Interaction

Fundamentals of Computer and Programming

Hossein Zeinali
Slides by Dr. Bahador Bakhshi
CE Department, Amirkabir University of Technology
Interaction

Produce output

Get input values

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Interaction

Produce output

Get input values

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 Printing
 Printing messages
printf("This is message \n");

 Printing variables
 printf("format", parameters);

int i = 20;
char c = 'a';
printf("%d, %c", i, c);

printf("i is %d and char is %c", i, '6');

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Printing Integers
%d, %i, %ld
 %i is the same as %d in printf
printf("%d", 100);
100
printf("%d, %d", +1000, -100);
1000, -100
printf("%i", 100);
100
printf("%ld, %i", +1000, -100);
1000, -100
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Printing Unsigned Integers
%u (base 10), %o (base 8), %x (base 16)
and %X (base 16)

unsigned int i = 26;

printf("%u\n", i); //26
printf("%o\n", i); //32
printf("%x\n", i); //1a
printf("%X\n", i); //1A

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Printing Floats
%f, %e, %E, %lf
printf("%f", 100.5f);
100.500000

float f = -2;
double d = 100;
printf("%f, %lf", f, d);
-2.000000, 100.000000

printf("%f, %e", 1e3, 1e3);

1000.000000, 1.000000e+003

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Printing Chars
%c
printf("%c", 'a');
a
printf("%c, %c", 'a','b');
a, b

char c1 = 'a';
printf("%c, %c, %c", c1, 'b', 65);
a, b, A

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Special Character
 Characters in printf result
\n newline
\t tab
\r carriage return
\b backspace
\" "
\% %
%% %

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Printing Strings
%s
printf("This is message");
This is message

printf("This is %s", "message");

This is message

char str1[20] = "This is message";

printf("%s", str1);
This is message

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Field length
Field length is a number
Comes after % (and before the type char)
It is the minimum space reserved for print
 If value is smaller than the space
 Empty space
 If value is larger than the space
 No effect

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Field length
printf("|%4d|\n", 1); // | 1|
printf("|%4d|\n", 12345); // |12345|
printf("|%4d|\n", -12345); // |-12345|
printf("|%4f|\n", 1234.0f); // |1234.000000|
printf("|%15f|\n", 1234.0f); // | 1234.000000|
printf("|%4c|\n", 'A'); // | A|
printf("|%-4c|\n", 'A'); // |A |
printf("|%4s|\n", "ABC"); // | ABC|
printf("|%4s|\n", "ABCDE"); // |ABCDE|
printf("|%6d|\n", 1234); // | 1234|
printf("|%-6d|\n", 1234); // |1234 |

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Precision
Precision is a .number and comes after %
For Integer
 The minimum number of digits
 If (# of digits < precision)  empty space = 0

For floats
 With %f, %e
 The number of digits after .

For strings
 The maximum number of characters
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Precision
printf("|%.4d|\n", 1); // |0001|
printf("|%.4d|\n", 12345); // |12345|
printf("|%.4d|\n", -12345); // |-12345|
printf("|%.4f|\n", 1234.0f); // |1234.0000|
printf("|%.8f|\n", 234.0f); // |234.00000000|
printf("|%.4s|\n", "ABC"); // |ABC|
printf("|%.4s|\n", "ABCDEF"); // |ABCD|

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Field length and Precision
This is a number with format a.b
 Comes after %

First b determines the precision

Then a specifies the field length

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Field length and Precision
printf("|%10.5d|\n", 12);
| 00012|
printf("|%3.5d|\n", 12);
|00012|
printf("|%10.5lf|\n", 1.234567890123);
| 1.23457|
printf("|%0.5lf|\n", 1.234567890123);
|1.23457|
printf("|%15.10s|\n", "Hello, world");
| Hello, wor|
printf("|%5.10s|\n", "Hello, world");
|Hello, wor|
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Variable Field Length & Precision : *
* can be used to specify field length and
precision which is replaced by a variable

int i = 30;
int j = 2;
float f = 1.23456789;
printf("%0*.*f\n", i, j, f);

000000000000000000000000001.23

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Cast in printing (do NOT use)
int i = -60;
unsigned int j = 4147482648;
float f = -700.05;

printf("i = %f\n", i);

i = 0.000000

printf("i = %u\n", i);

i = 4294967236

printf("j = %d\n", j);

j = -147484648

printf("f = %d\n", f);

f = 1610612736

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Interaction

Produce output

Get input values

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Reading
 Read from keyboard (console)
 What should be determined in reading
 Keyboard enters “characters”, so, how to read int, char, …?
 Which type the chars should be converted?
 Where should be saved?

 scanf(“format”, parameters)
 Format: The type that input should be converted to
 Parameters: Where should be saved

 scanf blocks until ‘Enter’ at the end of input (why?!)

