1.How does the transverse wave arrangement differ from longitudinal wave arrangement?

Ans. Transverse waves involve oscillations perpendicular to the wave's direction, like light
waves. Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the wave's direction, like sound waves.

2.Write down the working formula for the frequency of a tuning fork both for longitudinal and
transverse wave?

Ans.The frequency (f) of a tuning fork in a longitudinal wave is given by f = v / λ, where v is the
speed of sound and λ is the wavelength. In a transverse wave, the formula is the same, but it
depends on the wave's speed and wavelength.

3.Draw the circuit diagram for determining the resistance of a galvanometer by deflection
method.

Ans. I can't draw diagrams, but for determining the resistance of a galvanometer by deflection
method, you would need a battery, a galvanometer, a resistor (known resistance), and
connecting wires.

4.What do you mean by the term "galvanometer resistance"?

Ans. Galvanometer resistance refers to the internal resistance of a galvanometer, which affects
its sensitivity and accuracy in measuring current.

5.Define Potentiometer.

Ans. A potentiometer is a device used to measure electromotive force (emf) or potential

difference (voltage) in electrical circuits.

6.Distinguish between a Voltmeter and a Potentiometer.

Ans. A voltmeter measures voltage directly, while a potentiometer measures emf or voltage by
comparing it to a known reference voltage and finding the ratio.

7.State Ohm's law with a circuit diagram.

Ans. Ohm's Law states that the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to
the voltage (V) across it when the temperature and other physical conditions remain constant. It
can be represented as V = IR in a circuit diagram.

8.Draw an example graph that represents Ohm's law.

Ans. I can't draw graphs, but an example graph representing Ohm's Law would have current (I)
on the y-axis and voltage (V) on the x-axis, showing a linear relationship.

9.Which is superior- compound pendulum or a simple pendulum?

Ans. A simple pendulum is superior for measuring gravitational acceleration, while a compound
pendulum is used for more complex physical experiments due to its extended mass distribution.

10.What is the length of a equivalent simple pendulum?

Ans. The length of an equivalent simple pendulum for a compound pendulum depends on the
compound pendulum's moment of inertia and the distance between its center of mass and the
axis of rotation.

11.What is the condition for obtaining minimum deviation?

Ans. The condition for obtaining minimum deviation in the context of optics is when the angle of
incidence equals the angle of emergence for a ray passing through a prism.

12.Why the spectrometer should be leveled before its use?

Ans. A spectrometer should be leveled before use to ensure that measurements of angles and
wavelengths are accurate and consistent.

13.What are the factors on which refractive index u depends?

Ans. The refractive index (n) depends on factors like the material's density, speed of light in the
material, and the wavelength of light passing through it.

14.What do you mean by effective mass?

Ans. Effective mass is a concept in solid-state physics, representing the apparent mass of an
electron in a crystal lattice due to its interaction with the lattice.

15.Write down the condition of Hook's law.

Ans.Hook's Law states that the force required to extend or compress a spring is directly
proportional to the displacement from its equilibrium position, F = -kx.

16.What do you mean by spring constant?

Ans.Spring constant (k) is a measure of the stiffness or rigidity of a spring. It quantifies how
much force is needed to change its length.
17.Why is it necessary to put a resistance in the battery circuit?

Ans.A resistance in a battery circuit limits the current flow and prevents excessive current that
could damage the battery or connected devices.

18.What does the term galvanometer resistance mean?

Ans.Galvanometer resistance refers to the internal resistance of a galvanometer, affecting its

accuracy in measuring current.

19.What do you mean by mechanical equivalent of heat?

Ans.The mechanical equivalent of heat is the amount of mechanical work required to produce a
certain amount of heat energy, and it's a fundamental concept in thermodynamics.

20.What is the dimension of mechanical equivalent of heat?

Ans.The dimension of the mechanical equivalent of heat is [M][L]^2[T]^-2, representing mass,

length, and time in their respective dimensions.

21.What is rigidity?

Ans. Rigidity, in the context of materials, refers to a material's resistance to shearing forces. The
formula to calculate the rigidity modulus (shear modulus) of a material is: G = Shear Stress /
Shear Strain.

22. Write down the working formula to calculate the rigidity modulus of the spring?

Ans.

