2 Find m∠Q. −− −−
Reflex. Prop. of , AC  CA. So ABC  CDA
m∠Q = 4x = 72° by SSS.
44. m∠P = 3x + 20 = 74° −− −−
2. It is given that AB  BD and ∠ABC  ∠DBC. By
−− −−
45. m∠QRS = m∠P + m∠Q Reflex. Prop. of , BC  BC. So ABC  DBC
= 72 + 74 = 146° by SAS.
3. DA = 3t + 1
READY TO GO ON? PAGE 239 = 3(4) + 1 = 13
DC = 4t - 3
1. rt. , since ∠ACB is rt. ∠ = 4(4) - 3 = 13
2. equiangular, since m∠BAD = 30 + 30 = 60° m∠ADB = 32°
= m∠B = m∠ADB m∠CDB = 2t 2
3. obtuse, since m∠ADE = m∠B + m∠BAD = 120° = 2(4) 2 = 32°
−− −− −− −−
DA  DC, DB  DB, and ∠ADB  ∠CDB
4. isosc., since PQ = QR = 5, PR = 8.7
So ADB  CDB by SAS.
5. equilateral, since PR = RS = PS = 5
6. scalene, since PQ = 8.7, QS = 5 + 5 = 10, PS = 5

74 Holt McDougal Geometry

 4. Statements Reasons 10. It is given that ∠C and ∠B are rt. and
−− −− −− −−
−− −− EC  DB. ∠C  ∠B by the Rt. ∠  Thm. CB  BC
1. QR  QS 1. Given by the Reflex. Prop. of . So ECB  DBC by
 bisects ∠RQS
2. QP 2. Given SAS.
3. ∠RQP  ∠SQP 3. Def. of ∠ bisector 11. When y = 3, NQ = NM = 3, and QP = MP = 4.
−− −−− −− −−
−− −−− So by the def. of , NQ  NM, and QP  MP.
4. QP  QP 4. Reflex. Prop. of 
m∠M = m∠Q = 90˚, so ∠M  ∠Q by the def. of .
5. RQP  SQP 5. SAS Steps 1, 3, 4 Thus MNP  QNP by SAS.
12. When t = 5, YZ = 24, ST = 20, and SU = 22. So
−− −− −− −− −− −−
THINK AND DISCUSS by the def. of , XY  ST, YZ  TU, and XZ  SU.
1. Show that all six pairs of corr. parts are ; SSS; This XYZ  STU by SSS.
SAS
13. Statements Reasons
2. The SSS and SAS Post. are methods for proving  −−
1. B is mdpt. of DC 1. Given
 without having to prove  of all 6 corr. parts. −− −−
2. DB  CB 2. Def. of mdpt.
3. 333 3!3 −− −−
3. AB ⊥ DC 3. Given

(OW ARE THEY ALIKE (OW ARE THEY DIFFERENT

4. ∠ABD and ∠ABC 4. Def. of ⊥
"OTH POSTS USE  SIDES &OR 333 THE INCLUDED PART are rt.
AND AN INCLUDED CORR IS A SIDE &OR 3!3 THE
5. ∠ABD  ∠ABC 5. Rt. ∠  Thm.
PART INCLUDED PART IS AN Ȝ
−− −−
6. AB  AB 6. Reflex. Prop. of 
7. ABD  ABC 7. SAS Steps 2, 5, 6
EXERCISES
14. SAS (with Reflex. Prop of )
GUIDED PRACTICE
15. SAS (with Vert. Thm.)
1. ∠T
−− −− −− −− −− −− 16. neither 17. neither
2. It is given that DA  BC and AB  CD. BD  DB −− −−
by the Reflex. Prop. of . Thus ABD  CDB by 18a. To use SSS, you need to know that AB  DE
−− −−
SSS. and CB  CE.
−−− −−− −− −− −− −− −− −−
3. It is given that MN  MQ and NP  QP. MP  MP b. To use SAS, you need to know that CB  CE.
by the Relex. Prop. of . Thus MNP  MQP by
SSS. 19. QS = √1 2 + 2 2 = √5
SR = √4 + 0 = 4
−− −− −− −− 2 2
4. It is given that JG  LG, and GK  GH. ∠JGK 
QR = √3 + 2 = √13
∠LGH by the Vert. Thm. So JGK  LGH by 2 2

SAS.
TV = √1 + 2 = √5
2 2
5. When x = 4, HI = GH = 3, and IJ = GJ = 5.
−− −− VU = √4 + 0 = 4
2 2
HJ  HJ by the Reflex. Prop. of . Therefore,
GHJ  IHJ by SSS. TU = √3 + 2 = √13
2 2

6. When x = 18, RS = UT = 61, and The  are  by SSS.

−− −−
m∠SRT = m∠UTR = 36°. RT  TR by the Reflex.
Prop. of . So RST  TUR by SAS. 20. AB = √1 2 + 4 2 = √17
BC = √4 + 3 = 5
2 2
7. Statements Reasons
−− −− AC = √5 + 1 = √26
2 2
1. JK  ML 1. Given
DE = √1 + 4 = √17
2 2
2. ∠JKL  ∠MLK 2. Given
−− −−
EF = √4 + 3 = 5
2 2
3. KL  LK 3. Reflex. Prop. of 
4. JKL  MLK 4. SAS Steps 1, 2, 3 DF = √4 + 0 = 4
2 2

The  are not .

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
8. It is given that BC = ED = 4 in. and
−− −−
BD = EC = 3 in. So by the def. of , BC  ED,
−− −− −− −−
and BD  EC. DC  CD by the Reflex. Prop. of .
Thus BCD  EDC by SSS.
−− −− −− −− −− −−
9. It is given that KJ  LJ and GK  GL. GJ  GJ by
the Reflex. Prop. of . So GJK  GJL by SSS.

75 Holt McDougal Geometry

21. Statements Reasons 31. J
−− −−
EF  EH
1. ∠ZVY  ∠WYV, 1. Given EF = EH
∠ZVW  ∠WYZ 4x + 7 = 6x - 4
2. m∠ZVY = m∠WYV, 2. Def. of  11 = 2x
m∠ZVW = m∠WYZ x = 5.5
3. m∠ZVY + m∠ZVW 3. Add. Prop. of = CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
= m∠WYV + m∠WYZ
32. Statements Reasons
4. m∠WVY = m∠ZYV 4. ∠ Add. Post. −−
1. Draw DB. 1. Through any 2 pts.
5. ∠WVY  ∠ZYV 5. Def. of 
−−− −− there is exactly one
6. WV  YZ 6. Given line.
−− −−
7. VY  YV 7. Reflex. Prop. of  2. ∠ADC and ∠BCD are 2. Given
8. ZVY  WYV 8. SAS Steps 6, 5, 7 supp.
−− −−
3. AD CB 3. Conv. of Same-Side
−− −− −− Int. Thm.
22a. Measure AB and AC on 1 truss and measure DE
−− −− −− −− −−
and DF on the other. If AB  DE and AC  DF, 4. ∠ADB  ∠CBD 4. Alt. Int. Thm.
then the trusses are  by SAS. −− −−
5. AD  CB 5. Given
b. 3.5 ft; by the Pyth. Thm., BC ≈ 3.5 ft. Since the  −− −−
−− −− 6. DB  BD 6. Reflex Prop. of 
are congruent, EF  BC.
7. ADB  CBD 7. SAS Steps 5, 4, 6
23.

33. Statements Reasons

 
 
1. ∠QPS  ∠TPR 1. Given
2. ∠RPS  ∠RPS 2. Reflex. Prop. of 
 
3. ∠QPR  ∠TPS 3. Subst. Prop. of 
24. AB = AC BC = DC −− −− −− −−
4x = 6x - 11 x + 4 = 5x - 7 4. PQ  PT, PR  PS 4. Given
11 = 2x 11 = 2x 5. PQR  PTS 5. SAS Steps 3, 4
x = 5.5 x = 5.5
By the def. of , AB  BD, and BC  DC. AC  AC 34. m∠FKJ + m∠KFJ + m∠FJK = 180
by the Reflex. Prop. of . Thus ABC  ADC by 2x + 3x + 10 + 90 = 180
SSS. 5x = 80
x = 16
25. Measure the lengths of the logs. If the lengths of the −− −−
KJ = HJ = 72, so KJ  HJ by the def. of .
logs in 1 wing deflector match the lengths of the logs −− −−
∠FJK  ∠FJH by the Rt. ∠  Thm. FJ  FJ by the
in the other wing deflector, the  will be  by SAS
Reflex. Prop. of . So FJK  FJH by SAS.
or SSS.
35. m∠KFJ = m∠HFJ
26. Yes; if the  have the same 2 side lengths and the
2x + 6 = 3x - 21
same included ∠ measure, the  are  by SAS.
27 = x
−− −−
27. Check students’ constructions; yes; if each side is  FK = FH = 171, so FK  FH by the def. of .
−− −−
to the corr. side of the second , they can be in any ∠KFJ  ∠HFJ by the def. of ∠ bisector. FJ  FJ by
order. the Reflex. Prop. of . So FJK  FJH by SAS.
TEST PREP SPIRAL REVIEW

36. _
28. C x -8≤5 37. 2a + 4 > 3a
In I and III, two sides are congruent with an 2
x - 16 ≤ 10 4>a
congruent angle in between so I and III are similar
x ≤ 26 a<4
by SAS.
29. G     
    
SAS proves ABC  ADC, so
AB + BC + CD + DA = AB + CD + CD + AB 38. -6m - 1 ≤ - 13
= 12.1 + 7.8 + 7.8 + 12.1 12 ≤ 6m
= 39.8 cm m ≥2
30. A     
∠F and ∠J are the included , so ∠F  ∠J proves
SAS.

