SFG3023 Thermodynamics Lab Work

Experiment 1
Boyle's Law and Ideal Gas Equation
SFG3023
Experiment on Jun 6𝑡ℎ , 2024
Thermod
Mohammad Amin bin Abdul Hadi D20231107881

Submitted on Jun 19𝑡ℎ , 2024

Abstract
ynamics
This experiment is to study the relationship between pressure p and volume V of a gas at constant temperature
T and to verify the gas equation comprising p ,V and T , Experiment 1, the value of the temperature and the level

Lab
of manometer are varied. The value of ∆ℎ and l are recorded. Experiment 2, the value of ∆ℎ is set to 0 cm, 10
cm and 20 cm, where the value T and l are recorded for each set. Based on Boyle’s Law, at constant temperature,
the absolute pressure and the volume of gas are inversely proportional. The unit of
𝑝𝑉
is 𝐽°𝐶 −1 or
𝑇

11.43 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙.

Keywords: Boyles’s Law , Ideal gas , monometer
Work
𝐾𝑔 𝑚−1 𝑠 −1 (°𝐶 −1 ) and number of mol of samples air are 6.25 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙, 9.26 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 and

Introduction
At temperatures higher than the room temperature, air is closely behaving like an ideal
gas. Therefore, the use of air as the sample in this experiment for the study of the behaviour is
adequate.

SFG3023
A fixed amount of air was trapped by mercury inside a closed end tube. The pressure p,
the volume V and the temperature T of the gas are the variable parameters. The pressure,
volume and temperature of the gas at a certain situation is called a state. These variables are
related in an equation called the equation of state. When a variable is changed, then the other
variables will also change to make the gas a different state
Thermod
Boyles's law describes the variation of p with V when T is kept constant.
The law can then be expressed mathematically as:

𝑝∝𝑉
1
or 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑘 ynamics
Where 𝑝 is pressure, 𝑉 is volume and 𝑘 is constant. In the equation of state for an ideal gas [1]
𝑝𝑉
𝑇
=𝑘 Lab
Where 𝑇 is temperature
Apparatus
1. Gas law Apparatus
Work
2. Heater with thermostat
 3. Thermometer
4. Rubber tubes
5. Water
6. Ice
Methodology
The experimental setup is shown in Figure1. The manometer is slided along the rail.For the
experiment 1, the manometer is slided so that the mercury level is at 125 cm at room
temperature. The values of ∆ℎ and l are recorded. Slide themanometer so that the mercury level
is reduced by 5 cm until mercury level is at 45 cm. The new values of ∆ℎ and l are recorded
for each different mercury level..These procedures are repeated for 4 different temperatures.
Then for experiment 2, the value of ∆ℎ are set to 0 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm. The values of T and
1
l are recorded. A graph for p against is plotted for different temperature.The gradient and
𝑉
intercept are obtainedfrom the graph. The number of mol of the sample air used in this
experiment is calculated