23.What is spring constant? State Hock's law?

Ans. Spring constant represents the stiffness of a spring. Hooke's Law states that the force
exerted by a spring is directly proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium position: F = -
kx, where F is the force, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement.

24.Which is superior-compound pendulum or a simple pendulum-explain

Ans. A compound pendulum is superior to a simple pendulum in terms of providing more

accurate measurements of gravitational acceleration (g) because it has a longer period and is
less affected by air resistance and other factors.

25.What do you mean by center of suspension and center of oscillation ?

Ans. The center of suspension is the point where the pendulum is suspended from, while the
center of oscillation is the theoretical point where all the mass of the pendulum can be
concentrated to produce the same period of oscillation.

26.What are the defects of the compound pendulum?

Ans. Some defects of a compound pendulum include air resistance, friction at the pivot point,
and non-uniform distribution of mass.

27.Define cohesive and adhesive forces?

Ans. Cohesive forces are attractive forces between molecules of the same substance, while
adhesive forces are attractive forces between molecules of different substances.

28. Write down the working formula of the experiment to determine the rigidity modulus of the
material of the wire?

Ans. To determine the rigidity modulus (shear modulus) of a wire, you can use the formula: G =
(F/A) / (Δx/L), where G is the shear modulus, F is the applied force, A is the cross-sectional
area, Δx is the sheared distance, and L is the original length.

29.Why to wires are used to perform the experiment using Searle's apparatus to determine
Young's modulus of the material of a wire-explain?

Ans.Two wires are used in Searle's apparatus to eliminate the effect of gravitational forces on
the experiment, ensuring that the measurement of Young's modulus is accurate.

30. Which parameter is the most sensitive in the working formula of the determination of
Young's modulus-explain?

Ans.The most sensitive parameter in the determination of Young's modulus is the change in
length (ΔL) of the wire when subjected to an applied force.

31. Define coefficient of viscosity of water. Give Its unit.

Ans.The coefficient of viscosity of water is a measure of its resistance to flow. Its unit is Pascal-
seconds (Pa·s) or N·s/m².

32. Write down the expression mathematically for the moment of inertia of flywheel. Explain the
terms present there in?

Ans.The moment of inertia (I) of a flywheel can be mathematically expressed as I = 0.5 * m * r²,
where m is the mass of the flywheel and r is the radius.
33. Draw V-I curve for Ohm's low. How will you determine R from the curve?

Ans.The V-I curve for Ohm's Law is typically a straight line passing through the origin (0,0). To
determine resistance (R), you can calculate it as R = V/I, where V is the voltage and I is the
current from the curve.

34. Write down the working formula for the experiment to determine the resistance of a
galvanometer by half-deflection method?

Ans.The formula for determining the resistance of a galvanometer by the half-deflection method
is: R = (2kRg)/(nθ), where R is the resistance being measured, k is the galvanometer constant,
Rg is the galvanometer resistance, n is the number of divisions, and θ is the angle of deflection.

35: Draw the contact angle for mercury (Hg) and water (H20)?

Ans.The contact angle for mercury (Hg) on most surfaces is nearly 140 degrees, while for water
(H2O) it typically ranges from 0 to 120 degrees depending on the surface properties.

36. Drawn (n-l)and 1/(n-l) curve. How will you determine the unknown frequency from it?

Ans. (n-1) and 1/(n-1) curves are used in optics for the dispersion of light through a prism. You
can determine the unknown frequency by analyzing the deviation of light at different
wavelengths and angles.

37. Draw a circuit containing resistance (R), ammeter (A), Voltmeter (V) and a battery (E)?

Ans. A circuit containing resistance (R), ammeter (A), voltmeter (V), and a battery (E) can be
represented as: Battery (E) - Resistor (R) - Ammeter (A) - Voltmeter (V).

38. Draw Wheatstone bridge and write its working formula?

Ans. A Wheatstone bridge is a circuit used to measure unknown resistance. The working
formula is: R_x = (R_2/R_1) * R_known, where R_x is the unknown resistance, R_1 and R_2
are the known resistors, and R_known is the known resistance.

39. Is the Internal resistance of a cell constant? Explain briefly?

Ans.The internal resistance of a cell is not constant; it can vary with factors like the age of the
cell and its state of charge.

