Artificial Intelligence (KCS-071A)

Unit 1
Introduction to AI

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

Topics to be covered...
• Definition of AI
• Branches of AI
• Role of Machine Intelligence
• Types of Artificial Intelligence
• Future of Artificial Intelligence
• Evolution of AI
• Agents & It's Types
• Agent Environment in AI
• Characteristics and application of Learning Agents
• Problem Solving Approach to Typical AI problems

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Definition of Artificial Intelligence
•Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer to do tasks that are
usually done by humans because they require human intelligence.
•AI is the field of study that encompass the computational techniques for
performing tasks that apparently require intelligence when performed by
humans.
•The fundamental issues of AI involve knowledge representation, search,
perception and inference.
•The capacity given by humans to machine to memorize and learn from
experience, to think and create, to speak, to judge and make decisions.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Definition of Intelligence
•Includes ability for abstract thoughts, understanding communication, reasoning,
learning, retaining, planning, & problem solving.
•Human intelligence is powerful but has limitations.
•Humans are intellectually fallible, they have limited knowledge bases, & serial
information processing which is quite slow as compared to computers.
•Humans demonstrate intelligence by communicating effectively & by learning.
Human intelligence is the mental quality that consists of the abilities :
●to learn from experience,
●adapt to new situations,
●understand and handle abstract concepts,
●use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Definition of Artificial Intelligence
•The branch of Computer science which aims to crew at intelligence in
machines, through the study of design of Intelligent or Rational Agents
•Intelligent Agents are systems which perceives its environment & take actions
which maximises its chance of success.
•AI is both ART & SCIENCE
•Science- process of empirical inquiry& logical deduction
•Art - collection of techniques, developed programatically to a sophisticated
level.
•AI - increases understanding of reasoning, learning, & perception.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Definition of Artificial Intelligence
•The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people
•The study of the computation that make it possible to perceive, reason & act.
•The branch of Computer Science that is concerned with the automation of
intelloigent behaviour.
•The exciting new effort to make computers think. Machine with mind in the
full & literal sense.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Definition of Artificial Intelligence
AI programming focuses on three cognitive skills:
• Learning: Focuses on acquiring data and creating rules(algorithm) for how to
turn the data into actionable information.
• Reasoning: Focuses on choosing the right algorithm to reach a desired outcome.
• Self-correction: Designed to continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure they
provide the most accurate results possible.
Goal of AI:
• To create expert systems
• To implement human intelligence in

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Intelligence & Artificial Intelligence
“Intelligence is the ability to learn, reason and solve problems.”
We are known as Homo Sapiens - Man - Wise

For thousands of years we have tried to understand how our brain functions.
The field of AI goes beyond this: It not only attempts to understand it but also tries to build
intelligent
entities.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Definition of Artificial Intelligence
Human - Like Rationally

Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally

Think
Cognitive Science Approach Laws of thought Approach
“Machines that think like humans” “ Machines that think Rationally”

Acting Humanly Acting Rationally

Act Turing Test Approach Rational Agent Approach
“Machines that behave like humans” “Machines that behave Rationally”

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Definition of Artificial Intelligence
Acting humanly, i.e., acting like a person. The classic example of this is the
“Turing test”
Thinking humanly, i.e., thinking like a person. The field of Cognitive Science
delves into this topic, trying to model how humans think.
The difference between “acting humanly” and “thinking humanly” is that the first
is only concerned with the actions, the outcome or product of the human’s
thinking process; whereas the latter is concerned with modeling human thinking
processes.
Thinking rationally, i.e., modeling thinking as a logical process, where conclusions
are drawn based on some type of symbolic logic.
Acting rationally, i.e., performing actions that increase the value of the state of
the agent or environment in which the agent is acting. For example, an agent that
is playing a game will act rationally if it tries to win the game.
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach
The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing TURING TEST (1950), was
designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.
A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some
written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a
person or from a computer.
●NLP
●Knowledge Representation
●Automated Reasoning
●Machine Learning
●Computer Vision
●Robotics
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Thinking humanly: The Cognitive Modeling Approach

●If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a human, we must
have some way of determining how humans think.
●We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds.
●There are three ways to do this
○through introspection—trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by
○through psychological experiments—observing a person in action
○through brain imaging—observing the brain in action
●Once we have a sufficiently precise theory of the mind, it becomes
possible to express the theory as a computer program.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Thinking rationally: The “laws of thought” Approach

