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Globalization before its Time Gujarati Traders in the
Indian Ocean 1st Edition Chhaya Goswami Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Chhaya Goswami
ISBN(s): 9780143425120, 0143425129
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 69.67 MB
Year: 2016
Language: english
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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165. Hinnites giganteus, Gray; Santa Barbara.
166c. Ostrea var rufoides, Gld.
171. Bulla nebulosa, Gld.; San Diego and Santa Barbara.
175. Haminea virescens, Sby.; San Diego.
199. Melampus olivaceus, Carp.; San Diego.
243. Acmæa patina, Esch.; Santa Barbara.
247. Acmæa spectrum, Rve.; San Diego and Santa Barbara.
245. Acmæa persona, Esch.; Santa Barbara.
Nacella vernalis, (Dall Ms.); Santa Barbara.
249. Lottia gigantea, Gray; Santa Barbara.
250. Scurria mitra, Esch.; Santa Barbara.
252. Rowellia radiata, Cooper; Santa Barbara.
253. Fissurella volcano, Rve.; San Diego and Santa Barbara.
261. Haliotis splendens, Rve.; San Diego.
265. Phasianella compta, Gld.; San Diego.
266. Pomaulax undosus, Wood; Santa Barbara.
269. Leptothyra sanguinea, Carp.; Santa Barbara.
275. Trochiscus Norrissii, Sby.; Santa Barbara.
277. Chlorostoma funebrale, A. Ad.; Santa Barbara.
279. Chlorostoma brunneum, Phil.; Santa Barbara.
281. Chlorostoma aureotinctum, Fbs.; Santa Barbara.
282. Omphalius fuscescens, Phil.; San Diego.
283. Calliostoma canaliculatum, Mart.; San Diego and Santa
Barbara.
305. Crucibulum spinosum, Sby.; San Diego.
[28]306. Crepidula aculcata, Gmel.; Santa Barbara.
[28]307. —— ?dorsata, Brod.; Santa Barbara.
[28]308. —— excavata, Brod.; Santa Barbara.
[28]311. —— navicelloides, Nutt.; Santa Barbara.
[28]311. —— var. nummaria, Gld.; Santa Barbara.
[28]311. —— var. explanata, Gld.; Santa Barbara.
[28]314. Hipponyx cranioides, Carp.; Santa Barbara.
328. Cerithidea sacrata, Gld.; San Diego and Santa Barbara.
329. Bittium filosum, Gld.; Santa Barbara.
329b. —— var. esuriens, Carp.; Santa Barbara.
333. —— armillatum, Carp.; Santa Barbara.
337. Littorina scutulata, Gld.; Santa Barbara.
366. Trivia Californica, Gray; Santa Barbara.
367. —— Solandri, Gray; Santa Barbara.
368. Erato vitellina, Hinds; Santa Barbara.
371. Drillia inermis, Hds.; San Diego and Santa Barbara.
374. Drillia torosa, Carp.; Santa Barbara.
388. Conus Californicus, Hds.; Santa Barbara.
409. Scalaria Indianorum, Carp.; San Diego.
424. Cerithiopsis assimilata, C. B. Ad.; Santa Barbara.
436. Ranella Californica, Hds.; Santa Barbara.
A Surcula Carpenteriana, Gabb.; Santa Barbara.
437. Mitra maura, Swains; Santa Barbara.
442. Volvarina varia, Sby.; Santa Barbara.
 443. Olivella biplicata, Sby.; San Diego and Santa Barbara.
444. —— bœtica, Carp.; San Diego.
445. Nassa fossata, Gld.; Santa Barbara.
446. —— perpinguis, Hds.; San Diego and Santa Barbara.
448. —— mendica, Gld.; Santa Barbara.
449. —— Cooperi, Fbs.; Santa Barbara.
450. —— tegula, Rve.; San Diego.
457. Amycla carinata, Hds.; Santa Barbara.
456. Amphissa corrugata, Rve.; Santa Barbara.
460d. Purpura saxicola, Val., var. ostrina, Gld.; Santa Barbara.
Purpura triserialis, Blainv.; Santa Barbara.
461. Monoceras engonatum, Conr.; Santa Barbara.
466. Cerastoma foliatum, Gmel; Santa Barbara.
467. —— Nuttalli, Conr.; San Diego and Santa Barbara.
473. Muricidea Californica, Hds.; San Diego.
483. Fusus ambustus, Gld.; Santa Barbara.

REMARKS.