40. What is driver cell in the experiment to compare the emf of two cells with a potentiometer?
What is its function?
Ans.The driver cell in the experiment with a potentiometer provides a constant voltage source to
maintain a potential difference across the potentiometer wire. Its function is to establish a stable
reference voltage for comparison.

41.What is meant by co-efficient of viscosity and what is its unit?

Ans.The coefficient of viscosity, often denoted as η (eta), measures a fluid's resistance to flow.
It quantifies how easily a liquid or gas can flow when subjected to an applied force. Its unit is
typically expressed in Pascal-seconds (Pa·s) in the International System of Units (SI).

42. Write down the working formula to calculate the viscosity of liquid by the capillary rise
method.

Ans.The formula to calculate the viscosity of a liquid using the capillary rise method is given by
Poiseuille's law:
Viscosity (η) = (h * r * g) / (2 * (ρ1 - ρ2) * t)
Where: η = Viscosity of the liquid h = Height of capillary rise r = Radius of the capillary tube g =
Acceleration due to gravity ρ1 = Density of the liquid in the capillary ρ2 = Density of the
surrounding fluid (usually air) t = Time taken for the liquid to rise in the capillary

43. What is the effect of temperature on the co-efficient of viscosity?

Ans.The coefficient of viscosity generally increases with temperature. As temperature rises, the
kinetic energy of the fluid molecules also increases, leading to more frequent and energetic
molecular collisions, which results in higher viscosity.

44. Draw the series and parallel connection for four resistances and write the expressions of
equivalent resistance for both connections.

Ans. For four resistances, in a series connection, the equivalent resistance (R_eq) is the sum of
individual resistances:
R_eq = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
In a parallel connection, the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance (1/R_eq) is the sum of the
reciprocals of individual resistances:
1/R_eq = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4

45. What is the principle on which a post office box works?

Ans.A post office box works based on the principle of individual mailboxes or compartments for
receiving and storing mail for different recipients. Each person or entity has their designated
box, and only they have access to it, ensuring privacy and security of their mail.
46. What do you mean by velocity gradient? What would be the viscosity of liquid for zero
velocity gradient?

Ans.Velocity gradient refers to the change in velocity per unit distance within a fluid. The
viscosity of a liquid is zero when the velocity gradient is zero, meaning the liquid exhibits ideal
behavior with no internal friction.

47. Does rigidity modulus depend upon the wire diameter of the materials?

Ans. Rigidity modulus (also known as shear modulus) does not depend on the wire diameter of
the material. It is a material property that represents its resistance to shearing or twisting forces.

48. What is the effect of temperature on rigidity?

Ans. The rigidity modulus of a material generally remains relatively constant with temperature
changes within its elastic limit. However, at very high temperatures, some materials may
experience changes in rigidity due to structural alterations.

49. What is the difference between inertia and the moment of inertia?

Ans.Inertia is a property of matter that resists changes in motion (Newton's First Law), while the
moment of inertia is a measure of an object's resistance to changes in rotational motion. They
are related but different concepts.

50. Write up the laws of a stretched string.

Ans.The laws of a stretched string, often associated with wave propagation, include principles
such as wave speed being proportional to tension and inversely proportional to linear density,
as well as the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and wave speed.

51. What is meant by a wave? Write up its major classifications with examples of each.

Ans. A wave is a disturbance that carries energy through a medium or space. Major
classifications of waves include mechanical (e.g., water waves), electromagnetic (e.g., light
waves), and matter waves (e.g., electron waves in quantum mechanics).

52. Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves.

Ans.Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

(e.g., light waves), while longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the direction of wave
travel (e.g., sound waves).

53. What is meant by resonance?

Ans. Resonance occurs when a system is subjected to an external force at its natural
frequency, causing it to vibrate with maximum amplitude. This phenomenon is often used in
musical instruments and structural engineering.

54. How the stationary waves are formed?

Ans.Stationary waves are formed by the interference of two waves with the same frequency and
amplitude traveling in opposite directions. Nodes and antinodes are stationary points in the
wave pattern.