76 Holt McDougal Geometry

39. 4x - 7 = 21 Given 2. Possible answer: corr.  and sides
4x - 7 + 7 = 21 + 7 Add. Prop. of =
4x = 28 Simplify.
_4x = _
28 Div. Prop. of = 3.
4 4 $EF OF ̱
Ɂ 333 3!3
x=7 Simplify.
7ORDS !LL  CORR PARTS  SIDES OF  ̱  SIDES AND AN

40. _a + 5 = -8 Given
OF  є ARE Ɉ ARE Ɉ
TO  SIDES OF
ANOTHER ̱
INCLUDED Ȝ
OF
 ̱
ARE Ɉ
TO 
_a + 45 - 5 = -8 - 5 Subtr. Prop. of =
SIDES AND AN INCLUDED
Ȝ
IN ANOTHER ̱
4
_a = -13 Simplify. 0ICTURES
4
(4)
4 _
a = 4(-13) Multi. Prop. of =
a = -52 Simplify.
41. 6r = 4r + 10 Given
6r - 4r = 4r - 4r + 10 Subtr. Prop. of =
2r = 10 Simplify.
_2r = _
10 Div. Prop. of =
!3! !!3 (,
2 2 7ORDS  ѓ AND AN  ѓ AND A SIDE
OF ! LEG AND HYP OF 
r=5 Simplify. INCLUDED SIDE
OF  ̱
ARE Ɉ
TO THEIR RT ̱
ARE Ɉ
TO A LEG
 ̱
ARE Ɉ
TO  ѓ CORR PARTS AND HYP IN ANOTHER
42. ∠H  ∠F AND INCLUDED SIDE IN ANOTHER ̱ RT ̱
m∠H = m∠F IN ANOTHER ̱
x + 24 = 110 0ICTURES
x = 86
43. m∠FGE = m∠GEH = 36
m∠FEG + m∠F + m∠FGE = 180
m∠FEG + 110 + 36 = 180
m∠FEG = 180 - 146 = 34°
44. m∠FGH = m∠FGE + m∠EGH
= m∠GEH + m∠FEG EXERCISES
= 36 + 34 = 70° GUIDED PRACTICE
−−
1. The included side BC is enclosed between ∠ABC
4-5 TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE: ASA, AAS, and ∠ACB.
AND HL, PAGES 252–259 2.  FT
A B
ƒ ƒ
CHECK IT OUT!
1. Yes; the  is uniquely determined by AAS. ƒ
−− −−
2. By the Alt. Int.  Thm., ∠KLN  ∠MNL. LN  NL C
by the Reflex. Prop. of . No other congruence
relationships can be determined, so ASA cannot be 3. Yes; the  is determined by AAS.
applied. 4. Yes; by the Def. of ∠ bisector, ∠TSV  ∠RSV and
−− −−
3. ∠TVS  ∠RVS. SV  SV by the Reflex. Prop. of .
JL bisects ȜKLM. So VRS  VTS by ASA.
'IVEN
5. No; you need to know that a pair of corr. sides
are .
ȜKLJ Ɂ ȜMLJ
−− −−
$EF OF Ȝ
BISECTOR 6a. QS  SQ b. ∠RQS  ∠PSQ
c. Rt. ∠  Thm. d. AAS
ȜK Ɂ ȜM JL Ɂ JL
7. Yes; it is given that ∠D and ∠B are rt.  and
'IVEN 2EFLEX −− −−
0ROP OF Ɂ
AD  BC. ABC and CDA are rt.  by def.
−− −−
AC  CA by the Reflex. Prop. of .
̱JKL Ɂ ̱JML
So ABC  CDA by HL.
!!3 −− −−
8. No; you need to know that VX  VZ.
−− −− −− −−
4. Yes; it is given that AC  DB. CB  BC by the
Reflex. Prop. of . Since ∠ABC and ∠DCB are rt.
, ABC  DCB by HL.

THINK AND DISCUSS

1. No; the  sides are not corr. sides.

77 Holt McDougal Geometry

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 24. Since 2 sides and the included ∠ are equal in
9. F measure and therefore , you could prove the  
using SAS. You could also use HL since the  are
ƒ rt. .
ƒ ƒ 25. Check students’ constructions.
X Y
 KM
TEST PREP
10. Yes; the  is uniquely determined by ASA.
26. A
11. No; you need to know that ∠MKJ  ∠MKL. Need ∠XVZ  ∠XWY for ASA.
12. Yes; by the Alt. Int.  Thm., ∠SRT  ∠UTR, and 27. J
−− −−
∠STR  ∠URT. RT  TR by the Reflex. Prop. of . From figure, 2 corr. side pairs and included ∠ pair
So RST  TUR by ASA. are , i.e., SAS.
13a. ∠A  ∠D b. Given 28. C
c. ∠C  ∠F d. AAS Alt. Int.  Thm. gives two  ∠ pairs, and one non-
included  side pair is given. AAS proves
14. No; you need to know that ∠K and ∠H are rt. .
AED  CEB.
−− −−
15. Yes; E is a mdpt. So by def., BE  CE, and 29. G
−− −− −− −−−
AE  DE. ∠A and ∠D are  by the Rt. ∠  Thm. For AAS, need RT  UW. So:
By def.,  ABE and DCE are rt. . So ABE  RT = UW
DCE by HL. 6y - 2 = 2y + 7
16. AAS proves ADB  CDB; reflection 4y = 9
y = 2.25
17. FEG  QSR; rotation
30. No; check students’ drawings and constructions;
18.
since the lengths of the corr. sides of the 2  are
not equal, the 2  are not  even if the corr.  have
the same measure.
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND

19a. No; there is not enough information given to use 31. Yes; the sum of the ∠ measures in each  must be
any of the congruence theorems. 180°, which makes it possible to solve for x and y.
The value of x is 15, and the value of y is 12. Each
−− −− −− −−
b. HL can be used, since also JL  JL.  has  measuring 82°, 68°, and 30°. VU  VU by
20. Proof B is incorrect. The corr. sides are not in the the Reflex. Prop. of . So VSU  VTU by ASA
correct order. or AAS.

21. A D 32. Statements Reasons

1. ABC is equil. 1. Given
C B F E −− −−
2. AC  BC 2. Def. of equil. 
It is given that ABC and DEF are rt. .
−− −− −− −− 3. C is mdpt. of DE. 3. Given
AC  DF, BC  EF, and ∠C and ∠F are rt. .
−− −−
∠C  ∠F by the Rt. ∠  Thm. 4. DC  EC 4. Def. of mdpt.
Thus ABC  DEF by SAS.
5. ∠DAC and ∠EBC are 5. Given
22. Statements Reasons . and supp.
−− −− 6. ∠DAC and ∠EBC are 6.  that are  and
1. AD  BC 1. Given
rt. . supp. are rt. .
2. ∠DAE  ∠BCE 2. Alt. Int.  Thm.
7. DAC and EBC are 7. Def. of rt. 
3. ∠AED  ∠CEB 3. Vert.  Thm. rt. .
−− −−
4. AD  CB 4. Given 8. DAC  EBC 8. HL Steps 4, 2
5. AED  CEB 5. AAS Steps 2, 3, 4

23. Statements Reasons

−− −−
1. KM ⊥ JL 1. Given
2. ∠JKM and ∠LKM are rt.  2. Def. of ⊥
3. ∠JKM  ∠LKM 3. Rt. ∠  Thm.
−− −−
4. JM  LM, ∠JMK  ∠LMK 4. Given
5. JKM  LKM 5. AAS Steps 3, 4

78 Holt McDougal Geometry

33. A D 37. x-intercept: y-intercept:
0 = -5x + 5 y = -5(0) + 5
B C E F 5x = 5 y=5
Case 1: Given rt. ABC and rt. DEF with x=1
−− −− y
∠A  ∠D and AB  DE
Statements Reasons 

1. ∠A  ∠D 1. Given 
−− −−
2. AB  DE 2. Given x

3. ∠B  ∠E 3. Rt. ∠  Thm.   