Data
Table 1: Temperature 26.5 𝐶°(Room temperature)
Volume(𝑚3 ) 1
∆ℎ (𝑚) Pressure p (Pa) 𝑙(𝑚)
(10−5) 𝑉
0.057 109000.87 0.083 0.948754 1.054014
0.054 108600.62 0.086 0.979360 1.021075
0.051 108200.38 0.089 1.009966 0.990133
0.046 107533.29 0.094 1.060975 0.942529
0.041 106866.22 0.099 1.111984 0.899293
0.036 106199.14 0.104 1.162993 0.859850
0.031 105532.06 0.109 1.214003 0.823721
0.024 104598.14 0.116 1.285416 0.777958
0.017 103664.23 0.123 1.356829 0.737013
0.010 102730.32 0.130 1.428242 0.700162
0.002 101662.99 0.133 1.458847 0.685473
-0.006 100595.66 0.146 1.591472 0.628349
-0.016 99261.50 0.156 1.693490 0.590496
-0.026 97927.34 0.166 1.795509 0.556945
-0.037 96459.77 0.173 1.866922 0.535641
-0.050 94725.36 0.190 2.040353 0.490111
-0.063 92990.95 0.203 2.172978 0.460198
 Table 2: Temperature 9 𝐶°
Volume(𝑚3 ) 1
∆ℎ (𝑚) Pressure p (Pa) 𝑙(𝑚)
(10−5) 𝑉
0.064 109934.78 0.075 0.867140 1.153217
0.061 109534.54 0.079 0.907947 1.101386
0.057 109000.87 0.083 0.948754 1.054014
0.053 108467.21 0.087 0.989562 1.010548
0.048 107800.13 0.092 1.040571 0.961011
0.043 107133.05 0.097 1.091580 0.916103
0.038 106465.97 0.102 1.142590 0.875205
0.032 105665.47 0.108 1.203801 0.830702
0.024 104598.14 0.114 1.265012 0.790506
0.020 104064.48 0.120 1.326223 0.754021
0.012 102997.15 0.128 1.407838 0.710309
0.004 101929.82 0.136 1.489453 0.671387
-0.005 100729.08 0.145 1.581270 0.632403
-0.015 99394.92 0.155 1.683288 0.594075
-0.024 98194.18 0.166 1.795509 0.556945
-0.039 96192.94 0.179 1.928133 0.518636
-0.049 94858.78 0.189 2.030152 0.492574

Table 3: Temperature 19 𝐶°
Volume(𝑚3 ) 1
∆ℎ (𝑚) Pressure p (Pa) 𝑙(𝑚)
(10−5) 𝑉
0.060 109401.12 0.080 0.918149 1.089148
0.056 108867.46 0.084 0.958956 1.042800
0.053 108467.21 0.087 0.989562 1.010548
0.049 107933.54 0.091 1.030369 0.970526
0.044 107266.46 0.096 1.081379 0.924746
0.039 106599.38 0.101 1.132388 0.883090
0.033 105798.89 0.107 1.193599 0.837802
0.028 105131.81 0.112 1.244608 0.803466
0.022 104331.31 0.118 1.305819 0.765803
0.014 103263.98 0.126 1.387434 0.720755
0.007 102330.07 0.133 1.458847 0.685473
-0.002 101129.33 0.142 1.550664 0.644885
-0.011 99928.58 0.151 1.642481 0.608835
-0.021 98594.42 0.161 1.744499 0.573230
-0.032 97126.85 0.172 1.856720 0.538584
-0.045 95392.44 0.185 1.989344 0.502678
-0.059 93524.62 0.199 2.132170 0.469006
 Table 4: Temperature 30 𝐶°
Volume(𝑚3 ) 1
∆ℎ (𝑚) Pressure p (Pa) 𝑙(𝑚)
(10−5) 𝑉
0.129 118606.82 0.093 1.050773 0.951680
0.114 116605.58 0.098 1.101782 0.907620
0.102 115004.59 0.102 1.142590 0.875205
0.089 113270.18 0.106 1.183397 0.845025
0.079 111936.02 0.111 1.234406 0.810106
0.069 110601.86 0.117 1.295618 0.771833
0.059 109267.70 0.123 1.356829 0.737013
0.051 108200.38 0.129 1.418040 0.705199
0.043 107133.05 0.139 1.520059 0.657869
0.036 106199.14 0.144 1.571068 0.636510
0.030 105398.64 0.152 1.652683 0.605077
0.024 104598.14 0.162 1.754701 0.569898
0.018 103797.65 0.172 1.856720 0.538584
0.013 103130.57 0.182 1.958739 0.510533
0.009 102596.90 0.195 2.091363 0.478157
0.005 102063.24 0.207 2.213785 0.451715
0.000 101396.16 0.222 2.366813 0.422509

Discussion

Graph p vs 1/V for Temperature 26.5 C° Graph p vs 1/V for Temperature 9 C°

112000 112000
110000 110000
108000 108000
Pressure,p(Pa)