55. Write up 4 principal characteristics of stationary waves.

Ans. Principal characteristics of stationary waves include nodes (points with zero amplitude),
antinodes (points with maximum amplitude), fixed positions, and the lack of energy transfer.

56. Does the moment of inertia of a body change with the speed of rotation?

Ans.The moment of inertia of a body does not change with the speed of rotation; it depends on
the distribution of mass within the body and the axis of rotation.

57. What are the necessities of the error calculation of an experiment?

Ans.Necessities for error calculation in experiments include precise measurements, control of

variables, repeatable procedures, statistical analysis, and consideration of systematic and
random errors.

58. What are the basic differences between compound and Kater's pendulum?

Ans.Compound pendulums have a rigid body with a mass distribution, while Kater's pendulum is
a reversible pendulum used to determine the acceleration due to gravity.

59. Define the acceleration due to gravity g. Mention its value at the centre of the Earth.

Ans.The acceleration due to gravity (g) is the force of gravity acting on an object. Its value at the
center of the Earth is approximately zero because all forces cancel out due to the symmetric
distribution of mass.

60. When do we use the least count instead of the Vernier constant?

Ans.The least count is used when making precise measurements using an instrument, while the
Vernier constant is specific to a Vernier caliper and is used to read measurements accurately on
its scale.
61. Which is superior-compound pendulum or a simple pendulum? Why?

Ans. The superiority of a compound pendulum or a simple pendulum depends on the specific
application. A simple pendulum is a mass attached to a string or rod, while a compound
pendulum consists of a rigid body swinging about a pivot. Simple pendulums are easier to
analyze mathematically, while compound pendulums may have more complex motion. The
choice depends on the context and requirements of the experiment or system.

62. Write down Hook's law in mathematical form and draw the graph that verifies Hook's law.

Ans. Hook's Law in mathematical form: F = -k * Δx, where F is the force applied to a spring, k is
the spring constant, and Δx is the displacement from the equilibrium position. The graph of
Hook's Law is typically a straight line, showing that force is directly proportional to displacement.

63. Define Internal resistance.

Ans. Internal resistance refers to the inherent opposition to the flow of electric current within a
battery or a cell. It's a measure of how much the voltage within the battery drops when current
flows through it.

64. Define mechanical equivalent of heat and state its unit.

Ans. The mechanical equivalent of heat is a concept that states that a certain amount of
mechanical work can be converted into a specific amount of heat energy. The unit for the
mechanical equivalent of heat is the joule per calorie (J/cal).

65.How are the ammeter and voltmeter connected in an electrical circuit?

Ans. In an electrical circuit, an ammeter is connected in series with the component or part of the
circuit where you want to measure current. It becomes part of the current path. A voltmeter, on
the other hand, is connected in parallel with the component or part of the circuit where you want
to measure voltage. It's connected across the component.

66. State ohm's law Write down the relation between voltage, current and resistance.

Ans. Law states that the current (I) flowing through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage (V) across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance
(R) between them. Mathematically, it can be expressed as: V = I * R.

67. Define resistance of a conductor, On what factor does the resistance depend?

Ans. Resistance of a conductor is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. It
depends on factors like the material's resistivity, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature.
68. Write down the working formula for the experiment of verification of Ohms law.

Ans. The working formula for verifying Ohm's law is V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and
R is resistance. By measuring V and I for different resistors, you can confirm if the relationship
holds.

69. Draw the cot @ vs R graph 3) What should be the resistance of a voltmeter? Explain why?

Ans. I'm unable to draw graphs, but the cotθ vs. R graph in Ohm's law typically shows a linear
relationship, where cotθ is the cotangent of the angle θ and R is resistance.

70. How can you convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter and ammeter?

Ans. To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, you add a high resistance in series with it. To
convert it into an ammeter, you connect a low resistance in parallel with it. These additional
resistances help measure voltage or current within specific ranges.

71. Define internal resistance of a cell. Is it constant for a cell?

Ans. Internal resistance of a cell is the resistance to the flow of current within the cell itself. It is
not constant and can change with factors like the cell's state of charge and temperature.

72. What is the difference between electromotive force and potential difference?

Ans. Electromotive force (EMF) is the potential difference (voltage) provided by a power source
like a battery when no current flows. Potential difference is the voltage difference between two
points in a circuit when current is flowing.

