Mathematics in Our World

Unit 1.2 Fibonacci Sequence

Bernardo “Madame Bernie” G. Magbanua

Math 111 – Mathematics in the Modern World (MMW)

Around 1200 AD when Pizano or
Leonardo of Pisa (1170 – 1250)
published the Liber Abbaci, or “Book
of Calculation” an arithmetic text
which concentrated mainly on
financial computations and promoted
the Hindu-Arabic numerals – the
forerunner of today’s familiar system,
which uses just ten digits 0 to 9 to
represent all possible numbers.
 Fibonacci Sequence

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 Fibonacci Sequence
• When continued indefinitely, the
sequence encountered in the rabbit
problem 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,
55, 89, 144, 233, 377, . . . this is
called the Fibonacci sequence and
its terms the Fibonacci
numbers.
 Fibonacci Sequence

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 Fibonacci Sequence
• Leonardo of Pisa also
known as Fibonacci
discovered the sequence
• The two consecutive
numbers form a golden
rectangle which is a
perfect rectangle.
• If a golden rectangle is broken
into smaller units then we have
the Fibonacci spiral found in
nature
 Fibonacci Sequence
Calla Lily (1 petal)

Euphorbia (2 petals)

Trillium (3 petals)

Columbine
(5 petals)
 Fibonacci Sequence
Bloodroot –
(8 petals)

Black-eyed Susan - 13 petals

Shasta Daisy

(21 petals)

Field Daisies (34 petals)

Fibonacci Sequence
Fibonacci Sequence
Fibonacci Sequence
 Golden Ratio
• He explored the Divine
Proportion in “De Divina
Proportione” in 1509
• da Vinci first called it
“sectio aurea” (Latin)
• Two quantities are said to
be in golden ratio, if their
ratio is equal to the ratio of
their sum to the larger of the
two quantities.
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 Golden Ratio

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 Golden Ratio
• The successive numbers follow
Fibonacci sequence and the
proportions can be applied to the
Golden rectangle
• This is also related to the Golden
spiral
• The golden ratio is the limit of
the Fibonacci sequence as
shown by Johannes Kepler
(1571 – 1630)
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Golden Ratio
 Golden Ratio
• this can also be deduced in an isosceles
triangle
• the “whirling triangles” leads to the
logarithmic spiral
• that will converge at the intersection
• the spiral converges at the
intersection of the two lines
• the ratio of these two lines
is in the golden ratio
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Golden Ratio
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• Fibonacci numbers (or
Golden Ratio) is one of
nature’s numbering system
• There are arrangements and
structures reflecting these
numbers
•Most important part of
human beauty and aesthetics
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• Part of the remarkable growth
patterns
•Appears in the petals of
flowers and spirals in plants
•The spiral happens when new
cell are formed after a turn
Fibonacci Sequence
Fibonacci Sequence
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• The positions and proportions
of the key dimensions of many
animals are based on Phi or .
Golden Ratio in Nature
Golden Ratio in Nature
Golden Ratio in Nature
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• This is also observed in the human
body since many parts come in pairs
• 2 hands with 5 digits, and 8 fingers
each contains 3 sections.
• The person with faces truer to
the ratio is more attractive
• Researchers of the human
show mathematical regularities
Golden Ratio in Nature
Golden Ratio in Nature
Golden Ratio in Nature
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• Used to achieve beauty, balance
and harmony in art, architecture,
and design
• It is used to achieve balance in
composition
• Named by the Greeks, it is
also known as Golden
Section, Golden Proportion,
or Divine Proportion.
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• Denoted by the lower case Greek
letter Phi (), an irrational number
1.6180339887…
• Mark Barr proposed using Phi
from the name of Phidias.
• Phidias (490 – 430 BC)
used the GR in sculpture.
• The Parthenon, its
exterior dimension
embodies the GR
Golden Ratio in Arts

Parthenon in Athens, Greece

 Golden Ratio in Nature
• Plato (429 – 347 BC)
• Another important historical
figure that used the golden
ratio
• Described 5 possible regular
solids
• Considers the golden ratio
as the most binging
mathematical relationships
Golden Ratio in Arts
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• Euclid (323 – 265 BC)
• First to define the golden ratio
• “ a dividing line in the extreme
and mean ratio”
•Linked the numbers to the
pentagram
• intersection of edges sections
to other edges
• ratio of the length of the
shorter segment to the
segment bounded by the two
intersecting lines
Golden Ratio in Arts
Measures
a = 215
b = 133
c = 82
d = 51
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• Leonardo di ser Piero Da
Vinci (1452 -15-19)
• Incorporated the golden
ratio in “Vitruvian Man”,
“The Last Supper”,
“Monalisa”, and “St. Jerome” in
the wilderness (unfinished
painting)
• During his time, it was known
as the “Divine Proportion”.
 Golden Ratio in Arts

The Golden Number Ratio & Fibonacci Numbers in Art, Design, & Photography
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 Golden Ratio in Arts

The Golden Number Ratio & Fibonacci Numbers in Art, Design, & Photography
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 Golden Ratio in Arts

The Golden Number Ratio & Fibonacci Numbers in Art, Design, & Photography
https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1884732131789370&set=a.1884727775123139
 Golden Ratio in Arts

The Golden Number Ratio & Fibonacci Numbers in Art, Design, & Photography
https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1884732131789370&set=a.1884727775123139
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• Michelangelo di
Lodovico Simon (1475-
1564)
• Considered the best living
artist of his time.
• Known for his painting the
“Creation of Adam” found in
the Sistine Chapel
• Used the pentagram in
painting the “Holy Family”
Golden Ratio in Arts
 Golden Ratio in Nature
• Rafaello Sanzio da Urbino
(1483 – 1520)
• In his painting “The School
of Athens” the proportions
are distributed using the
Golden Ratio

• The golden triangle and the

pentagram can also be found
in Raphael’s painting
“Crucifixion”.
Golden Ratio in Arts
Golden Ratio in Arts
Golden Ratio in Arts
Golden Ratio in Arts
• Rembrandt Harmenszoon
Van Rijn (1606-1669)
• applied the golden
triangle in his paintings
“Self Portrait”
Golden Ratio in Arts
• Alessandro di Mariano di
Vanni Filipepi (1445 – 1501)
• aka Sandro Boticelli,
famous for “Birth of Venus”
 Golden Ratio in Arts
• George-Pierre Seurat
(1859 – 1891)
• Is a French post-
impressionist painter

• Applied the golden ratio in

“Bathers and Asinnieries
(1884)”, “Bridge of
Courbevoie (1887)”, and “ A
Sunday on La Grande Jette”.
Golden Ratio in Arts
Golden Ratio in Arts
• Salvador Domingo Felipe
Jacinto Dali (1904 – 1989)
• Paintings using the golden
ratio in “The Sacrament of
the Last Supper”
 D. Golden Ratio in Architecture

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kaliambos.fandom.com/wiki/RELATION_OF_Pi_TO_Phi_AND_MYSTIC_NUMBERS?file=Golden-section-
awesome-choosing-canvas-shapes-the-golden-ratio-with-golden-ratio-and-pyramids.jpg
 D. Golden Ratio in Architecture

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 D. Golden Ratio in Architecture

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 D. Golden Ratio in Architecture

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 D. Golden Ratio in Architecture

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 D. Golden Ratio in Architecture

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%28IJSR%29/recent_issues_pdf/2020/November/applicability-of-golden-rectangle-in-facade-of-built-
form_November_2020_3605736146_2736507.pdf
 D. Golden Ratio in Architecture

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Mathematics in
Our World