106000 106000
104000 104000
102000 102000
100000 100000
98000 y = -0.2245x + 121930
98000
96000
96000 y = -0.2608x + 122300 94000
94000
0 50000 100000 150000
92000
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000120000 1/V(m^-3)
Linear (Graph p vs 1/V for Temperature 26.5 C°)
Linear (Graph p vs 1/V for Temperature 9 C°)
 Graph p vs 1/V for Temperature 19 C° Graph p vs 1/V for Temperature 30 C°

112000 120000
110000
108000 115000
106000

Pressure,p(Pa)
Pressure,p(Pa)

104000 110000
102000
100000 105000
98000 y = -0.3119x + 129279
y = -0.2463x + 122182
96000 100000
94000
92000 95000
0 50000 100000 150000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
1/V(m^-3) 1/V(m^-3)

Linear (Graph p vs 1/V for Temperature 19 C°) Linear (Graph p vs 1/V for Temperature 30 C°)

Linear equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑚, is gradient and 𝑐, is the intercept y-axis

1. Temperature 26.5 𝐶°: 3. Temperature 19.0𝐶°:

Gradient, 𝑚 = -0.2608 𝑃𝑎 𝑚3 Gradient, 𝑚 = -0.2463 𝑃𝑎 𝑚3
Intercept, 𝑐 = 122300 𝑃𝑎 Intercept, 𝑐 = 122182 𝑃𝑎
2. Temperature 9.0 𝐶°: 4. Temperature 30.0 𝐶°:
Gradient, 𝑚 = -0.2245 𝑃𝑎 𝑚3 Gradient, 𝑚 = -0.3119 𝑃𝑎 𝑚3
Intercept, 𝑐 = 121930 𝑃𝑎 Intercept, 𝑐 = 129279 𝑃𝑎

The data for Table 1 at temperature 26.5 𝐶° which is the room temperature shows that as the
pressure decrease, the volume increase, its consistent with Boyle’s Law that state, at constant
temperature, the absolute pressure and the volume of gas are inversely proportional [5]. The graph show a
straight line, indicating an inverse relationship between pressure and volume. This also can be
seen from the gradient of the graph as the Graph 1 has negative value. Based on the data in
Table 2,3 and 4, at temperature 9.0 𝐶°, 19.0 𝐶° and 30.0 𝐶° similar pattern was observed. The
product of pressure and volume was consistent, which supported the Boyle’s Law. The volume
of gas at each pressure in Table 2 and 3 was slightly lower compared to room temperature at
Table 1 indicating that gas molecule have less kinetic energy at lower temperature [3]. and for
Table 4 The volume of gas at each pressure was higher then volume at room temperature
indicating that gas molecule have more kinetic energy at higher temperature[4],suggesting that
gas molecules move more vigorously at higher temperature, occupying more volume. [2]
Experiment 2
𝑝𝑉
No. 𝑇 ∆ℎ (𝑚) 𝑝(𝑃𝑎) 𝑙(𝑚) 𝑉
𝑇
1 19.5 0.0 101396.2 0.134 1.469049 508.9901
2 10.5 0.1 114737.8 0.119 1.316021 532.3368
3 6.0 0.2 128079.4 0.117 1.295618 594.4541
 𝑝𝑉
The unit of is 𝐽/𝐶° or 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −2 (𝐶°)−1
𝑇
No. of mole of each sample air
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

Is an ideal gas equation

𝑝𝑉
= 𝑛𝑅
𝑇
Value of 𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
Sample 1 :
508.9901𝐽/𝐾 = 𝑛8.314 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑛 = 61.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Sample 2 :
532.3368𝐽/𝐾 = 𝑛8.314 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑛 = 64.03 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Sample 3 :
594.4541𝐽/𝐾 = 𝑛8.314 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑛 = 71.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Conclusion
The absolute pressure and the volume of agas are inversely proportional according to Boyle's
𝑝𝑉
Law. The unit of is 𝐽/𝐶° or 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −2 (𝐶°)−1 and the number of sample air are 61.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙,
𝑇
for temperature 19.5 𝐶° , 64.03 𝑚𝑜𝑙 for temperature 10.5 𝐶° and 71.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 for
temperature 6 𝐶°

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