269. Leptothyra sanguinea, Carp. Common at Monterey; all

shades of color from light red to very dark purple; sometimes
broadly banded with white; another variety is marked with irregular
whitish streaks, causing a resemblance to the young shells of 282,
Omphalius fuscescens.
275. Trochiscus Norrisii, Sby. The apex whorls of the young shells
have a spiral band tesselated with white and red.
388. Conus Californicus, Hds. When young, the shells of this
species are ornamented with yellowish brown markings upon a light
bluish ground.
A Surcula Carpenteriana, Gabb. The most perfect recent specimen
of this rare species that I have seen (described by Mr. Gabb in Vol.
III, Cal. Acad. Pro. p. 183) was obtained by Mr. Hepburn; when
perfect, one of the finest shells of the upper Californian province;
the specimen referred to is of a clear light salmon color, traversed
spirally by narrow bands or broad lines of reddish brown, and
resembling in its general coloring that equally fine shell Narona
Cooperi, Gabb, described as above, p. 186.
460d. Purpura var. ostrina, Gld. Deposits its yellowish eggs on the
rocks at Black Point and the Cliff House near San Francisco, in the
latter part of June (1865) and the middle of July (1866).
75. Pachydesma crassatelloides, Conr. Valves frequently marked
with broad radiating bands of light brown.
266. Pomaulax undosus, Wood. Young shells approach closely to
the immature form of Pachypoma gibberosum, Chemn.
281. Mr. Carpenter remarks in his supplementary Report to the B.
A., in connection with Chlorostoma aureotinctum, Fbs.: “mouth
orange spotted.” I should amend this so as to read umbilicus stained
with orange.
456. Amphissa corrugata, Rve. This species assumes nearly every
shade of color and an innumerable variety of markings; the latter
being generally some shade of brown upon a lighter colored ground.
74. Amiantis callosa, Conr. An aberrant form of this species in my
collection suggests, in outline, Dosinia.
88. Saxidomus aratus, Gld. A single specimen of a young shell of
this species (Coll. Stearns) is prettily marked with brown upon the
posterior dorsal portion of the valves.

[28] Compared and agree with Smithsonian Inst. types in Cal.

Acad. Collection.
 Professor Whitney read the following:

Notice of the Occurrence of a Tungstate of

Lime and Copper in Lower California.
BY J. D. WHITNEY.
Among some specimens brought from the vicinity of La Paz, Lower
California, by Mr. Rémond, about three years since, was one which
attracted my attention, as it seemed to contain an undescribed
mineral. I therefore made an analysis of it and found it to consist of
tungstic acid, oxide of copper, and lime, with a small quantity of
water, probably not essential to its composition. The results of the
analysis were as follows:

Tungstic Acid 79.69

Oxide of Copper 6.77
Lime 10.95
Protoxide of Iron .31
Water 1.40
99.12

On examining to ascertain if there was any known mineral having

a composition similar to this, I found that a tungstate of lime
containing copper had been described by Domeyko as occurring in
the copper mines of Llamuco, near Chuapa, in the province of
Coquimbo, in Chili, where it was discovered by M. Gay (Annales des
Mines (4) iii, 15). That mineral, however, only contained 3.3 per
cent. of oxide of copper, while the one of which the analysis is given
above contains 6.77 per cent. of that substance. M. Domeyko calls
the mineral analyzed by him “Scheelin calcaire cuivreux,” but does
not attempt to give a formula for it, or to decide whether it is
entitled to rank as a distinct species.
The Lower California mineral, of which the analysis is given above,
occurs in a red metamorphic rock, associated with black tourmaline.
It is crystalline-granular in structure, with a distinct cleavage in one
direction, and seems to be homogeneous throughout. Its hardness is
about that of Scheelite; luster, highly vitreous; streak, very light
greenish-gray; color, pistachio green, passing to olive and leek
green. Before the blowpipe in the glass tube it blackens, and gives
off a little water. On charcoal it blackens instantly, becomes rounded
on the edges, with a little intumescence, and gradually acquires the
appearance of a slag, in which numerous fine points of metallic
copper are seen. With the fluxes it gives the reactions of tungstic
acid and copper. It is easily dissolved by chlorohydric acid, with
separation of tungstic acid.
From the appearance of the mineral, I am inclined to regard it as
having a definite composition, represented by the formula CuO
WO₃+2 (CaO WO₃); this formula would require the following
composition:

Tungstic Acid 78.43

Oxide of Copper 8.95
Lime 12.62
100.00

This agrees pretty well with the results of the analysis, although it
is desirable that more specimens should be examined, and if
possible from other localities. I am informed by Mr. Ashburner that
he has noticed this mineral at more than one mine in Lower
California.
At all events, I would suggest for the mineral in question the
name of Cuproscheelite, as convenient for designating it, and as
expressing its chemical and mineralogical relations, whether it be
considered as a mineral substance having a distinct and fixed
composition, or only as a variety of Scheelite, containing a large but
uncertain amount of oxide of copper.
 Dr. Ayres called attention to the fact that a carcase of a Black fish
could be procured at the Potrero, at a small expense, and a
subscription was raised for its purchase.
Professor Whitney exhibited a branch of Sequoia sempervirens,
taken from a small tree growing near San Rafael, of which the leaves
are entirely white. The tree presents a very singular appearance,
surrounded as it is by other redwoods of the usual color. The fact
was elicited that similar blanched redwoods exist in other localities in
the Coast Ranges; but no explanation or theory was offered to
account for this curious, abnormal blanching of the foliage of a
single species—a similar condition of things not having been noticed,
so far as known, in any other species than the redwood.
 Regular Meeting, August 20th, 1866.
Dr. Kellogg in the chair.
Ten members present.
Messrs. W. H. Knight and A. Godefroy were elected Resident
Members.
Donations to the Library: Bibliography of North American
Conchology previous to the year 1860; by W. G. Binney, Parts 1 and
2, 8vo., Washington, 1864. Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States,
by J. Leidy, 4to., Washington, 1866. Palæontology of the Upper
Missouri; Invertebrates, by F. B. Meek and F. V. Hayden, Part 1, 4to.,
Washington, 1865. List of the Coleoptera of North America, by J. L.
Leconte, M.D. Part 1, 8vo., Washington, 1863. Researches upon the
Hydrobiinæ and allied forms, by Dr. W. Stimpson, 8vo., Washington,
1865. Monograph of American Corbiculadæ, recent and fossil, by
Temple Prime, 8vo., Washington. Catalogue of Minerals, with their
formulas, etc., by T. Egleston, 8vo., Washington, 1863. Land and
Fresh-water Shells of North America, by W. G. Binney, Parts 2 and 3,
8vo., Washington, 1865. Check list of the Invertebrate Fossils of
North America; Eocene and Oligocene, by T. A. Conrad; Cretaceous
and Jurassic, by F. B. Meek, two 8vo. pamphlets, Washington, 1864-
6.
All of the above were published and presented by the Smithsonian
Institution.
Prof. W. P. Blake presented the following communication:

Miscellaneous Notices.
 BY WILLIAM P. BLAKE,
Professor of Mineralogy, Geology, and Mining, Dept. Sci. Coll. of
California.

I. NEW LOCALITY OF FOSSILS IN THE GOLD-BEARING

ROCKS OF CALIFORNIA.

I have obtained specimens of Ammonites from the cut in the rocks

on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, about two miles below
Colfax, and in the heart of the main gold belt of the State.
The rock is a compact argillite, somewhat altered and much
discolored by the peroxydation of iron. The strata are boldly flexed
and are interstratified with coarse grits and a thick bed of
conglomerate, so much altered that the pebbles are homogeneously
cemented.
The substance of the fossils has been removed by percolating
waters, but very perfect casts of them remain and show the details
of the external form, but do not permit the septæ to be seen. It is
thus not possible, perhaps, to determine the specific characters; and
considering, also, the absence of a typical collection and works of
reference, I do not attempt a minute description, preferring to refer
the specimens to a palæontologist. It may, however, be observed
that the fossils are undoubtedly of the secondary period; and that
they are apparently specifically identical with those from the
American river, in the same vicinity, of which I sent photographs to
Mr. Meek, at the Smithsonian Institution, in 1863, and afterwards
noticed at one of the meetings of this Academy, in September, 1864.
They are, also, apparently identical with the species found in the
Bear Valley, Mariposa, slates. If this species has not been already
named, I desire to connect with it the name of Mr. Spear, in whose
cabinet at Georgetown, the earliest specimen was carefully
preserved. I obtained one specimen at the locality, and another was
presented to me by Mr. Richard Carroll, it having been saved by the
quarry-men, under the impression that it was a petrified rattlesnake.
It is about six inches in its longest diameter, being elliptical and
evidently distorted by lateral pressure.

II. TOOTH OF THE EXTINCT ELEPHANT, PLACER COUNTY.

I have received from Mr. Baker and Mr. Thompson, through the
hands of Mr. E. Tyler, all of Placer County, a single molar tooth of
Elephas found in the auriferous gravel near Michigan Bluffs, thus
adding another locality to the list showing the former general
distribution of the ancient elephants over this coast.

III. SHARK TEETH AND OTHER MARINE REMAINS, TULARE

COUNTY.

When at Ocoya or Posa Creek, in 1853, I collected a great number

of shark teeth from the tops of the hills, at the base of the Sierra
Nevada, on the east side of the Tulare Lake. These were described
and figured in my Report to the U. S. Government. Having recently
revisited that region, I found other localities, and made another
collection, a part of which I now exhibit to the Academy. The
following genera and species are represented: Oxyrhina plana, O.
tumula, Lamna clavata, Galeocerdo productus, Prionodon antiquus,
Hemipristis heteropleurus, Notidanus, (Nov. Sp.?) and Zygobates, a
genus of the family of Skates, having pavement-like teeth.
Vertebratæ, apparently of the whale, are abundant, and some
fragments of the head. These remains are now at least twelve
hundred feet above the sea, and being in unbroken horizontal strata,
show a very great and general uplift of the region in comparative
late times. The strata were referred to the Miocene in my Report,
but I am now inclined to regard them as Post-Pliocene. It is
interesting to note that these strata rest undisturbed upon granite,
which is traversed by gold-bearing veins, not over five miles from
the point where the fossils are found, and so low that the veins must
have been covered by the sea prior to the elevation of the region.
 IV. QUARRY OF GOLD-BEARING ROCK.