4. ABC  DEF 4. ASA Steps 1, 2, 3

38. AC = 10
A D
x 2 - 6 = 10
x 2 = 16
B C E F x=4
Case 2; given rt. ABC and rt. DEF with (Discard x = -4 since AB > 0.)
−− −−
∠A  ∠D and BC  EF AB = x + 2 = 4 + 2 = 6
Statements Reasons BC = x 2 - 2x = 4 2 - 2(4) = 8
1. ∠A  ∠D 1. Given 39. m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180
−− −− 53.1 + 90 + m∠C = 180
2. BC  EF 2. Given 143.1 + m∠C = 180
3. ∠B  ∠E 3. Rt. ∠  Thm. m∠C = 36.9°
4. ABC  DEF 4. ASA Steps 1, 3, 2
4-6 TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE: CPCTC,
34. Third  Thm.; if the third ∠ pair is , then the  are
PAGES 260–265
also  by AAS.
SPIRAL REVIEW
CHECK IT OUT!
−− −− −− −−
35. x-intercept: y-intercept: 1. JL = NL and KL = ML, so JL  NL and KL  ML.
0 = 3x - 6 y = 3(0) - 6 By Vert.  Thm., ∠MLN  ∠KLJ.
6 = 3x y = -6 By SAS, MLN  KLJ.
x=2 By CPCTC, JK = NM = 41 ft
y 2.
PR BISECTS ȜQPS
 AND ȜQRS.
'IVEN
x
ȜQPR Ɂ ȜSPR
   ȜQRP Ɂ ȜSRP PR Ɂ PR
 $EF OF Ȝ BISECTOR 2EFLEX 0ROP OF Ɂ

̱PQR Ɂ ̱PSR PQ Ɂ PS

36. x-intercept: y-intercept: !3! #0#4#

0 = -_1x + 4 y = -_ 1 (0) + 4
2 2
_1 x = 4 y=4
3. Statements Reasons
2
x=8 −− −−
1. J is mdpt. of KM and NL. 1. Given
y −− −− −− −−
2. KJ  MJ and LJ  NJ 2. Def. of mdpt.

3. ∠KJL  ∠MJN 3. Vert.  Thm.
x
4. KJL  MJN 4. SAS Steps 2, 3
  

5. ∠LKJ  ∠NMJ or ∠JLK 5. CPCTC
 ∠JNM
−− −−−
6. KL MN 6. Conv. of Alt. Int.
 Thm.

79 Holt McDougal Geometry

 4. Use Distance Formula to find side lengths. 5. Use Distance Formula to find side lengths.
 
JK = (2 - (-1)) 2 + ((-1) - (-2)) 2 EF = 
((-1) - (-3)) 2 + (3 - 3) 2
= √
9 + 1 = √
10 
= √4 +0=2

2 2 
KL = ((-2) - 2) + (0 - (-1)) 2
FG = ((-2) - (-3)) + (0 - 3)
2

16 + 1 = √
= √ 17

= √1 + 9 = √
10
2 2
JL = ((-2) - (-1)) + (0 - (-2))  2 2
EG = ((-2) - (-1)) + (0 - 3)
= √
1 + 4 = √
5

2 2

= √1 + 9 = √
10
RS = (5 - 2) + (2 - 3) 
2 2
= √ 
9 + 1 = √10 JK = (0 - 2) + ((-1) - (-1))

2 2 
= √4 +0=2
ST = (1 - 5) + (1 - 2)

2 2
16 + 1 = √
= √ 17 KL = (1 - 2) + (2 - (-1))

2 2 
= √1 + 9 = √
10
RT = (1 - 2) + (1 - 3)
= √ 
1 + 4 = √5 
2 2
JL = (1 - 0) + (2 - (-1))
−− −− −− −− −− −−
So JK  RS, KL  ST, and JL  RT. Therefore, = √
1 + 9 = √
10
JKL  RST by SSS, and ∠JKL  ∠RST by −− −− −− −− −− −−
So EF  JK, FG  KL, and EG  JL. Therefore
CPCTC. EFG  JKL by SSS, and ∠EFG  ∠JKL by
CPCTC.
THINK AND DISCUSS
−−− −− 6. Use Distance Formula to find side lengths.
1. SAS; UW  XZ; ∠U  ∠X; ∠W  ∠Z 
AB = 
(4 - 2) 2 + (1 - 3) 2
2. ̱ABC Ɂ
̱DEF 4 + 4 = 2 √
= √ 2

2 2
#0#4#
BC = (1 - 4) + ((-1) - 1)
= √
9 + 4 = √
13
ȜA Ɂ ȜD AB Ɂ DE 
2 2
AC = (1 - 2) + ((-1) - 3)
ȜB Ɂ ȜE BC Ɂ EF 1 + 16 = √
= √ 17
2 2
ȜC Ɂ ȜF
RS = ((-3) - (-1)) + ((-2) - 0)
AC Ɂ DF
4 + 4 = 2 √
= √ 2

2 2
ST = (0 - (-3)) + ((-4) - (-2))
EXERCISES
= √
9 + 4 = √
13
GUIDED PRACTICE 
2 2
RT = (0 - (-1)) + ((-4) - 0)
1. Corr. and corr. sides 1 + 16 = √
= √ 17
−− −− −− −− −− −−
2. ∠BCA  ∠DCE by Vert. Thm, ∠CBA ∠CDE So AB  RS, BC  ST, and AC  RT. Therefore
−− −− ABC  RST by SSS, and ∠ACB  ∠RTS by
by Rt. ∠  Thm., and BC  DC (given). Therefore
−− −− CPCTC.
ABC  EDC by ASA. By CPCTC, AB  DE, so
AB = DE = 6.3 m. PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
3a. Def. of ⊥ b. Rt. ∠  Thm. 7. ∠ABC  ∠EDC by Rt. ∠  Thm., ∠ACB  ∠ECD
−− −−
c. Reflex. Prop. of  d. Def. of mdpt. by Vert. Thm., and BC  DC. So ABC  EDC
by ASA. By CPCTC, AB = DE = 420 ft.
e. RXS  RXT f. CPCTC
8. Statements Reasons
4. Statements Reasons −− −−
−− −− −− −− 1. M is mdpt. of PQ and RS. 1. Given
1. AC  AD, CB  DB 1. Given −− −−− −−− −−
−− −− 2. PM  QM, RM  SM 2. Def. of mdpt.
2. AB  AB 2. Reflex. Prop. of 
3. ∠PMS  ∠QMR 3. Vert. Thm.
3. ACB  ADB 3. SSS Steps 1, 2
4. PMS  QMR 4. SAS Steps 2, 3
4. ∠CAB  ∠DAB 4. CPCTC −− −−
−− 5. QR  PS 5. CPCTC
5. AB bisects ∠CAD. 5. Def. of ∠ bisector

80 Holt McDougal Geometry

 
2 2
9. Statements Reasons 13. AB = (2 - (-1)) + (3 - 1)
−−− −− −− −−− = √
9 + 4 = √
13
1. WX  XY  YZ  ZW 1. Given
−− −− 
2 2
2. ZX  XZ 2. Reflex. Prop. of  BC = (2 - 2) + ((-2) - 3)

= √0 + 25 = 5
3. WXZ  YZX 3. SSS, steps 1, 2

2 2
4. ∠W  ∠Y 4. CPCTC AC = (2 - (-1)) + ((-2) - 1)
9 + 9 = 3 √
= √ 2
10. Statements Reasons 
2 2
DE = ((-1) - 2) + ((-5) - (-3))
−−
1. G is mdpt. of FH. 1. Given 
= √9 + 4 = √
13
2. FG = HG 2. Def. of mdpt. 2 2
EF = ((-1) - (-1)) + (0 - (-5))
−− −−
3. FG  HG 3. Def. of . = √
0 + 25 = 5
−− 
4. Draw EG. 4. Exactly 1 line DF = 
((-1) - 2) 2 + (0 - (-3)) 2
through any 2 pts.
−− −− 9 + 9 = 3 √
= √ 2
5. EG  EG 5. Reflex. Prop. of  −− −− −− −− −− −−
So AB  DE, BC  EF, and CA  DF. Therefore,
−− −− ABC  DEF by SSS, and ∠BAC  ∠EDF by
6. EF  EH 6. Given
CPCTC.
7. EGF  EGH 7. SSS Steps 3, 5, 6
8. ∠EFG  ∠EHG 8. CPCTC 14. Statements Reasons
9. ∠1  ∠ 2 9.  Supp. Thm. 1. QRS is adj. to QTS. 1. Given
−−
QS bisects ∠RQT.
11. Statements Reasons ∠R  ∠T.
−− 2. ∠RQS  ∠TQS 2. Def. of ∠ bisector
1. LM bisects ∠JLK. 1. Given
−− −−
2. ∠JLM  ∠KLM 2. Def. of ∠ bisector 3. QS  QS 3. Reflex. Prop. of 
−− −− 4. RSQ  TSQ 4. AAS Steps 1, 2, 3
3. JL  KL 3. Given
−− −− −− −−
4. LM  LM 4. Reflex. Prop. of  5. RS  TS 5. CPCTC
−− −−
5. JLM  KLM 5. SAS Steps 3, 2, 4 6. QS bisects RT. 6. Def. of bisector
−− −−
6. JM  KM 6. CPCTC
−− 15. Statements Reasons
7. M is mdpt. of JK. 7. Def. of mdpt. −−
1. E is the mdpt. of AC 1. Given

−−
12. RS = 2 2
(2 - 0) + (4 - 0) and BD.
−− −− −− −−
= 4 + 16 = 2 

 5 2. AE  CE, BE  DE 2. Def. of mdpt.
 2 2 3. ∠AEB  ∠CED 3. Vert Thm.
ST = ((-1) - 2) + (4 - 3)
= 

9+1= 

10 4. AEB  CED 4. SAS Steps 2, 3

2 2 5. ∠A  ∠C 5. CPCTC
RT = ((-1) - 0) + (3 - 0)
−− −−
= 

1+9= 

10 6. AB CD 6. Conv. of Alt. Int.