73. What is the effective mass of the spring?

Ans. The effective mass of a spring is the apparent mass that responds to oscillations. It
depends on the spring's stiffness and the attached mass.

74. Write down the equation of time period in terms of effective mass. Draw the T vs m graph
and identify the effective mass from the graph

Ans. The equation for the time period (T) of a spring-mass system is T = 2π√(m/k), where m is
the effective mass and k is the spring constant. The T vs. m graph would be a curve, and the
effective mass can be identified from its value at a particular point on the graph.

75. How Young's modulus is utilized in practical field?

Ans. Young's modulus is used in practical fields like material science and engineering to
determine a material's stiffness and ability to withstand deformation. It's crucial in designing
structures, materials testing, and manufacturing processes.

76. Does the change in the values of length and diameter of the wire affect the value of rigidity
modulus? Explain why"

Ans. Changes in the length and diameter of a wire do affect the value of the rigidity modulus
(shear modulus or modulus of rigidity). If these dimensions change, the rigidity modulus will
change because it depends on the material's properties and the geometry of the object.

77. Define moment of inertia. Is it a constant for a body?

Ans. Moment of inertia is a measure of an object's resistance to rotational motion about a

specific axis. It depends on both the mass distribution and the shape of the object. It is not
necessarily a constant and can vary depending on the axis of rotation.

78. What is the radius of gyration? What is its unit?

Ans. The radius of gyration (k) is a measure of how the mass of an object is distributed around
its axis of rotation. Its unit is the same as the unit of length (e.g., meters).

79. Which is superior-compound pendulum or a simple pendulum? Explain why.

Ans. A compound pendulum is superior to a simple pendulum in terms of its accuracy as a

timekeeping device. This is because a compound pendulum has a distributed mass, reducing
errors caused by a concentrated mass point in a simple pendulum.

80. What is meant by center of suspension and center of oscillation?

Ans. The center of suspension is the point from which a pendulum is hung or suspended. The
center of oscillation is the point at which, if the entire mass of the pendulum were concentrated,
it would have the same period of oscillation as the distributed mass pendulum. These points are
interchangeable for simple pendulums.

81. What is effect of temperature on surface tension for liquid and gas?

Ans. Generally, as temperature increases, the surface tension of liquids decreases, while the
surface tension of gases increases. For example, water's surface tension decreases as it gets
warmer, while the surface tension of air increases with rising temperature.

82. Draw the angle of contact of mercury and water in contact with plane glass plate.
Ans. The angle of contact between mercury and water in contact with a plane glass plate is
typically obtuse. Mercury forms a convex meniscus in contact with glass, leading to an obtuse
angle of contact.

83. Determine the unit of coefficient of viscosity.

Ans. The unit of the coefficient of viscosity, often denoted as η (eta), is the pascal-second (Pa·s)
in the International System of Units (SI).

84. What is the use of the wooden board below the wire in sonometer experiment"

Ans. A wooden board is used below the wire in a sonometer experiment to provide support and
damping. It helps in preventing vibrations from traveling through the support structure to ensure
that the wire vibrates freely and to dampen any unwanted vibrations that could affect the
accuracy of the experiment.

85. Define transverse and longitudinal waves with examples.

Ans. Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
(e.g., light waves). Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the direction of wave
propagation (e.g., sound waves).

86. How are the stationary waves formed in Melde's experiment.

Ans. Stationary waves in Melde's experiment are formed by the interference of two progressive
waves with the same frequency and amplitude traveling in opposite directions along a vibrating
string or rod. This interference creates nodes and antinodes, resulting in the stationary wave
pattern

87. Under what condition a galvanometer may become a tangent galvanometer?

Ans. A galvanometer becomes a tangent galvanometer when it's modified by adding a shunt
resistance in parallel. This modification allows it to measure current directly, and the deflection
of its needle is directly proportional to the tangent of the angle through which the needle moves.

88. What condition will allow you to apply the formula P/Q=R/S in case of a Wheatstone bridge?

Ans.The condition for applying the formula P/Q = R/S in a Wheatstone bridge is when it is
balanced, meaning that there is no current flowing through the galvanometer or detector. This
occurs when the ratio of resistances in one branch is equal to the ratio in the other branch.