The Baker or Whiskey Hill Mine of Placer County, a few miles from
Lincoln, presents the novelty of profitable gold mining from a quarry
in the slates without any well defined quartz vein. A hill with a
rounded outline is covered with rough outcrops of rusty slate, over a
breadth of two hundred feet or more. A quarry at one end exposes
the slate, with a great variety of colors, from white to brown and red
and black, the whole of it being soft and ochraceous, and in places
stained green and blue with carbonate of copper. These variegated
slates are like those commonly known, among California copper
prospectors, as “calico rocks,” and the ground was first located and
prospected for copper.
It is evident that the formation consists of beds of iron pyrites
(mundic) with a small but variable portion of copper pyrites, and
that the rusty, upper portions are due to the gradual decomposition
of the sulphurets above the permanent water-line, or where the
atmosphere has had access. Below the water-line we may not
expect to find the rusty ochrey slates. This is shown, also, at a shaft
which has reached the water. Blocks of mundic, taken out of that
shaft, are interstratified with talcose slate. At one point, in the
bottom of the quarry, a layer of green and blue carbonate of copper
is found, and this is evidently the result of a gradual concentration of
the copper from the decomposed ground above. The soft slate, as
quarried, is trammed to a five-stamp mill, with very coarse grates,
and nearly forty tons are run through it daily. The pay is said to vary
from two to twenty dollars, but the average is reported to be from
five to six dollars per ton.

Mr. Stearns read the following:

Since my communication to the Academy of date July 16th last, on

the Shells of Baulines Bay, additional specimens (4) of Haliotis
rufescens have been found by Mr. Harford and Dr. Kellogg; also
many specimens of Katherina tunicata, and one of Mopalia Hindsii;
from between the umbos of very large specimens of Mytilus
Californianus, collected by the same gentlemen, several specimens
of Barleia? subtenuis Carp.
In addition to the above marine forms, the following species were
found by the same parties in a gulch at Belvidere Ranch, not far
from Capt. Morgan’s house, south side of Baulines Bay: Helix
Nickliniana, H. arrosa, H. infumata, H. Columbiana (hirsute var.) and
H. Vancouverensis. Also, near a small stream on the same ranch,
Bythinella Binneyi, Tryon. The last named species had previously
been found in this neighborhood by Rev. J. Rowell.

Prof. Blake mentioned that a tooth of a mastodon had been found

about three miles from Antioch, near Monte Diablo, by Capt.
Stevens.
Mr. Stearns gave an account of the Helix, its anatomy,
geographical distribution, and use as an article of food and for
medicinal purposes, in both ancient and modern times.
Prof. Blake stated that he had in his possession a portion of a
human skull said to have been taken from a depth of 250 feet below
the surface, near Columbia, in Tuolumne County.
 Regular Meeting, September 3d, 1866.
President in the chair.
Twelve members present, and Mr. A. Wood as a visitor.
Mr. John Swett was elected a Resident Member.
Donations to the Cabinet: Two specimens of fishes from Dr.
Kellogg and Dr. Behr; specimen of a fungus, Polyporus igniarius,
from Dr. Kellogg.
Dr. Kellogg called the attention of the Academy to the remarkable
specimen of fungus presented by him, Polyporus igniarius, which
was found growing upon the Bay tree, Oreodaphne Californica; and
gave a description of Fungi in general; alluding particularly to the
destructive effect of many species, some producing the dry rot in
ships, others destroying buildings, producing the disintegration of
mortar in masonry, and seriously affecting the health, or destroying
animal life.
Dr. Kellogg also remarked on the use of some species of Fungi for
food, particularly by the natives of Australia, who regard them with
especial favor for that purpose. The rapid growth and poisonous
effect of certain species of Fungi were mentioned, also the use made
of some species in the arts.
Mr. A. Wood, who has recently returned from a botanical
exploration of Oregon, being present as a visitor, was invited to
speak, and gave the following narrative of the recent ascent of
Mount Hood, by himself and a party of gentlemen:

On the 20th of August last, in company with Dr. Atkinson, of

Portland, and the Rev. J. Deardorff, of Walla Walla, and three others,
I stood upon the summit of Mount Hood in Oregon. From our last
camp on the summit of the Cascade Range to this point, the summit
of Mount Hood is eleven miles of constant and weary ascent, at
angles about as follows: Five miles in the first, 12 to 15°; two miles
to eternal snow, 25 to 30°; one and one-half miles to the gap in the
rim of the crater, about 45°; the remaining ascent traversing the
ancient crater, nearly or quite 60°! The day was cloudless; a strong,
warm wind from the southeast softened the surface of the snow and
favored our ascent, although it gave us much anxiety lest it should
loosen some of the tremendous acclivities of snow and overhanging
drifts from above us.
Starting from camp at daylight, on horseback four miles, we
arrived at the top at a quarter past two p.m., in nine and a half
hours.
Our apparatus for measuring the heights consisted of two
barometers, (aneroid) a thermometer, a tin cup, and a spirit lamp.
Both barometers failed us, the index ceasing to turn after something
more than a complete revolution on the dial. They were not made
for such heights. But we made good use of our thermometer.
The ascent was exceedingly difficult, and not without danger. The
long summer heat had undermined the snows, causing their surface
to conform more to the ruggedness of the mountains, and the slides
had opened chasms of invisible depths across our path. We looked
down into several of these chasms and saw that the massive walls
below consisted of solid, blue ice, and terminated at length in the
blackness of darkness. We could hear the noise of running water,
apparently in torrents. One of these chasms was unavoidable—and
must be crossed. Its transverse length was nearly a mile, and its
width from ten to one hundred feet. By the aid of a rope, forty-five
yards in length, and five pike-poles, each eight feet, we crossed, (of
course at the narrowest place) and afterward by rope and poles,
tugging, panting, dizzy, we dragged ourselves up to the terrific crest
of this Mountain Monarch.
The summit area is of very limited dimensions—a crescent in
shape, half a mile in length, and three to forty or fifty feet in width.
It is a fearful place, as it is the imminent brow of a precipice on the
north, sheer down not less than a vertical mile of bare columnar
rock!
This height is lifted so far above all other heights (except the four
distant snow-clad peaks to the north and Mount Jefferson on the
south) that the country beneath seemed depressed to a uniform
level, and the horizon retreated to the distance of more than two
hundred miles, including nearly all Oregon and Washington Territory.
The sublimity and grandeur of that view I must leave to the
imagination of the reader. A cañon of enormous depth plunges down
along the southeast flank, and is filled in part by a glacier evidently
in motion, and having below a very abrupt termination. Terminal and
lateral moraines mark its course, and a torrent of water issues from
beneath. While we delayed here, an avalanche of rocks, an immense
mass, started by the wind, thundered down the left wall of this
cañon several thousand feet, and its track was marked by a trail of
white smoke.
On the west side of the ancient crater, at the base of a vast craggy
pinnacle of rocks, (a portion of the ancient rim of the crater) is still
an open abyss, whence issue constantly volumes of a strongly
sulphurous smoke. That there is also heat there is evident from the
immense depression of the snow about this place—depressed not
less than a thousand feet below the snows which fill to the brim
other portions of the ancient crater.
As I have already stated, we found our barometers useless in
these vast heights, and were reduced to the use of the thermometer
alone. By this we learned the boiling point of water at four several
stations, as follows: At the camp, the summit of the Cascade Range,
it stood in boiling water at 204° Fah. At the upper verge of the
forest, it indicated 195½°. At the highest reach of all apparent
vegetation, 192°; and finally at the summit, where, after the most
persevering and determined efforts, (on account of the violence of
the wind) we at length, by means of a spirit lamp, changed a portion
of snow to a cup of boiling water, the mercury stood firm in the cup
at 180°! These several results being changed to feet of elevation,
according to the rule universally approved in such cases, indicate
heights as follows, viz: At the summit of the Cascade Range, and
foot of Mt. Hood proper, 4,400 feet; at the limit of forest trees, about
9,000 feet; at the highest limit of vegetation, 11,000 feet; at the
summit of the mountain, 17,600 feet.
We earnestly hope that these results may be hereafter tested by
the barometer; and by triangulation. Until then, we must adopt the
estimate here made, as the height of that sublime peak, and accord
to Mount Hood the distinction of being the highest land in the United
States, if not the highest upon the North American continent.
 Regular Meeting, September 17th,
1866.
Mr. Stearns in the chair.
Ten members present.
Messrs. B. P. Avery, James Spiers, and B. R. Norton were elected
Resident Members.
Donations to the Library: Proceedings of the Mannheim Academy,
from Dr. Behr.
The following paper was presented by Dr. J. G. Cooper:

On a New Species of Pedipes, inhabiting the

Coast of California.
BY J. G. COOPER, M.D.

PEDIPES UNISULCATA, Cp. Fig. 29.

 Fig. 29.