2 2 Thm.
UV = ((-3) - (-1)) + (( - 4) - 0)
= 4 + 16 = 2 

 5 16a. ∠ADB, ∠ADC are rt. , hyp. lengths are =, corr.
2 2 leg lengths are =. So HL proves ADB  ADC.
VW = ((-4) - (-3)) + ((-1) - (-4))
= 1 + 9 = 

 10 b. Statements Reasons
 2 2
−− −−
UW = ((-4) - (-1)) + ((-1) - 0) 1. AD ⊥ BC 1. Given

= 
9 + 1 = 10  2. ∠ ADB and ∠ADC are 2. Def. of ⊥
−− −− −− −−− −− −−− rt. .
So RS  UV, ST  VW, and RT  UW. Therefore,
RST  UVW by SSS, and ∠RST  ∠UVW by 3. ADB and ADC 3. Def. of rt. 
CPCTC. are rt.
4. AB = AC = 20 in. 4. Given
−− −−
5. AB  AC 5. Def. of 
−− −−
6. AD  AD 6. Reflex. Prop. of 
7. ADB  ADC 7. HL Steps 5, 6
−− −−
8. BD  CD 8. CPCTC

81 Holt McDougal Geometry

 c. BD 2 + AD 2 = AB 2 TEST PREP
BD 2 + 10 2 = 20 2 24. C
BD = √
400 - 100 Only way to get a second ∠ pair  is first to prove 
≈ 17.3 in. are  and then to use CPCTC. But you would use
BC = 2BD ≈ 34.6 in. −− −−
CPCTC to prove AC  AD directly.
17.  are  by SAS. 18.  are  by ASA. 25. G
x + 11 = 2x - 3 4x + 1 = 6x - 41 LNK NLM, so by CPCTC ∠LNK  ∠NLM.
14 = x 42 = 2x 26.C
x = 21 6x = x + _ 5 10x + y = 40
2
5x = _ 5 y = 40 - 10x
= 40 - 10 · _
19. Statements Reasons 1
2
1. PS = RQ 1. Given x= _1 = 35
2
−− −− 2
2. PS  RQ 2. Def. of  27. G
3. m∠1 = m∠4 3. Given Only corr. parts are ever used.  , lines, ⊥ lines
all are used.
4. ∠1  ∠4 4. Def. of 
−− −− 28. B
5. SQ  QS 5. Reflex. Prop. of  
RS = 
(3 - 2) 2 + (3 - 6) 2 = √
10
6. PSQ  RQS 6. SAS Steps 2, 4, 5 
2 2
ST = (2 - 6) + (6 - 6) = 4
7. ∠3  ∠2 7. CPCTC 
RT = 
(6 - 3) 2 + (6 - 3) 2 = 3 √
2
8. m∠3 = m∠2 8. Def. of  These lengths only match the coordinates in B.
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
20. Statements Reasons
29. Any diagonal on any face of the cube is the hyp.
1. m∠1 = m∠2, 1. Given
of a rt. whose legs are edges of the cube. Any 2
m∠3 = m∠4
of these  are  by SAS (or LL). Therefore, any 2
2. ∠1  ∠2, ∠3  ∠4 2. Def. of  diagonals are  by CPCTC.
−− −−
3. SQ  SQ 3. Reflex. Prop. of 
30. Statements Reasons
4. PSQ  RSQ 4. ASA Steps 2, 3 −−
−− −− 1. Draw MK. 1. Through any 2 pts.
5. PS  RS 5. CPCTC there is exactly 1 line.
6. PS = RS 6. Def. of  −− −−
2. MK  KM 2. Reflex. Prop. of 
−− −− −− −−
3. JK  LM, JM  LK 3. Given
21. Statements Reasons
4. JKM  LMK 4. SSS Steps 2, 3
1. PS = RQ, PQ = RS 1. Given
−− −− −− −− 5. ∠J  ∠L 6. CPCTC
2. PS  RQ, PQ  RS 2. Def. of 
−− −−
3. SQ  QS 3. Reflex. Prop. of  31. Statements Reasons
4. PSQ  RQS 4. SSS Steps 2, 3 −−
1. R is the mdpt. of AB. 1. Given
5. ∠3  ∠2 5. CPCTC −− −−
2. AR  BR 2. Def. of mdpt.
−− −− −− −−
6. PQ RS 6. Conv. of Alt. Int. 3. RS ⊥ AB 3. Given
Thm.
4. ∠ARS and ∠BRS 4. Def. of ⊥
22. Yes; JKM  LMK by SSS, so ∠JKM  ∠LMK are rt. 
−− −−
by CPCTC. Therefore, JK ML by Conv. of Alt. Int. 5. ∠ARS  ∠BRS 5. Rt. ∠  Thm.
Thm. −− −−
6. RS  RS 6. Reflex. Prop. of 
23.
7. ARS  BRS 7. SAS Steps 2, 5, 6
A B −− −−
8. AS  BS 8. CPCTC
9. ∠ASD  ∠BSC 9. Given
−−
10. S is the mdpt. of DC. 10. Given
C D −− −−
−− −− −− 11. DS = CS 11. Def. of mdpt.
The segs. CA, CD, and CB must be .
∠ACB  ∠DCB. If ACB  DCB by SAS, then 12. ASD  BSC 12. SAS Steps 8, 9, 11
AB = DB.

82 Holt McDougal Geometry

32. ∠A  ∠E (given), ∠B and ∠D are rt.  (from figure), 4. ABC is a rt.  with height 2j and base 2n.
and BC  CD (from figure). Therefore, The area of ABC = _ 1 bh
 ABC  EDC by HL. By CPCTC, AB = DE. 2
By Pythag. Thm., =_ 1 (2n)(2j ) = 2nj square units
CD 2 + DE 2 = CE 2 2
By the Mdpt. Forumla, the coords. of D are
DE 2 = 21 2 - 10 2
(n, j). The base of ABC is 2j units and the height
AB = DE = √
441 - 100 ≈ 18 ft
is n units.
SPIRAL REVIEW So the area of ADB = _ 1 bh
33. x = _
Σx 2
n =_ 1 (2j )(n) = nj square units
90 = 90 + 84 + 93 + 88 + 91 + x/6 2
x = 6(90) - (90 + 84 + 93 + 88 + 91) = 94 Since nj = _ 1 (2nj ), the area of ADB is __ 1 the area of
2 2
34. P 1 = 3.95 + 0.08m ABC.
P 1(75) = 3.95 + 0.08(75) = 9.95
P 2 = 0.10 · min(m, 50) + 0.15 · max(m - 50, 0) THINK AND DISCUSS
P 2(75) = 0.10(50) + 0.15(75 - 50) = 8.75 1. Possible answer: By using variables, your results
The second plan is cheaper. are not limited to specific numerical values.
35. reflection across the x-axis 2. Possible answer: The way you position the figure
36. translation (x, y) → (x - 3, y - 4) will affect the coords. assigned to the vertices and
−− −− therefore, your calculations.
37. Yes; it is given that ∠B  ∠D and BC  DC.
By Vert. ∠ Thm., ∠BCA  ∠DCE. Therefore, 3. Possible answer: If you need to calculate the
ABC  EDC by ASA. coords. of a mdpt., assigning 2p allows you to avoid
using fractions.
4-7 INTRODUCTION TO COORDINATE 4. 5SE ORIGIN AS A VERTEX #ENTER FIGURE AT ORIGIN

PROOF, PAGES 267–272 y y

x
CHECK IT OUT!
x
1. You can place the longer leg along the
y-axis and the other leg along the x-axis.
y
 #ENTER SIDE OF FIGURE AT ORIGIN 5SE AXES AS SIDES OF FIGURE
y y

x
     x x

2. Proof:
ABC is a rt.  with height AB and base BC. EXERCISES
The area of ABC = _ 1 bh
GUIDED PRACTICE
2
=_ 1 (4)(6) = 12 square units 1. Possible answer: In coordinate geometry, a coord.
2
By Mdpt. Formula, coordinates of proof is one in which you position figures in the

( )
coord. plane to prove a result.
D = _, _ = (2, 3). The x-coord. of D is
0+4 6+0
2 2 2. y
height of ADB, and base is 6 units. x
The area of ADB = _ 1 bh
    
2
=_ 1 (2)(6) = 6 square units

Since 6 = _1 (12), area 2of ADB is __1 area of ABC. 3. y

2 2 x
3. Possible answer:     
y
 p p p

x
  p 

83 Holt McDougal Geometry

 4. By the Mdpt. Forumla, the coords of A are (0, 3) and 10. y
the coords. of B are (4, 0). B C
By the Dist. Formula,

PQ = √
(0 - 8) 2 + (6 - 0) 2 E F

= √
(-8) 2 + 6 2 = √
64 + 36
A D x
= 100
 = 10 units.
   