●Greek Philosopher Aristotle - attempted right thinking

●Represent facts about the world via logic.
●Use logical inference as a basis for reasoning about these facts.
●Provided pattern for argument structures that always gives correct
conclusion given correct premises
●For example, “Socrates is a man; all men are mortal;
therefore, Socrates is mortal.”
●Limitations:
1.Not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in the formal terms required
by logical notation. particularly when the knowledge is less than 100% certain.
2.There is a big difference between solving a problem “in principle” and
solving it in practice. Even problems with just a few hundred facts can exhaust
the computational resources of any computer unless it has some guidance as to
which reasoning steps to try first.
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach
●A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is
uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
●In the “laws of thought” approach to AI, the emphasis was on correct inferences.
Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent, because one way
to act rationally is to reason logically to the conclusion that a given action will achieve
one’s goals and then to act on that conclusion. in some situations, there is no provably
correct thing to do, but something must still be done. There are also ways of acting
rationally that cannot be said to involve inference. For example, recoiling from a hot
stove is a reflex action that is usually more successful than a slower action taken after
careful deliberation.
●The rational-agent approach has advantages over the other approaches. First, it is more
general than the “laws of thought” approach because correct inference is just one of
several possible mechanisms for achieving rationality. Second, it is more amenable to
scientific development than are approaches based on human behavior or human thought.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Foundation of AI
To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is composed,
The Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of
Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence
requires the following discipline:

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Foundation of AI
Philosophy: Where does Knowledge come from?, How does knowledge lead to
action? Philosophy is important for addressing the ethical implications of AI, such as
fairness, transparency, and the impact on society.
Psychology: How do human and animal think and act? It helps in understanding
human behavior, thought process which can inform user-centric AI designs and
applications.
Computer Science: How can we build a efficient computer. CS is fundamental to AI,
covering algorithms, data structures, programming, software engineering, and
systems design
Neuroscience: How do brains process information? NS offers insights into how
biological brains work, which can inspire and inform artificial neural networks.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Foundation of AI
Mathematics: What are formal rules to draw conclusion? What can be computed?
Essential for understanding and developing AI models, including:
●Linear Algebra: For working with vectors, matrices, and operations crucial in
machine learning.
●Calculus: For optimization and understanding how models learn from data.
●Probability and Statistics: For modeling uncertainty, making predictions, and
analyzing data.
Economics: How should we make decisions to maximise payoff?, How should we do
this when the payoff may be far in the future?
Control Theory and Cybernetics: How can artifacts operate under their own
control?
Linguistics: How does language relate to thought?

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 How the AI Works?
In general, AI systems work by ingesting large amounts of labeled training data,
analyzing that data for correlations and patterns, and using these patterns to make
predictions about future states.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI- Machine Learning
● Focuses on developing models and algorithms that let computers learn from data and
improve from previous experience without being explicitly programmed for every task.
Eg. a machine learning system could identify an apple and apricot in a picture, or detect
people crossing road in front of self driving car.

• Machine learning (ML) is the science of empowering machines to make decisions without
human intervention. This sub-discipline forms the backbone of AI, enabling computers to learn
and interpret patterns in images, sounds, and structured data using multidimensional arrays

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI- Machine Learning

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI- Machine Learning

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI- Supervised Learning
•In Supervised learning, you train the machine using data which is well labeled meaning some
data is already tagged with the correct answer.

Applications: Image classification, Natural language processing, Medical Diagnosis,

autonomous vehicles, email spam detection etc.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI- Unsupervised Learning
•Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning technique in which an algorithm discovers
patterns and relationships using unlabelled data.
The primary goal of Unsupervised learning is often to discover hidden patterns, similarities, or
clusters within the data, which can then be used for various purposes, such as data exploration,
visualization, dimensionality reduction, and more.

Applications: Anomaly detection, Customer behavior analysis, Content

recommendation, Recommendation systems etc.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI- Semi-Supervised Learning
•Semi-Supervised learning is a machine learning algorithm that works between the supervised and
unsupervised learning so it uses both labelled and unlabelled data. It’s particularly useful when obtaining
labeled data is costly, time-consuming, or resource-intensive.
We use these techniques when we are dealing with data that is a little bit labeled and the rest large
portion of it is unlabeled. We can use the unsupervised techniques to predict labels and then feed these
labels to supervised techniques. This technique is mostly applicable in the case of image data sets where
usually all images are not labeled.