Sp. ch. P. t. Lacunoida, oblique ovata, peripheria laterali

subrhomboidea, translucente succineo-brunnescente, spira producta,
apice obtusa, anfr. iv et dim.; tertio tumido, sulcis iv, posteriori solum
valde impresso, in ultimo evanescente; ult. lineis incrementis
irregularibus sulco undulatis; punctis impressis numerosis sparsim
ornato; apertura ovata, labro acuto purpurescente intus callo
duplicato medio subtuberculoso; labio columellari albo, calloso, in
piano aperturæ expanso; margine interno subverticali dentibus
duobus subacutis, superiori majore; callo tenui expanso in parietem
interno, dente lamellari valido in plano parietis externi expanso,
dimidium latitudinis aperturæ transeunte; intervallis dentium
parietumque equalibus.
Specific Characters.—Shell like a Lacuna, obliquely ovate, the
lateral outline subrhomboid, translucent, amber-brown, the spire
produced, apex obtuse, whorls 4½, the third swollen, with four
shallow grooves, the posterior one only much impressed, but
vanishing on the last whorl; body with irregular lines of growth
undulating across the groove; numerous scattered impressed points;
aperture ovate, the outer lip acute, purplish, with a double callus
within slightly tuberculate at the middle; columellar lip white,
callous, expanded in the plane of the aperture; its inner margin
subvertical, with two subacute teeth, the upper largest; a thin callus
expanded over the inner wall, with a strong lamellar tooth expanded
in the plane of the outer wall, and crossing half the width of the
aperture; intervals between the teeth and walls equal.
Long. 0.32 unc. = 8 mill.
Lat. 0.22 ”
Long. spiræ 0.12 = 3 ”
Long. apert. 0.25 unc.
Lat. ” 0.19 unc.
Div. 40° and 45°.
Hab.—San Pedro, Cal., estuaries.
Only four specimens were found dead near the old landing, close
to the mouth of the bay, in October, 1861. I supposed them to be P.
brata Binn, but they are nearly three times as large, not lirate, etc.
That species is catalogued by Carpenter as among the collections
from San Diego, in the Supp. Rep. etc., 1863, pp. 612, 647, 673, but
I do not find it in the State collection. Those described are fresh and
shining in the mouth—dull, but not much worn, outside.
This is a very interesting shell, being one of the links between the
land and marine mollusca—the species of the genus being chiefly
tropical, occurring at Cape St. Lucas, Panama, West Indies, Africa,
and Isle of France, according to Binney, who says that they inhabit
crevices of rocks, especially those exposed to the full force of the
tide; but being pulmonate, they can probably live long with but little
moisture. On the rocks the living shell would be mistaken for a
Lacuna or Littorina, and the form of our species reminds one
strongly of Succinea Oregonensis.

A communication was received from Dr. Canfield of Monterey,

giving an account of the discovery in Monterey Bay, of a fish,
pronounced by the naturalists of the Smithsonian Institution to be a
new species of Bdellostoma, a genus not previously known to exist
nearer than the coast of Chili.
 Mr. Falkenau made some remarks on the use and value of the
spectroscope in chemical analysis and in other scientific
investigations.
 Regular Meeting, October 1st, 1866.
President in the chair.
Fourteen members present.
Messrs. A. Winslow Boynton, and T. C. Leonard were elected
Resident Members.
The resignation of Royal Fisk, Resident Member, was received and
accepted.
Donations to the Cabinet: A specimen of black oxide of
manganese from Red Rock, by Mr. Stearns; fossils from near
Nanaimo, by Dr. Comrie.
Dr. Behr made some remarks upon the Lepidoptera and the four
different stages of their development, noticing the fact that the
length of time of the egg state in some species, for instance the
Chinese silkworm, admits of the transportation of the same to
foreign countries, while in the Californian silkworm, Saturnia
ceanothi, the period of the egg state is so brief as to render it
impossible to transport the eggs either to New York or Europe. Dr.
Behr also explained the difference between the larva state in the
Lepidoptera and other classes of insects, and referred to the
importance of the larva condition in insects as a basis for
classification, and mentioned many interesting proofs of the tenacity
of life during the chrysalis or pupa state; alluding to the different
classes of moths in which wingless females occur, a peculiarity that
is unknown to the butterflies.
Mr. Bolander stated that in his “Remarks on California Trees,”
made at the meeting of October 16th, 1865, and published in the
current volume, (p. 225) he had referred a small pine growing on
the plains between Mendocino City and Noyo, to Pinus murcata; but
he could now state positively that it is the true Pinus contorta of
Douglas. He stated also, that No. 7, noticed on page 227 of that
article, is P. muricata. Farther, on page 229, Quercus Wislizeni,
Englm. is wrongfully referred to Q. agrifolia. Q. Wislizeni is a well
characterized species with biennial fruit; the fruit of Q. agrifolia, on
the other hand, is annual. These two oaks differ also materially in
their distribution. Q. Wislizeni is found chiefly in the lower Sierra,
and in the small valleys east of the redwoods in Mendocino County.
Q. agrifolia occurs almost exclusively in the vicinity of San Francisco
Bay, and on the banks of streams emptying into it. It extends also
southward, approaching the coast more nearly as we reach
Monterey.
 Regular Meeting, October 15th, 1866.
Dr. Kellogg in the chair.
Eleven members present.
Mr. A. L. Bancroft was elected a Resident Member.
Donations to the Library:
Bodemann and Kerl’s Treatise on Assaying, translated by W. A.
Goodyear, presented by the translator.
Prof. W. P. Blake read the following:

Mineralogical Notices.—No. II.