AB = √
(0 - 4) 2 + (3 - 0) 2
= √
(-4) 2 + 3 2 = √
16 + 9
E= (_
0+0 _
2
,
2 )
0 + 10
= (0, 5)

F = (_, _) = (6, 5)
6 + 6 0 + 10
= √25 = 5 units. 2 2
So AB = _ 1 PQ.
BC =

2 2
(6 - 0) + (10 - 10) = 6 units.
2
5. Possible answer: 
2 2
y EF = (6 - 0) + (5 - 5) = 6 units.
 m So EF = BC.
11. Possible answer:
x y
 m m m
  n 

6. Possible answer: x
y
 b a b   m 

12. Possible answer:

x y

  a   x x x

y x
7.
  x 
P  a
13. y
A D
A  a c a

R b  x
  B Q E F

By the Mdpt. Formula, the coords. of A are (0, a)

  c  x
and the coords of B are (b, 0).
By the Dist. Formula, B C
By the Mdpt. Formula, the coords. of E are (0, a)
PQ = √
(0 - 2b) 2 + (2a) 2 AB = √
(0 - b) 2 + (a - 0) 2
and the coords of F are (2c, a).
= √
(-2b) 2 + (2a) 2 = √
(-b) 2 + a 2 By the Dist. Formula,
= √
4b 2 + 4a 2 = √
b 2 + a 2 units AD = √
(2c - 0) 2 + (2a - 2a) 2
= √
2
= 2 √
b 2 + a 2 units (2c) = 2c units.
So AB = _
1 PQ. Simlarly,
2
EF = √
(2c - 0) 2 + (a - a) 2
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
= √
(2c) 2 = 2c units.
8. Possible answer: So EF = AD.
y
14. Let endpts. be (x, y) and (z, w). By Mdpt. Formula,

x
_
(0, 0) = _, _
x+z
x+z y+w
2 (2 )

=0
  2
x+z=0
9. Possible answer: z = -x
y
_
y+w
=0
 2
y+w=0
x
w = -y
   Endpts are (x, y) and (-x, -y).

84 Holt McDougal Geometry

15a. y 23. By Dist. Formula,
 AB = 
(x - x ) 2 + (y - y ) 2 and
2 1 2 1

( ) ( )

AM =  _
2 2
- x1 + _
x x1 + x2 y1 + y2

- y1
   2 2

( ) ( )

b. Total distance = EW + WC =
_ x1 + x2 _
- 1 + _
2x 2
y1 + y2 _
- 1
2y 2
2 2 2 2
 
= 
(3 - 0) 2 + (3 - 0) 2 + 
(6 - 3) 2 + (0 - 3) 2
= _1 (x - x ) 2 + _
 1 (y - y ) 2
= 3 √2  + 3 √2 = 6 √2 ≈ 8.5 4 2 1
4 2 1

16. Let A = (0, 0), B = (a, 0), and C = (0, 2a). =_1 
(x 2 - x 1) 2 + (y 2 - y 1) 2
Perimeter = AB + BC + CA 2
 So AM = _
1 AB.
= a + 
(0 - a) 2+ (2a - 0) 2 + 2a 2
= a(3 + √5 ) units 24. y
ABC has base AB, height AC. 

Area = _1 bh L M
2
=_ 1 (a)(2a) = a 2 square units K P x
2
17. Let A = (0, 0), B = (s, 0), C = (s, t), and D = (0, t).   
Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + DA Proof: By Dist. Formula,
= s + t + s + t = 2s + 2t units 
KL = 
(-2 + 2) 2 + (1 - 3) 2 = √0

+4=2
Area = w = st square units
 2 2
18. (n, n) 19. (p, 0) MP = (1 - 1) + (3 - 1) = √ 0+4=2
 
2 2
20. (-23.2 - (-25)) + (31.4 - 31.5) 2 ≈ 1.8 units
2 LM = (-2 - 1) + (3 - 3) = √
9+0=3

2 2 
2 2
(-24 - (-23.2)) + (31.1 - 31.4) ≈ 0.9 units PK = (1 + 2) + (1 - 1) = √ 9+0=3
 Thus KL = MP and LM = PK by Trans. Prop. of .
(-24 - (-25)) 2 + (31.1 - 31.5) 2 ≈ 1.1 units −− −− −− −− −− −−
KL MP and LM PK by def. of , and KM MK
1.8 is twice 0.9. The dist. between 2 of the locations
by Reflex. Prop. of . Thus KLM MPK by
is approx. twice the dist. between another 2
SSS.
locations.
 25. You are assuming the figure has a rt. ∠.
21. AB = 
(70 - (-30)) 2 + ((-30) - 50) 2
≈ 128 nautical miles 26a. BD = BC + CD

Mdpt. of AB = _ , _
-30 + 70 50 + (-30)
2 2 ( ) = AE + CD
= 28 + 10 = 38 in.
= (20,10) By Dist. Formula,
−− DE = √
CD 2 + CE 2
So, P is the mdpt of AB.
CE 2 = DE 2 - CD 2
22. y
P Q
CE = √
26 2 - 10 2 = 24 in.

T b. B = (24, 0); C = (24, 28); D = (24, 38); E = (0, 28)
S R x
 TEST PREP
 
27. B; Mdpt. Formula shows B is true.
The area of the rect. is A = w = 3(2) = 6 square
28. F; G, H, and J are all possible vertices.
units. For RST, the base is 3 units, and the height
is 1 unit. So the area of 29. D; Perimeter = a + b + a + b = 2a + 2b
RST = _ 1 bh = _
(_ 2 )
1 (3)(1) = 1.5 square units.
-1 + 7 _2+8
2 2 30. H; , = (3, 5) = C
Since _1 (6) = 1.5, the area of RST is _ 1 of the area 2
4 4 CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
of the rect.
31. (a + c, b)
32. (n + p – n, h – h) = (p, 0)
33. Possible answer: Rotate  180° about (0, 0) and
translate by (0, 2s). The new coords. would be
(0, 0), (2s, 0), (0, 2s).

85 Holt McDougal Geometry

34. E is intersection of 2 given lines. At E, y = _x and
g
b. m∠N = m∠P
f
y = - __ x + 2g.
g 6y = 8y - 16
f 16 = 2y
_g x = -__g x + 2g Set eqns. = to each other. y=8
f f Thus m∠N = 6y = 6(8) = 48°.
2_x = 2g
g
Combine like terms. 3. JKL is equilateral.
f
x=f Simplify. 4t - 8 = 2t + 1

y= x _
g
Given
2t =9
f t = 4.5
y = _f
g JL = 2t + 1
Subst.
f = 2(4.5) + 1 = 10
y=g Simplify.
4. Proof:
E = (f, g)
By Mdpt. Formula, coords. of X are
SPIRAL REVIEW (
________
-2a + 0 ______
2
,
0 + 2b
2 )
= (-a, b), coords. of Y are

35. x =
-18 ± √
__ 18 2 - 4(8)(-5)
2(8)
(______
2
,
2 )
2a + 0 ______
0 + 2b
= (a, b), and coords of Z are

=_=_
-18 ± 22
16
1 or -2_
4
1
4
(_________
2
,
2 )
-2a + 2a _____
0+0
= (0, 0).
 2 By Dist. Formula,
36. x = ___
-3 ± (-3 ) - 4(1)(-5)
 
XZ = 
(0 + a) 2 + (0 - b) 2 = 2 2
2(1) a + b , and
 
= _
-3 ± √ 29
≈ 1.19 or -4.19
2 2
YZ = (0 - a) + (0 - b) = a + b
2 2

2 −− −−
Since XZ = YZ, XZ YZ by definition. So XYZ is
1 ± √
(-1) 2 - 4(3)(-10) isosc.
37. x = ____________________
2(3)
= _ = 2 or - 1_
1 ± 11 2 THINK AND DISCUSS
6 3
38. Think: 39. Think: 1. An equil.  is also an equiangular , so the 3 
Use Supp. Int.  Thm. Use Alt. Int.  Thm. have the same measure. They must add up to 180°
x + 68 = 180 2y + 24 = 68 by the  Sum Thm. So each ∠ must measure 60°.
x = 112 2y = 44 2. 4RIANGLE
y = 22
40. AB = 3 %QUILATERAL %QUIANGULAR

BC = 
(-3 + 1) 2 + (1 - 3) 2 = 2 √2

2 2
AC = (-3 + 4) + (1 - 3) = √5 
ED = 3

DF = 
(2 - 0) 2 + (-4 + 2) 2 = 2 √
2

2 2
EF = (2 - 3) + (-4 + 2) = 5 √ 
Therefore, ABC EDF by SSS, and EXERCISES
∠ABC ∠EDF by CPCTC. GUIDED PRACTICE
−− −−
1. K legs: KJ and KL
−−
4-8 ISOSCELES AND EQUILATRAL base: JL
TRIANGLES, PAGES 273–279 base : ∠J and ∠L
J L
CHECK IT OUT!
1. 4.2 × 10 13; since there are 6 months between 2. P  M S
 ƒ  ƒ
September and March, the ∠ measures will be Q
approx. the same between Earth and the star. By
the Conv. of the Isosc.  Thm., the created are
isosc., and the dist. is the same.
2a. m∠G = m∠H = x R
m∠F + m∠G + m∠H = 180 By the Ext. ∠ Thm., m∠R = 35°. Since
48 + x + x = 180 m∠R = m∠S by the Conv. of the Isosc.  Thm.,
2x = 132 QR = QS = 41 m.
x = 66
Thus m∠H = x = 66°.