Applications: Healthcare and Medical Imaging, Recommendation Systems, Natural

Language Processing (NLP) etc
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Fields of AI- Reinforcement Learning
•Reinforcement learning algorithm continuously learns from its environment using iteration.
It is a learning method that interacts with the environment by producing actions and
discovering errors. In this technique, the model keeps on increasing its performance using
Reward Feedback to learn the behavior or pattern.

Applications: Game playing, Robotics, Autonomous Vehicles, Natural Language

Processing (NLP) etc
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Fields of AI- Machine Learning

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI
•Deep Learning/ Neural network- At the heart of deep learning algorithms, neural
networks are inspired by the human brain, and they copy how biological neurons
signal to each other.
Application: Virtual Assistants, Chatbots, Healthcare, Entertainment

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI
●Fuzzy logic - It is a technique that helps to solve issues or statements that can
either be true or false. This method copies human decisions by considering all
existing possibilities between digital values of ‘yes’ and ‘no’. Put simply, it
measures the degree to which a hypothesis is correct
Application: Washing machine timer, Vacuum cleaners, Stock market
predictions, underwater target recognition.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI
•Computer Vision: Computer vision is a field of computer science that focuses on enabling
computers to identify and understand objects and people in images and videos.
Computer vision comes from modelling image processing using the techniques of machine
learning Computer vision applies machine learning to recognise patterns for interpretation of
images.
Eg. Image Recognition, Object Detection, Medical Image Analysis, Facial recognition.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI
•Natural Language Processing:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to the science of drawing insights from natural human language
in order to communicate with machines and grow businesses.
Twitter uses NLP to filter out terroristic language in their tweets, Amazon uses NLP to understand
customer reviews and improve user experience.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Fields of AI
•Robotics:
Robotics is a branch of Artificial Intelligence which focuses on different branches and application of
robots. AI Robots are artificial agents acting in a real-world environment to produce results by taking
accountable actions.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Role of Machine Intelligence in Human Life
•Two Categories for AI Usage
i)Software/Methodology
Prominent examples of AI software used in everyday life include voice
assistants, image recognition for face unlock in mobile phones, and ML-
based financial fraud detection. AI software usually involves just
downloading software with AI capabilities from an online store and requires
no peripheral devices.

ii)Embodied
The hardware side of AI includes its utilization in drones, self-driven
vehicles ( Tesla), assembly-line robots, and the Internet of Things (IoT). This
involves the design of specific devices that are based on AI capabilities.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Role of Machine Intelligence in Human Life
•Navigation and Travel
The work of AI programmers behind navigation apps like Google Maps,
Navic and Waze never ends.
Yottabytes of geographical data which is updated every second can only be
effectively cross-checked by ML algorithms unleashed on satellite images.

Smart Input Keyboards

The latest versions of mobile keyboard apps combine the provisions of
autocorrection and language detection to provide a user-friendly experience.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Role of Machine Intelligence in Human Life
•Internet of Things
IoT deals with devices interacting with the internet, the AI part helps
these devices to learn from data.
The five broad steps involved in IoT-enabling are - create, communicate,
aggregate, analyze and act.

Security and Surveillance

It is nearly impossible for a human being to keep a constant eye on too
many monitors of a CCTV network at the same time. So, naturally, we
have felt the need to automate such surveillance tasks and further
enhance them by leveraging machine learning methodologies.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Types of Artificial Intelligence

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Type-1 Based on Capabilities
•Weak AI or Narrow AI
● Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
● The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
● Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.
● Apple Siri a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Type-1 Based on Capabilities
• General AI

● General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
● The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and
think like a human by its own.
● Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.
● The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General
AI.
● As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts
and time to develop such systems.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Type-1 Based on Capabilities
• Super AI:
○ Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an
outcome of general AI.
○ Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
○ Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such systems in
real is still world changing task.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Type-2 Based on Functionality
• Reactive Machines
○ Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
○ Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
○ These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
○ These machines do not have any memory or data to work with, specializing in just one
field of work.
○ IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
○ Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
○ For example, in a chess game, the machine observes the moves and makes the best
possible decision to win.
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Type-2 Based on Functionality
• Limited Memory

○ Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
○ These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
○ These machines collect previous data and continue adding it to their memory. They have
enough memory or experience to make proper decisions, but memory is minimal.
○ For example, this machine can suggest a restaurant based on the location data that has been
gathered.
○ Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information
to navigate the road.
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Type-2 Based on Functionality
• Theory of Mind

○ Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be
able to interact socially like humans.
○ This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
○ This kind of AI can understand thoughts and emotions, as well as interact socially.
However, a machine based on this type is yet to be built.
○ A "theory of mind" machine can think emotionally and can respond with emotions.
○ For example: AI Bot like Sofia.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Type-2 Based on Functionality
• Self-Awareness

○ Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be

super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
○ These machines will be smarter than human mind.
○ Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept
○ Self-aware machines are the future generation of these new technologies.
○ They will be intelligent, sentient, and conscious.
○ These types of machines can be called human equivalents.
○ For example: A robot 'arm' made by a group from Columbia University.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 History of AI
•The Gestation of AI (1943 - 1955):
○ Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They
proposed a model of artificial neurons. Their development of the artificial neuron model in laid the foundation for what
we now know as deep learning.
○ Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing
publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability
to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
○ Year 1952: Arthur Samuel pioneered the creation of the Samuel Checkers-Playing Program, which marked the world's first
self-learning program for playing games.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 History of AI
•Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1956 - 1973:
○ Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American
Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the
first time, AI coined as an academic field.
○ Year 1958: During this period, Frank Rosenblatt introduced the perceptron,
one of the early artificial neural networks with the ability to learn from data.
This invention laid the foundation for modern neural networks. Simultaneously,
John McCarthy developed the Lisp programming language, which swiftly found
favor within the AI community, becoming highly popular among developers.
○ Year 1959: Arthur Samuel is credited with introducing the phrase "machine
learning" in a pivotal paper in which he proposed that computers could be
programmed to surpass their creators in performance.
○ Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan, which was
named WABOT-1.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 History of AI
•The first AI winter (1974-1980)
The initial AI winter, occurring from 1974 to 1980, is known as a tough period for artificial intelligence (AI).
During this time, there was a substantial decrease in research funding, and AI faced a sense of letdown.
A boom of AI (1980-1987)
○ Year 1980: After AI's winter duration, AI came back with an "Expert System". Expert systems were
programmed to emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert. Additionally, Symbolics Lisp
machines were brought into commercial use, marking the onset of an AI resurgence. However, in subsequent
years, the Lisp machine market experienced a significant downturn.
The second AI winter (1987-1993)
○ The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 History of AI
•The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
○Year 1997: In 1997, IBM's Deep Blue achieved a historic milestone
by defeating world chess champion Gary Kasparov, marking the
first time a computer triumphed over a reigning world chess
champion.
○Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of
Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
○Year 2005: Stanley, the self driving car developed by stanford
University, wins DARPA grand challenge.
○Year 2011: In 2011, IBM's Watson won Jeopardy, a quiz show
where it had to solve complex questions as well as riddles.
Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and
can solve tricky questions quickly.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 History of AI
•Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
○ Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."
○ Year 2016: DeepMind's AlphaGo secured victory over the esteemed Go player Lee Sedol in Seoul, South
Korea.
○ Year 2021: OpenAI unveiled the Dall-E multimodal AI system, capable of producing images based on textual
prompts.
○ Year 2022and onwards: In November, OpenAI launched ChatGPT, offering a chat-oriented interface to its
GPT-4 LLM .

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Applications of AI
•AI in Business Intelligence

AI is playing an increasingly important role in business intelligence (BI). AI-powered BI tools can help
businesses collect, analyze, and visualize data more efficiently and effectively. This can lead to
improved decision-making, increased productivity, and reduced costs.

Some of the ways that AI is being used in BI include:

● Data collection: Collecting data from a variety of sources, including structured data (for
example, databases) and unstructured data (for example, text documents, images, and videos)
● Data analysis: To analyze data and identify patterns, trends, and relationships
● Data visualization: AI can help create visualizations that make it easier to understand data
● Decision-making: Insights and recommendations generated by AI models can help drive data-
driven decision-making for businesses

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Applications of AI
• AI in Healthcare

AI is also playing an increasingly important role in healthcare. AI-powered tools can help
doctors diagnose diseases, develop new treatments, and provide personalized care to
patients. For example:

● Disease diagnosis: AI can be used to analyze patient data and identify patterns that
may indicate a disease. This can help doctors diagnose diseases earlier and more
accurately.
● Treatment development: By analyzing large datasets of patient data, AI can identify
new patterns and relationships that can be used to develop new drugs and therapies.
● Personalized care: By analyzing a patient's data, AI can help doctors develop treatment
plans that are tailored to the patient's specific needs.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Applications of AI
• AI in Education

AI could be used in education to personalize learning, improve student engagement, and

automate administrative tasks for schools and other organizations.