BY WM. P. BLAKE.
Kerargyrite.—Chloride of silver in remarkably fine specimens
occurs in the “Poorman lode,” Idaho, associated with Proustite (light
red silver ore), native silver and native gold. Sheets of the chloride
are taken out of the soft clay of the vein, and are from one-eighth to
one-quarter of an inch in thickness. It is also found in irregular
massive aggregations of crystals, in cubes, without any modification,
and over an eighth of an inch square. The color of my specimens is
brown, passing into violet blue in some portions.
Proustite.—The “ruby silver” which occurs with the chloride in the
Poorman lode, as above, is often in masses of several ounces, or
even pounds, in weight, and it is reported to be occasionally seen in
beautiful crystals, but none have yet come under my observation.
Copper Glance, Red Oxide of Copper, Native Copper.—These
species are found together in the “Red Cap claim,” Klamath County,
California, in serpentine. The metallic copper is seen in points
throughout the massive sulphuret, and is sometimes enveloped in
red oxide. Both copper and oxide are most abundant in the outer
portions of the ore, as found, and they are apparently formed by the
gradual decomposition of the sulphuret.
Danaite.—A cobaltic variety of mispickel is found associated with
iron and copper pyrites at Meadow Lake, Nevada County, California.
It is in distinct, well formed, brilliant crystals, of a tin-white color,
and about a quarter of an inch in diameter. They are modified nearly
as in fig. 289, Dana’s Min. This mineral gives cobalt reactions before
the blowpipe, and appears to contain a large per centage of this
metal. The ore is said to contain nickel, also, and is being mined for
shipment.
Cinnabar in Calcite.—Cinnabar of a beautiful vermilion color is
found in an unusual form in Idaho, being abundantly spread through
a gangue of massive, compact limestone or marble. It is so compact
and homogeneous that specimens may be cut and polished like
marble. There are no evidences in the ore that I have received of
the presence of other minerals, not even of quartz.
College of California, Nov. 17, 1866.

Mr. Stearns read the following:

It is my painful duty to inform the Academy of the decease of

Robert Kennicott. The meager information received furnishes no
particulars, further than that he died suddenly, in the month of May
last, at Nulato Bay, in Russian America.
The services rendered to science by Mr. Kennicott are worthy of
something more than a passing notice. In the month of May, in the
year 1859, we find him starting upon a prolonged exploration of
Russian America, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institute,
assisted by the University of Michigan, the Audubon Club of Chicago,
and the Academy of Sciences of the same city. This exploration,
including also a portion of the territory held by the Hudson’s Bay
Company, extended from May, 1859, to the date of his return in
October, 1862. From the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute
we learn that “the route traversed by Mr. Kennicott was from Lake
Superior along the Kamenistiquoy River and Rainy and Winnipeg
Lakes, up the Saskatchewan River to Cumberland House; thence
nearly north to Fort Churchill, on English River, up the latter to Methy
portage, at which point he first reached the head waters of the
streams flowing into the Arctic ocean; thence along the Clear Water
River and Athabasca Lake, down Peace River into Great Slave Lake,
and along the Mackenzie River to Fort Simpson. At this place Mr.
Kennicott spent a part of the first winter, making excursions up the
Liard River to Fort Liard in autumn, and again on snowshoes in
January. Before the close of the same winter he went up the
Mackenzie to Big Island, and thence northwest to Fort Rae, near the
site of old Fort Providence. From this point he traveled on the ice
across Great Slave Lake to Fort Resolution, at the mouth of Peace
River, where he spent the summer of 1860. He next descended the
Mackenzie to Peel’s River, and thence proceeded westward across
the Rocky Mountains and down the Porcupine River to the Youkon,
in the vicinity of which he spent the winter of 1860-61 and the
summer of the latter year. The winter of 1861-2 was spent at Peel’s
River and LaPierre’s house in the Rocky Mountains, and in traveling
from this point to Fort Simpson and back to Fort Good Hope, on the
Mackenzie. He left the last mentioned place on the first of June,
1862, and reached home in October. This enterprise terminated
favorably, the explorer having returned richly laden with specimens,
after making a series of observations on the physical geography,
ethnology, and the habits of animals of the regions visited,
furnishing materials of great interest to science.”
Aside from the extensive collections in every department of
natural history, the geographical information acquired by Mr.
Kennicott was of the greatest importance.
In 1865, the Western Union Telegraph Company having
determined to extend their wires so as to connect the old world and
the new by an overland line passing through Russian America across
Behring’s Sea to Russia in Asia, and thence to the central cities of
Europe, Mr. Kennicott’s knowledge of the territory through which the
proposed line was to pass made his services indispensable to the
Company. He was sought out, and his cooperation at once secured.
He entered upon this new labor, hoping not only to do whatever lay
in his power to make this enterprise a success, but hoping also still
further to serve the great cause that was so dear to him; and while
thus engaged in the enthusiastic performance of this self-imposed
duty, in the prime of life, he has passed away.