86 Holt McDougal Geometry

 3. Think: Use Isosc.  Thm.,  ∠ Sum Thm., and PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
Vert. ∠ Thm. 12. By ∠ Add. Post., m∠ATB = 80 - 40 = 40°.
m∠B = m∠A = 31° m∠BAT = 40° by Alt. Int. Thm. ∠ATB  ∠BAT by
m∠A + m∠B + m∠ABC = 180 def. of . Since ABT is isosc. by Conv. of Isosc.
31 + 31 + m∠ABC = 180  Thm., BT = BA = 2.4 mi.
m∠ABC = 118°
m∠ECD = m∠ABC =118° 13. Think: use Isosc.  Thm.,  ∠ Sum Thm., and
Vert. Thm.
4. Think: Use Isosc.  Thm. and  ∠ Sum Thm. m∠B = m∠ACB
m∠J = m∠K m∠A + m∠B + m∠ACB = 180
m∠J + m∠K + m∠L = 180 96 + 2m∠ACB = 180
2m∠K + 82 = 180 m∠ACB = 42°
2m∠K = 98 m∠DCE = m∠ACB = 42°
m∠K = 49° m∠D = m∠E
5. Think: Use Isosc.  Thm. m∠D + m∠E + m∠DCE = 180
m∠X = m∠Y 2m∠E + 42 = 180
5t - 13 = 3t + 3 m∠E = 69°
2t = 16 14. Think: Use Isosc.  Thm. and  ∠ Sum Thm.
t=8 m∠U = m∠S = 57°
m∠X = 5t - 13 = 27° m∠SRU + m∠S + m∠U = 180
6. Think: Use Isosc.  Thm. and  ∠ Sum Thm. m∠SRT + m∠TRU + 57 + 57 = 180
m∠B = m∠C = 2x 2m∠TRU = 66
m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180 m∠TRU = 33°
4x + 2x + 2x = 180
8x = 180 15. m∠D = m∠E
x = 22.5 x 2 = 3x + 10
m∠A = 4x = 90° 2
x - 3x - 10 = 0
7. Think: Use Equilat.  Thm. and  ∠ Sum Thm. (x - 5)(x + 2) = 0
∠R  ∠S  ∠T x = 5 or -2
m∠R + m∠S + m∠T = 180 m∠D + m∠E + m∠F = 180
12y + 12y + 12y = 180 x 2 + 3x + 10 + m∠F = 180
36y = 180 m∠F = 180 - 50 or 180 - 8
y=5 = 130° or 172°
8. Think: Use Equilat.  Thm. and  ∠ Sum Thm. 16. Think: Use Isosc.  Thm. and  ∠ Sum Thm.
∠L  ∠M  ∠N m∠A = m∠B = (6y + 1)°
m∠L + m∠M + m∠N = 180 m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180
3(10x + 20) = 180 2(6y + 1) + 21y + 3 = 180
30x = 120 33y = 165
x=4 y = 5°
m∠A = 6y + 1 = 31°
9. Think: Use Equiang.  10. Think: Use Equiang. 
Thm. Thm. 17. Think: Use Equilat.  Thm. and  ∠ Sum Thm.
−− −− −− −− −− −− ∠F  ∠G  ∠H
AB  BC  AC HJ  JK  HK
BC = AC HJ = JK m∠F + m∠G + m∠H = 180
6y + 2 =- y + 23
7y = 21
7t + 15 = 10t
15 = 3t
(
3 _
2 )
z + 14 = 180

z + 28 = 120
y =3 t=5
z = 92
BC = 6y + 2 JK = 10t
= 6(3) + 2 = 20 = 10(5) = 50 18. Think: Use Equilat.  Thm. and  ∠ Sum Thm.
∠L  ∠M  ∠N
11. Proof:
−− −− m∠L + m∠M + m∠N = 180
It is given that ABC is rt. isosc., AB  BC, and X
−− 3(1.5y - 12) = 180
is the mdpt. of AC. By Mdpt. Formula, coords. of X
y - 8 = 40
( 0 + 2a 2a + 0
2 2)
are ______ , ______ = (a, a). By Dist. Formula, y = 48


AX = (a - 0) + (a - 2a) 2 = a √
2
2 and

BX = 
(a - 0) 2 + (a - a) 2 = a √2 = AX. So
AXB is isosc. by def. of an isosc. .

87 Holt McDougal Geometry

 −− −−
19. Think: 20. Think: 30. Proof: It is given that ABC is isosc., BA  BC,
−−
use Equiang.  Thm. use Equiang.  Thm. and X is the mdpt. of AC. Assign the coords.
−− −− −− −− −− −− A(0, 2a), B(0, 0), and C(2a, 0). By the Mdpt.
BC  CD  BD XY  YZ  XZ
BC = CD XY = XZ Formula, coords. of X are (a, a). By Dist. Formula,
_3 x + 2 = _5 x + 6 2x = _5x - 5 AX = XB = XC = a √2 . So AXB  CXB by
2 4 2 SSS.
6x + 8 = 5x + 24 5=_ 1x
31. Check students’ drawings. The are approx. 34°,
x = 16 2
34°, and 112°. Conjecture should be that  is isosc.
BC = _ 3x + 2 x = 10
2 XZ = XY Conjecture is correct since two short sides have
=_3 (16) + 2 = 26 = 2x equal measure ( √
65 units).
2 = 2(10) = 20 32. List all (unordered) triples of natural numbers such
−− −−− that:
21. Proof: It is given that ABC is isosc., AB  AC,
−− −− • at least two are equal
P is mdpt. of AB, and Q is mdpt. of AC. By Mdpt.
Formula, coords. of P are (a, b), and coords. of Q • sum of leg lengths > base length
are (3a, b). By Dist. Formula, • perimeter is 18
 2 −− −− 4 : (5, 5, 8), (6, 6, 6), (7, 7, 4), (8, 8, 2).
PC = QB =  9a + b 2 , so PC  QB by def. of .
33. In left : 40 + x + x = 180
22. always 2x = 140
23. sometimes x = 70
24. sometimes In right : x + 2(3y - 5) = 180
60 + 6y = 180
25. never y = 20
26. No; if a base ∠ is obtuse, the other base ∠ must 34. In left : all ∠s measure 60°.
also be obtuse since they are . But the sum of the In right : obtuse ∠ measures
∠ measures of the  cannot be > 180°. 180° – 60° = 120°.
−− −−
27a. PS  PT, so by Isosc.  Thm., 2(5x + 15) + 120 = 180
m∠PTS = m∠PST = 71°. By  ∠ Sum Thm, 10x + 150 = 180
m∠SPT + m∠PTS + m∠PST = 180 x=3
m∠SPT + 71 + 71 = 180 35. D
m∠SPT = 38°
−− −−
b. PQ  PR, so by Isosc.  Thm.,
m∠PQR = m∠PRQ. By  ∠ Sum Thm,
E F
m∠PQR + m∠PRQ + m∠QPR = 180 X
2m∠PQR + (m∠QPS + m∠SPT + m∠TPR) = 180
Statements Reasons
2m∠PQR + 18 + 38 + 18 = 180
2m∠PQR = 106 1. DEF 1. Given
m∠PQR = 53° 2. Draw the bisector 2. Every ∠ has a unique
m∠PRQ = 53° of ∠EDF so that it bisector.
−−
28. Let 3rd ∠ of  be ∠4. intersects EF at X.
m∠1 = m∠4 = 58° (Alt. Int. Thm., Isosc.  Thm.) 3. ∠EDX  ∠FDX 3. Def. of ∠ bisector
m∠2 + 58 + 58 = 180 −− −−
4. DX  DX 4. Refl. Prop. of 
m∠2 = 64°
m∠2 + m∠3 = 180 (supp. ) 5. ∠E  ∠F 5. Given
58 + m∠3 = 180 6. EDX  FDX 6. AAS Steps 3, 5, 4
m∠3 = 122° −− −−
7. DE  DF 7. CPCTC
29. Let 3rd ∠ of left  be ∠4.
m∠3 = m∠4 (Isosc.  Thm.) 36a. ∠B  ∠C
m∠3 + m∠4 + 74 = 180 b. Isosc.  Thm
2m∠3 = 106
c. Trans. Prop. of 
m∠3 = 53°
m∠1 + m∠4 = 180 (supp. ) 37. DEF with ∠D  ∠E  ∠F is given. Since
−− −−
m∠1 + 53 = 180 ∠E  ∠F, DE  DF by Conv. of Isosc.  Thm.
−− −−
m∠1 = 127° Similarly, since ∠D  ∠F, EF  DE. By the Trans.
−− −−
Let 3rd ∠ of right  be ∠5. Prop. of , EF  DF. Combining the  statements,
−− −− −−
m∠2 = m∠5 (Isosc.  Thm.) DE  DF  EF, and DEF is equil. by def.
m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠5 = 180 38. By the Ext. ∠ Thm., m∠C = 45°, so ∠A  ∠C.
127 + 2m∠2 = 180 BC = AB by the Conv. of the isosc.  Thm. So the
m∠2 = 26.5° distance to island C is the same as the distance
traveled from A to B.