● Personalized learning: AI can be used to create personalized learning experiences for

students. By tracking each student's progress, AI can identify areas where the student needs
additional support and provide targeted instruction.
● Improved student engagement: AI can be used to improve student engagement by providing
interactive and engaging learning experiences. For example, AI-powered applications can
provide students with real-time feedback and support.
● Automated administrative tasks: Administrative tasks, such as grading papers and scheduling
classes can be assisted by AI models, which will help free up teachers' time to focus on
teaching.
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Applications of AI
• AI in Finance

AI can help financial services institutions in five general areas: personalize services and products,
create opportunities, manage risk and fraud, enable transparency and compliance, and automate
operations and reduce costs. For example:

● Risk and fraud detection: Detect suspicious, potential money laundering activity faster and more
precisely with AI.
● Personalized recommendations: Deliver highly personalized recommendations for financial
products and services, such as investment advice or banking offers, based on customer journeys,
peer interactions, risk preferences, and financial goals.
● Document processing: Extract structured and unstructured data from documents and analyze,
search and store this data for document-extensive processes, such as loan servicing, and
investment opportunity discovery.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Applications of AI
• AI in Manufacturing

Some ways that AI may be used in manufacturing include:

● Improved efficiency: Automating tasks, such as assembly and inspection

● Increased productivity: Optimizing production processes
● Improved quality: AI can be used to detect defects and improve quality control
In addition to the applications listed above, AI is also being used in a variety of other industries,
including:

● Retail: AI is being used to personalize the shopping experience, recommend products, and manage inventory
● Transportation: AI is being used to develop self-driving cars and improve traffic management
● Energy: AI is being used to improve energy efficiency and predict energy demand
● Government: AI is being used to improve public safety, detect crime, and provide citizen services
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Future of Artificial Intelligence
Innovations in the field of artificial intelligence continue to shape the future of humanity across
nearly every industry. AI is already the main driver of emerging technologies like big data,
robotics and IoT, and generative AI has further expanded the possibilities and popularity of AI.

According to a 2023 IBM survey, 42 percent of enterprise-scale businesses integrated AI into their
operations, and 40 percent are considering AI for their organizations. In addition, 38 percent of
organizations have implemented generative AI into their workflows while 42 percent are
considering doing so.
With so many changes coming at such a rapid pace, here’s what shifts in AI could mean for
various industries and society at large

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Future of Artificial Intelligence
•

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Future of Artificial Intelligence
• Improved Business Automation
● About 55 percent of organizations have adopted AI to varying degrees, suggesting
increased automation for many businesses in the near future. With the rise of chatbots
and digital assistants, companies can rely on AI to handle simple conversations with
customers and answer basic queries from employees.

● AI’s ability to analyze massive amounts of data and convert its findings into convenient
visual formats can also accelerate the decision-making process. Company leaders don’t
have to spend time parsing through the data themselves, instead using instant insights to
make informed decisions.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Future of Artificial Intelligence
• Advertising

● AI-powered systems would effectively replicate the campaign with access to historical
data and provide accurate results rather than investing thousands of dollars on a
campaign to see if it would benefit a certain pool of target audiences.
● This would revolutionize marketing by giving companies and brands a safe location to
invest their funds.
● Smart sentiment analysis tools and approaches might make reaching out to potential
consumers simpler, generating leads and converting them to sales, determining the
market share of a new product before launching, and conducting competitive
research.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Future of Artificial Intelligence
• Healthcare

● AI will play a vital role in the healthcare sector for diagnosing diseases quickly and
more accurately. New drug discovery will be faster and cost-effective with the help
of AI.
● It will also enhance the patient engagement in their care and also make ease
appointment scheduling, bill paying, with fewer errors.
● However, apart from these beneficial uses, one great challenge of AI in healthcare is to
ensure its adoption in daily clinical practices.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Future of Artificial Intelligence
• Cyber Security

Undoubtedly, cyber security is a priority of each organization to ensure data security. There
are some predictions that cyber security with AI will have below changes:

○ With AI tools, security incidents will be monitored.