88. What are the shapes of the curves n-L. and n-1/L that you observed in sonometer
experiment? dentand by shunt?
Ans. In a sonometer experiment, the n-L curve represents the variation in the number of loops
(n) of a vibrating string with the length (L) of the string. The n-1/L curve represents a similar
relationship but with one less loop

89. Why is it used in the experiment of measurement of resistance of a galvanometer?

Ans. A shunt is a low-resistance path connected in parallel to a galvanometer. It is used in the
measurement of resistance of a galvanometer to allow a fraction of the current to bypass the
galvanometer, preventing damage due to excessive current.

90. Write down the equation to determine the surface tension of mercury and angle of contact?

Ans. The equation to determine the surface tension of mercury (T) and the angle of contact (θ)
is: T = (ρgh) / (2(1 - cosθ)), where ρ is the density of mercury, g is the acceleration due to
gravity, and h is the height of the mercury column in a capillary tube.

91. Define surface tension and find its unit?

Ans. Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length acting on the surface of a liquid. Its
unit is N/m (Newton per meter).

92. What is spring constant?What is its unit?

Ans.Spring constant (k) is a measure of the stiffness of a spring. Its unit is N/m (Newton per
meter).

93. Define angle of contact,cohesive force and adhesive force?

Ans. Angle of contact: It is the angle formed between the tangent to the liquid surface and the
solid surface in contact with the liquid.....Cohesive force: It is the force of attraction between
molecules of the same substance.....Adhesive force: It is the force of attraction between
molecules of different substances.

94. The effects of temperature on the surface tension?

Ans. The surface tension of a liquid decreases with increasing temperature. As temperature
rises, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, weakening the intermolecular forces
responsible for surface tension.

95. What factors does the surface tension of a liquid depend?

Ans. The surface tension of a liquid depends on factors such as temperature, nature of the
liquid, presence of impurities, and the shape and size of the liquid's interface.

96. What do you mean by center of suspension and center of oscillation?

Ans. Center of suspension: The point about which a pendulum or vibrating object pivots or
oscillates.....Center of oscillation: The point in a pendulum where the entire mass can be
considered to be concentrated for the purpose of calculating its oscillation properties.

97. Define Young's modulus and rigidity modulus. Write down their units?

Ans. Young's modulus (Y) is a measure of a material's stiffness and is defined as stress divided
by strain. Its unit is N/m² (Pascal)......Rigidity modulus (G) measures a material's resistance to
shearing forces and is defined as shear stress divided by shear strain. Its unit is also N/m²
(Pascal).

98. Write down the working formula of the moment of inertia of a fly wheel?

Ans. The working formula for the moment of inertia (I) of a flywheel is: I = 0.5 * m * r², where m
is the mass of the flywheel and r is the radius of the flywheel.

99. Find the unit of coefficient of viscosity from its definition?

Ans. The unit of the coefficient of viscosity is N·s/m² (Newton-seconds per square meter), which
is equivalent to Pa·s (Pascal-seconds).

100. Which Hook's law? Draw the curve elongation vs applied mass in your experiment?

Ans.Hooke's Law states that the force required to extend or compress a spring is directly
proportional to the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium or rest position. The curve of
elongation vs. applied mass in this experiment is typically a straight line, showing this linear
relationship.

101. Define resonance?

Ans. Resonance is the phenomenon where an oscillating system is driven at its natural
frequency, causing it to vibrate with maximum amplitude.

102. What is meant driving cell?

Ans. A driving cell is a device used to provide a constant and stable source of electrical energy
to a circuit, typically a galvanometer or other measuring instrument.

103. What are the factors influencing the resistance of a condicting wire?

Ans. The factors influencing the resistance of a conducting wire include its length, cross-
sectional area, temperature, and the material from which it is made.
104. Explain briefly about the stationary and progressive wave. What are the possible modes in
which a string can vibrate in Melde's experiment

Ans. In Melde's experiment, a stationary wave occurs when the string vibrates at specific
frequencies that create nodes and antinodes. Progressive waves are traveling waves that
propagate along the string. The possible modes of vibration in Melde's experiment depend on
the boundary conditions and can include fundamental, harmonic, and higher-ordepands.