 Reads from beginning until to white spaces (except
reading chars)
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Reading Integers (base 10)
 %d, %u, %ld, %lu
int i;
unsigned int j;
long int l;

scanf("%d", &i);
scanf("%u", &j);
scanf("%ld",&l);

-90  -90 is saved in memory location i

78 60L  78 is saved in memory location j
 60 is saved in memory location l
Spaces at the beginning are ignored

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Reading Integers (cont’d)
%o, %x, %X, %i
scanf("%o", &i);
Input: 12  i = 10
scanf("%x", &i);
Input: 1a  i = 26
scanf("%i", &i);
Input: 12  i = 12
Input: 012  i = 10 (It reads in base 8)
Input: 0x12  i = 18 (It reads in base 16)

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Reading floats and doubles
%f, %lf, %e
float f;
double d;
scanf("%f", &f);
scanf("%lf", &d);
90.9  90.9 is saved in memory f
88.123456789  88.123456789 saved in
memory d
Spaces at the beginning are ignored

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Reading floats and doubles
float f1, f2;
scanf("%f", &f1);
scanf("%e", &f2);
Input:
1.23  f1 = 1.23
4.56  f2 = 4.56

Input:
1.23e+1  f1 = 12.3
4.56e-1  f2 = 0.456
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Reading chars
%c
char c1, c2, c3;

scanf("%c", &c1); /* spaces */

scanf("%c", &c2);
scanf("%c", &c3);
Input: azb 
c1 = 'a'
c2 = 'z'
c3 = 'b'
Spaces at the beginning are NOT ignored

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Reading chars (cont’d)
White spaces (space, tab, enter) are not
ignored when reading char
To ignore white spaces, use “ “ before %c

scanf("%d%c%d", &i, &c, &j);

Input: 123 45  I = 123 c = ‘ ‘ j = 45

scanf("%d %c%d", &i, &c, &j);

Input: 123 4 56  I = 123 c = ‘4’ j = 56
Input: 123 456  I = 123 c = ‘4’ j = 56

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Reading chars (cont’d)
 getchar()
 Read char after Enter

 getch()
 Read char without Enter, does NOT show the
char

 getche()
 Read char without Enter, shows the char

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Reading Strings
%s
char str[20];
scanf("%s", str);
Input: ABC  str = "ABC"
scanf("%s", str);
Input: AB C  str = "AB"

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Reading Strings
How to read a line
 Contains spaces (read until end of line)

gets(s)

char str[20];
gets(str);
Input: ABC DEF  str = "ABC DEF"

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Field length in scanf
 Field length specifies the maximum number of
input characters (in the buffer) used for scanning

int i, j;
scanf("%5d", &i);
Input: 122  i = 122
Input: 1234567  i = 12345

scanf("%5d%d", &i, &j);

Input: 1 2  i = 1, j = 2
Input: 1234567  i = 12345, j = 67
Input: 123456 7  i = 12345, j = 6

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Special input format
If input data has special format with extra
characters
 scanf can ignore them

int sal, mah, rooz;

scanf("%d/%d/%d", &sal, &mah, &rooz);

Input: 1389/12/1

sal = 1389, mah = 12, rooz = 1

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Format of actual input data
The format of actual input data MUST
match with the format of scanf
int a, b;

float f;

scanf("%d--%d%f", &a, &b, &f);

Input: 1--2 3.0  a = 1, b = 2, f = 3.0

Input: 1-2 3.0  a = 1, b, f without change

Input: 1.0--2 3.0  a = 1, b, f without change

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void){ ‌‫برنامه‌اي‌كه‌با‌توليد‌پيغام‌هاي‌مناسب‌ورودي‌هاي‬
int i;
unsigned int j; ‌‫را‌از‌كاربر‌بگيرد‌و‌در‌انتها‌ليست‌ورودي‌ها‌ ‌را‌به‬
unsigned long int k; .‫كاربر‌نشان‌دهد‬
char c;
float f;
printf("Enter a char:\n");
scanf(" %c", &c);
printf("Enter an int:\n");
scanf("%d", &i);
printf("Enter an unsigned int:\n");
scanf("%u", &j);
printf("Enter an unsigned long int:\n");
scanf("%lu", &k);
printf("Enter a float:\n");
scanf("%f", &f);

printf("Your input are:\n");

printf("int = %d, unsigned int = %u, unsigned long int = %lu, ",
i, j, k);
printf("char = %c and float = %f\n", c, f);

return 0;
}
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Common Bugs
 Casting in printf or scanf
 printf("%d", 120.23);
 double d; scanf("%f", &d);

 Mismatch between format and the number of

expressions
 printf("%d %d", 10);
 printf("%d", 10, 20);

 Using name of variable instead of address

 scanf("%d", i);

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Reference
Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 of “C How
to Program”

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