Dr. Gibbons made some remarks on the relations of our climate to

that of the Great Basin, and the Eastern States.
He also made some observations on Zirphea crispata, living in the
bay near Alameda.
 Regular Meeting, November 5th, 1866.
President in the chair.
Fourteen members present.
Rev. S. D. Simonds and Dr. J. Morrison were elected Resident
Members, and Dr. W. P. Gibbons, of Alameda, a Corresponding
Member.
Mr. Bolander presented a curiously fruited specimen of Quercus
densiflora, the acorns being only about one-third of the ordinary
diameter, although nearly the usual length, and having a peculiar
constriction near the apex. It was collected by Mr. Wertheman, near
Coarse Gold Gulch, Fresno County.
Mr. Stearns exhibited a specimen of an Astrophyton, caught in the
Ochotsk Sea, off Cape Lepatka, Kamschatka, by the crew of the
fishing brig Angenette.
Dr. H. Gibbons called the attention of the Academy to the near
approach of the season during which we might look for the
recurrence of the “meteoric shower,” which he witnessed in the year
1833.
Some remarks were made by Messrs. Gibbons, Keyes, Kellogg and
others in reference to the phenomena of meteors, and considerable
discussion followed as to the various ideas and theories advanced in
regard to them by different authors.
Mr. Stearns exhibited several specimens of Acmæa asmi, Midd.,
collected by him at Baulines Bay; remarking that upon a recent trip
to the locality named, he found this species exceedingly numerous,
attached to Chlorostoma funebrale, A. Ad.; that he had not seen in a
single instance this Acmæa upon the rocks. Mr. Stearns further
submitted for the inspection of the Academy, a specimen of Haliotis
Cracherodii, which he had collected alive last month, on the rocks
near the outlet of Lobitas Creek into the ocean. The Haliotis had
been attacked by a pholad, probably Navea Newcombii, and had
defended itself by adding coating upon coating of nacre, as the
Navea progressed, until a large knob or protuberance had been
created in the interior of the shell. From a partial examination of the
borer, a specimen of which he had dug out from another portion of
the same Haliotis, he believed it to belong to the species recently
described by Mr. Tryon, viz: Navea Newcombii.
Regular Meeting, November 19th, 1866.
President in the Chair.
Thirteen members present.
Mr. J. B. Russell and Dr. E. Belle were elected Resident Members.
Donation to the Cabinet: Specimens of Copper ore from
Chihuahua, by Mr. R. C. Jacobs.
Donation to the Library: On the Corals and Polyps of Panama, with
descriptions of new species, by A. E. Verrill, 8vo. pamphlet.
Prof. Whitney presented the following communication from Wm.
M. Gabb:

On the Subdivisions of the Cretaceous

Formation in California.
BY WM. M. GABB.
The recent appearance of a check list published by the
Smithsonian Institute, and entitled “Check List of the Invertebrate
Fossils of North America—Eocene and Oligocene—by T. A. Conrad,”
renders it necessary that I should state more clearly than has been
done heretofore, the relations between the two members of the
Californian Cretaceous rocks; and should give all of the proofs that
have yet presented themselves, in support of my views.
In 1856, Mr. Conrad published a paper in Vol. 5, Pacific Railroad
Reports, pages 320, et seq., in which he described fifteen shells
from the “Eocene” rocks of the Cañada de las Uvas, near the present
site of Fort Tejon. Of these, eleven were considered by that author
as being new to science. The other four were referred to previously
described Eocene forms.
These specimens were procured by Mr. Wm. P. Blake, geologist of
the expedition. They were obtained from a single boulder, the only
one found by that gentleman.
In consideration of the scanty material, it is by no means
surprising that Mr. Conrad should have made the determination that
he did. The fossils of this locality, and, in fact, of this member of our
Californian rocks, have a marked Tertiary aspect. This holds good,
both as applied to the appearance of the specimens and also to the
grouping of the genera. Mr. Conrad’s reference of these fossils to an
Eocene age was perfectly justified by the light that he then
possessed. Any other palæontologist, with the same specimens,
would no doubt have done as he did. But I propose to prove that,
after having studied this formation for five years, both in the field
and in the closet—both palæontologically and stratigraphically—after
having traced it upwards of four hundred miles, and after having
collected fossils from it at a dozen localities, I, on the other hand,
am perfectly justified in pronouncing it most unequivocally
Cretaceous.
It is, to use a mild term, rather surprising that Mr. Blake, from
whom Mr. Conrad obtained his material, should not have collected
more specimens. According to his report, Mr. Blake reached the
depôt camp at Tejon, on the third of September, 1853, and did not
leave that vicinity until October 10th. During that time he traversed
the distance between Tejon and the Cañada de las Uvas, four times.
I am familiar with every foot of the ground on which he camped or
on which he travelled; and I speak from personal observation, when
I say that in going from one point to the other he could not avoid
passing thousands of boulders and pebbles, full of fossils, similar to
the single one sent to Mr. Conrad. In riding from the Ranch house of
Tejon to Fort Tejon, on Mr. Blake’s trail, Professor Brewer and myself
collected upward of forty species of mollusca in less than one hour,
and without diverging ten feet from our route!