88 Holt McDougal Geometry

39. 1. ABC  ∠CBA (Given) 46. Let A = (x, y).
−− −−
2. AB  CB (CPCTC) 4a 2 = AB 2
3. ABC (Def. of Isosc. ρ) = x2 + y2
= AC 2
40. Two sides of a  are  if and only if the  opp.
= (x – 2a) 2 + y 2
those sides are .
= x 2 – 4ax + 4a 2 + y 2
41. Statements Reasons = 4a 2 - 4ax + 4a 2
4ax = 4a 2
1. ABC and DEF 1. Given
x=a
 so that
2. Draw EF 2. Through any 2 pts. y = ± 4a 2 - x 2
FG = CB. there is exactly 1 line. = ± a √3
(x, y) = (a, a √3 )
−− −−
3. FG  CB 3. Def. of  segs.
−− −− −−
4. AC  DF 4. Given 47. (2a, 0), (0, 2b), or any pt. on the ⊥ bisector of AB.
5. ∠C, ∠F are rt. . 5. Given SPIRAL REVIEW
−− −− 2
6. DF ⊥ EG 6. Def. of ⊥ lines 48. x + 5x + 4 = 0 49. x 2 - 4x + 3 = 0
7. ∠DFG is rt. ∠ 7. Def. of rt. ∠ (x + 4)(x + 1) = 0 (x - 3)(x - 1) = 0
x = -4 x = 3 or 1
8. ∠DFG  ∠C 8. Rt. ∠  Thm.
or -1
51. m = _
9. ABC  DGF 9. SAS Steps 3, 8, 4 y2 - y1
50. x 2 - 2x + 1 = 0
−− −− x2 - x1
10. DG  AB 10. CPCTC (x - 1)(x - 1) = 0
−− −−
11. AB  DE 11. Given x =1 = _
5 - (-1)
0-2
−− −−
12. DG  DE 12. Trans. Prop. of  =_ 6 = -3
-2
13. ∠G  ∠E 13. Isosc.  Thm.
52. m = _
y2 - y1
53. m = 2_
y - y1
14. ∠DFG  ∠DFE 14. Rt. ∠  Thm. x2 - x1 x2 - x1
15. DGF  DEF 15. AAS Steps 13, 14, 12 = __ = 0
-10 - (-10) =_
11 - 7
20 - (-5) 10 - 4
16. ABC  DEF 16. Trans. Prop. of 
= =_
_
4 2
42. A 6 3
54. Possible answer:
m∠VUT = m∠VTU Y
 s s s
2m∠VUT + m∠VTU + m∠TUV = 180
2m∠VUT + 20 = 180
m∠VUT = 80° X
m∠VUR + m∠VUT = 90   s 
m∠VUR + 80 = 90
m∠VUR = 10°
43. H 44. 13.5
READY TO GO ON? PAGE 281
y + 10 = 3y - 5 6t - 9 + 4t + 4t = 180
15 = 2y 14t = 189 −− −− −− −−
1. It is given that AC  BC, and DC  DC by Reflex.
y = 7_
1 t = 13.5 Prop. of . By the Rt. ∠  Thm., ∠ACD  ∠BCD.
2 Therefore, ACD  BCD by SAS.
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
−− −− −− −− 2. Statements Reasons
45. It is given that JK  JL, KM  KL, and m∠J = x°. By
−−
the  Sum Thm., 1. JK bisects ∠MJN. 1. Given
m∠JKL + m∠JLK + x ° = 180°. By the Isosc.  2. ∠MJK  ∠NJK 2. Def. of ∠ bisector
Thm., m∠JKL = m∠JLK. So 2(m∠JLK) + x ° = 180°. −− −−
( )
3. MJ  NJ 3. Given
or m∠JLK = _ 180 - x °. Since m∠KML = m∠JLK,
−− −−
2 4. JK  JK 4. Reflex. Prop of 
m∠KML = _ ( )
180 - x ° by the Isosc.  Thm. By the
2
5. MJK  NJK 5. SAS Steps 3, 2, 4
 Sum Thm., m∠MKL + m∠JLK + m∠KML = 180° −− −− −− −−
3. Yes, since SU  US. 4. No; need AC  DB.
or m∠MKL = 180° - _ ( 2 ) (
180 - x ° - _ 180 - x °.
2 ) 5. S 6. Yes; the  is uniquely
determined by ASA.
Simplifying gives m∠MKL = x °.
ƒ ƒ
K L
 KM

89 Holt McDougal Geometry

 7. Statements Reasons LESSON 4-2
−− −− −− −− 6. Think: Use Ext. ∠ Thm.
1. CD  BE and DE  CB 1. Given
m∠N + m∠P = m(ext. ∠Q)
2. ∠DEC  ∠BCE and 2. Alt. Int.  Thm. y + y = 120
∠DCE  ∠BEC y = 60
−− −−
3. CE  EC 3. Reflex. Prop of  m∠N = y = 60°
4. DEC  BCE 4. ASA Steps 2, 3 7. Think: Use  ∠ Sum Thm.
m∠L + m∠M + m∠N = 180
5. ∠D  ∠B 5. CPCTC
8x + 2x + 1 + 6x - 1 = 180
8. Check students’ drawings; possible answer: vertices 16x = 180
at (0, 0), (9, 0), (9, 9), and (0, 9). x = 11.25
−−− m∠N = 6x – 1 = 66.5°
9. It is given that ABCD is a rect. M is the mdpt. of AB,
−−
and N is the mdpt. of AD. Use coords. A(0, 0),
B(2a, 0), C(2a, 2b), and D(0, 2b). By Mdpt. Formula,
LESSON 4-3
−− −−
( 2 2)
coords. of M are ______ , _____ = (a, 0), and
0 + 2a 0 + 0 8. PR  XZ
10. m∠CAD = m∠ACB
9. ∠Y  ∠Q
11. CD = AB
coords. of N are ( _____
0 +
2
0 ,
2 )
______
0 + 2b
= (0, b). 2x - 3 = 47
2x = 50
3y + 1 = 15 - 4y
7y = 14
Area of rect. ABCD = w = (2a)(2b) = 4ab. x = 25 y=2
Area of AMN = _ 1 bh = _ 1 ab, which is _
1 the area CD = 3y + 1 = 7
2 2 8
of rect. ABCD.
10. m∠E = m∠D = 2x ° LESSON 4-4
m∠C + m∠D + m∠E = 180 12. Statements Reasons
5x + 2x + 2x = 180 −− −− −− −−
9x = 180 1. AB  DE, DB  AE 1. Given
x = 20 −− −−
2. DA  AD 2. Reflex. Prop. of 
m∠C = 5x = 100°
3. ADB  DAE 3. SSS Steps 1, 2
11. By Equiang.  Thm.,
−− −− −−
RS  RT  ST 13. Statements Reasons
RS = RT −− −−
1. GJ bisects FH, 1. Given
2w + 5 = 8 - 4w −− −−
and FH bisects GJ.
6w = 3 −− −− −− −−
w = 0.5 2. GK  JK, FK  HK 2. Def. of seg. bisector
ST = RS = 2(0.5) + 5 = 6 3. ∠GKF  ∠JKH 3. Vert.  Thm.
12. It is given that isosc. JKL has coords. J(0, 0), 4. FGK  HJK 4. SAS Steps 2, 3
−−
K(2a, 2b), and L(4a, 0). M is mdpt. of JK, and N is
−− 2 2
mdpt. of KL. By Mdpt. Formula, coords. of M are 14. BC = x + 36 = (-6) + 36 = 72

(
______
0 + 2a ______
2
,
0 + 2b
2 ) = (a, b), and coords. of N are
2 2
YZ = 2x = 2(-6) = 72 = BC
−− −− −− −−
BC  YZ; ∠C  ∠Z; AC  XZ. So ABC  XYZ
(
_______
2a + 4a ______
2
,
2b + 0
2 )
= (3a, b). By Dist. Formula, by SAS.
15. PQ = y - 1 = 25 - 1 = 24
MK = (2a - a) 2 + (2b - b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 , and QR = y = 25
NK = (2a - 3a) 2 + (2b - b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 . PR = y 2 - (y – 1) 2 - 42 = (25) 2 - (24) 2 - 42 = 7
−− −− −−− −− −− −−
−− −− LM  PQ; MN  QR; LN  PR.
Thus MK  NK. So KMN is isosc. by def. of
So LMN  PQR by SSS.
isosc. .