○ Identification of the origin of cyber-attacks with NLP.
○ Automation of rule-based tasks and processes with the help of RPA bots.

However, being a great technology, it can also be used as a threat by attackers. They can
use AI in a non-ethical way by using automated attacks that may be intangible to defend.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Future of Artificial Intelligence
• АI in Militаry

● АI-аssisted militаry teсhnоlоgies hаve сreаted аutоnоmоus weароn systems thаt dо nоt require
рeорle, resulting in the sаfest wаy tо imрrоve а nаtiоn's seсurity.
● In the neаr future, we mаy witness rоbоt militаry thаt is аs intelligent аs а sоldier/соmmаndо аnd
сараble оf dоing vаriоus tаsks.

АI in Eduсаtiоn

● АI will сhаnge trаditiоnаl sсhооling in the future.

● The eduсаtiоnаl system hаs the роtentiаl tо be very effeсtive аnd tаilоred tо an individuаl's
рersоnаlity аnd аbilities. It wоuld рrоvide орроrtunities fоr brighter рuрils tо shine, аs well аs а
better орроrtunity fоr struggling students tо сорe uр. .
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Future of Artificial Intelligence
• AI in Transportation

● The fully autonomous vehicle is not yet developed in the transportation sector, but
researchers are reaching in this field.
● AI and machine learning are being applied in the cockpit to help reduce workload, handle
pilot stress and fatigue, and improve on-time performance.
● There are several challenges to the adoption of AI in transportation, especially in areas of
public transportation. There's a great risk of over-dependence on automatic and
autonomous systems.

AI in E-commerce

● Artificial Intelligence will positively impact each aspect of the e-commerce sector,
ranging from user experience to marketing and distribution of products.
● We can expect e-commerce with automated warehouse and inventory, shopper
personalization, and the use of chatbots in future.АI in Militаry.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Risks & Dangers of Artificial Intelligence
• Job Losses
● Between 2023 and 2028, 44 percent of workers’ skills will be disrupted.
● If companies don’t have steps in place to upskill their workforces, the proliferation
of AI could result in higher unemployment and decreased opportunities for those of
marginalized backgrounds to break into tech.
Human Biases
● The reputation of AI has been tainted with a habit of reflecting the biases of the
people who train the algorithmic models.
● For example, facial recognition technology has been known to favor lighter-skinned
individuals, discriminating against people of color with darker complexions.
● If researchers aren’t careful in rooting out these biases early on, AI tools could
reinforce these biases in the minds of users and perpetuate social inequalities.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Risks & Dangers of Artificial Intelligence
• Deepfakes and Misinformation
● The spread of deepfakes threatens to blur the lines between fiction and reality.
● And if people are unable to identify deepfakes, the impact of misinformation could be
dangerous to individuals and entire countries alike.
● Deepfakes have been used to promote political propaganda, commit financial fraud and
place students in compromising positions, among other use cases.

Data Privacy

● Training AI models on public data increases the chances of data security breaches that
could expose consumers’ personal information. Companies contribute to these risks by
adding their own data as well.
● A single breach could expose the information of millions of consumers and leave
organizations vulnerable as a result.

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Risks & Dangers of Artificial Intelligence
• Automated Weapons
● The use of AI in automated weapons poses a major threat to countries and their general
populations.
● While automated weapons systems are already deadly, they also fail to discriminate between
soldiers and civilians.
● Letting artificial intelligence fall into the wrong hands could lead to irresponsible use and the
deployment of weapons that put larger groups of people at risk.

Superior Intelligence
● Nightmare scenarios depict what’s known as the technological singularity, where
superintelligent machines take over and permanently alter human existence through
enslavement or eradication.
● Even if AI systems never reach this level, they can become more complex to the point where it’s
difficult to determine how AI makes decisions at times. This can lead to a lack of transparency
around how to fix algorithms when mistakes or unintended behaviors occur.
Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025
 Perception Vs Action
1.Perception is the act of perceiving or the ability to perceive, while action is the state or
process of doing something.
2.Perception is the mental grasp of objects and qualities through the senses, while action
is the activity, force, or energy used to do something.
3.Perception selects targets for action and helps correct errors as we execute actions
4.There are two types of actions : Navigation ( moving around our environment) and
Intentional movements ( such as reaching/grabbing)

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025

 Perception Vs Action

Dr Rashmi Sharma Session 2024-2025