LESSON 4-5
STUDY GUIDE: REVIEW, PAGES 284–287
16. Statements Reasons
1. isosceles 2. corresponding angles −−
1. C is mdpt. of AG. 1. Given
3. included side −− −−
2. GC  AC 2. Def. of mdpt
−− −−
LESSON 4-1 3. HA  GB 3. Given
4. equiangular; equilat. 5. obtuse; scalene 4. ∠HAC  ∠BGC 4. Alt. Int.  Thm.
5. ∠HCA  ∠BCG 5. Vert.  Thm.
6. HAC  BGC 6. ASA Steps 4, 2, 5

90 Holt McDougal Geometry

17. Statements Reasons 22. Check students’ y
 s
−−− −− −− −− drawings; e.g., (0, 0),
1. WX ⊥ XZ, YZ ⊥ ZX 1. Given (r, 0), (0, s)
x
2. ∠WXZ, ∠YZX are rt. . 2. Def. of ⊥
  r 
3. WXZ, YZX are rt. . 3. Def. of rt. 
−− −−
4. XZ  ZX 4. Reflex. Prop. of  23. Check students’ y
−−− −− drawings; e.g., (0, 0),  p p p
5. WZ  YX 5. Given
(2p, 0), (2p, p), (0, p)
6. WZX  YXZ 6. HL Steps 5, 4 x
  p 
18. Statements Reasons
1. ∠S, ∠V are rt. . 1. Given 24. Check students’ y
 m m m
drawings; e.g., (0, 0),
2. ∠S  ∠V 2. Rt. ∠  Thm. (8m, 0), (8m, 8m),
3. RT = UW 3. Given (0, 8m) x
−− −−−   m 
4. RT  UW 4. Def. of 
5. m∠T = m∠W 5. Given
LESSON 4-7
6. ∠T  ∠W 6. Def. of 
25. Use coords. A(0, 0), B(2a, 0), C(2a, 2b), and
7. RST  UVW 7. AAS Steps 2, 6, 4 D(0, 2b). Then by Mdpt. Formula, the mdpt. coords
are E(a, 0), F(2a, b), G(a, 2b), and H(0, b). By Dist.
LESSON 4-6 Formula, EF = (2a - a) 2 + (b - 0) 2 = a 2 + b 2,
19. Statements Reasons and GH = (0 - a) 2 + (b - 2b) 2 = a2 + b2.
−− −− −−
1. M is mdpt. of BD. 1. Given So EF  GH by def. of .
−− −−−
2. MB  DM 2. Def. of mdpt. 26. Use coords. P(0, 2b), Q(0, 0), and R(2a, 0). By
−− −− Mdpt. Formula, mdpt. coords are M(a, b). By Dist.
3. BC  DC 3. Given
−−− −−−
4. CM  CM 4. Reflex. Prop. of  Formula, QM = (a - 0) 2 + (b - 0) 2 = a 2 + b 2,

5. CBM  CDM 5. SSS Steps 2, 3, 4 PM = (a - 0) 2 + (b - 2b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 , and

2 2 2 2
6. ∠1  ∠2 6. CPCTC RM = (2a - a) + (0 - b) = a + b . So
QM = PM = RM. By def., M is equidistant from
20. Statements Reasons vertices of PQR.
−− −−
1. PQ  RQ 1. Given 27. In a rt. , a 2 + b 2 = c 2.
−− −− √(3 - 3) 2 + (5 - 2) 2 = 3,
2. PS  RS 2. Given
−− −−
3. QS  QS 3. Reflex. Prop. of  √(3 - 2) 2 + (2 - 5) 2 = √10 ,
4. PQS  RQS 4. SSS Steps 1, 2, 3 √(2 - 3) 2 + (5 - 5) 2 = 1, and 3 2 + 1 2 = ( √10 ) 2.
5. ∠PQS  ∠RQS 5. CPCTC Since 9 + 1 = 10, it is a rt. .
−−
6. QS bisects ∠PQR. 6. Def. of ∠ bisector
LESSON 4-8
21. Statements Reasons 28. Think: Use Equilat.  Thm. and  ∠ Sum Thm.
−− m∠K = m∠L = m∠M
1. H is mdpt. of GJ, L is 1. Given
−− m∠K + m∠L + m∠M = 180
mdpt. of MK.
3m∠M = 180
2. GH = JH, ML = KL 2. Def. of mdpt. 3(45 - 3x) = 180
−− −− −− −− -45 = 9x
3. GH  JH, ML  KL 3. Def. of 
−− −− x = -5
4. GJ  KM 4. Given
−− −− 29. Think: Use Conv. of Isosc.  Thm.
5. GH  KL 5. Div. Prop. of  −− −−
RS  RT
−−− −−
6. GM  KJ, ∠G  ∠K 6. Given RS = RT
7. GMH  KJL 7. ASA Steps 5, 6 1.5y = 2y - 4.5
4.5 = 0.5y
8. ∠GMH  ∠KJL 8. CPCTC y =9
RS = 1.5y = 13.5

91 Holt McDougal Geometry

 −− −−
30. AB  BC Statements Reasons
13.
AB = BC −− −−
x + 5 = 2x - 3 1. PQ SR 1. Given
8=x 2. ∠QPR  ∠SRP 2. Alt. Int.  Thm.
Perimeter = AC + CD + AD
3. ∠S  ∠Q 3. Given
= 2AB + CD + CD −− −−
= 2(x + 5) + 2(2x + 6) 4. PR  RP 4. Reflex. Prop. of 
= 6x + 22 5. QPR  SRP 5. AAS Steps 2, 3, 4
= 6(8) + 22 = 70 units
6. ∠SPR  ∠QRP 6. CPCTC
−− −−
7. PS QR 7. Conv. of Alt. Int. 
CHAPTER TEST, PAGE 288
Thm.
1. Rt. 
14. y
2. scalene  (AC = 4 by Pythag. Thm)  m

3. isosc.  (AC = BC = 4)
x
4. scalene  (BD = 4 + 3 = 7)   m 
5. m∠RTP = 2m∠RTS
m∠RTP + m∠RTS = 180 15. Use coords. A(0, 0), B(a, 0), C(a, a), and D(0, a). By
3m∠RTS = 180 Dist. Formula,
m∠RTS = 60° AC = √(a - 0) 2+ (a - 0) 2 = a √2 , and
m∠RTS + m∠R + m∠S = 180
BD = √(0 - a) + (a - 0) = a √2 . Since
2 2
60 + m∠R + 43 = 180
−− −−
m∠R = 77° AC = BD, AC  BD by def. of .
−− −−
6. JL  XZ 7. ∠Y  ∠K
−− −− 16. Think: By Equilat.  Thm., m∠F = m∠G = m∠H.
8. ∠L  ∠Z 9. YZ  KL 3m∠G = 180
3(5 - 11y) = 180
10. Statements Reasons 5 - 11y = 60
−− −−
1. T is mdpt. of PR and SQ. 1. Given - 11y = 55
−− −− −− −− y = -5
2. PT  RT, ST  QT 2. Def. of mdpt.
3. ∠PTS  ∠RTQ 3. Vert.  Thm. 17. Think: Use  ∠ Sum and Isosc.  Thms.
m∠P + m∠Q + m∠PRQ = 180
4. PTS  RTQ 4. SAS Steps 2, 3 2(56) + m∠PRQ = 180
m∠PRQ = 68°
11. Statements Reasons By Vert. ∠ and Isosc.  Thms.,
1. ∠H  ∠K 1. Given m∠T = m∠SRT = m∠PRQ = 68°.
−− Using  ∠ Sum and Isosc. Thms.
2. GJ bisects ∠HGK. 2. Given m∠S + m∠T + m∠SRT = 180
3. ∠HGJ  ∠KGJ 3. Def. of ∠ bisector m∠S + 2(68) = 180
−− −− m∠S = 44°
4. JG  JG 4. Reflex. Prop. of 
5. HGJ  KGJ 5. AAS Steps 1, 3, 4 18. It is given that ABC is isosc. with coords. A(2a, 0),
−−
B(0, 2b), and C(-2a, 0). D is mdpt. of AC, and E is
−−
mdpt. pf AB. By Mdpt. Formula, coords. of
12. Statements
−− −− −− −−
Reasons (
D are ________
2 )
-2a + 2a , 0 = (0, 0), and coords. of E are

1. AB ⊥ AC, DC ⊥ DB
2. ∠BAC, ∠CDB are rt. .
1. Given
2. Def. of ⊥
(
______
2a + 0 ______
2
,
0 + 2b
2 )
= (a, b). By Dist. Formula,

3. ABC and DCB are 3. Def. of rt. 

AE = √(a - 2a) + (b - 0) 2 = √a 2+ b 2 , and
2

DE = √(a - 0) + (b - 0) = √a + b .
2 2 2 2
rt. .
−− −− −− −−
4. AB  DC 4. Given Therefore, AE  DE and AED is isosc.
−− −−
5. BC  CB 5. Reflex. Prop. of 
6. ABC  DCB 6. HL Steps 5, 4

92 Holt McDougal Geometry