02.07.15.

UNIT-I
Claasifvtation of Sgnals And Systes
a
A phystcal quarilqwhch arius mth tumn
Sana
ma otfur tors Calld a

Siqnals
A Siqnal dfd as a phycical4uan ,

nL spac
that Varts Wth respit
othur ndependont vartablus.

tories cortaun unfarmalien

Slana
a function
A snal whuch

ndep endrt varuable i callud enu aumensonal

clqnal
lt) t
t)- bt+5t+6
wo
A sianal whuch i a finction f
undup endut varabl iu calld
mor
mult dimunssmal ugnal

Sx, yt)=Tz + 8u+ 65n

S(,yt)- s2+9l'+5y+6
In genural
genural h sugnals are clamfudnto
Caltigor us as

Cortinunus timele)stgnal *at

"

Dscre ins (oT) s1qna

 Cortinuous Tum
CC Sugnal
T+is thu sugna whch are dyfind
every ntant m
Varies
olko dlefnid a na: hat
Continuously both n ampund Qyo

ttma

reprmurtid as t).
-
An AC WaNesorm

FCG wauleform

Distrei Tume lDT) SIqnal

sanabs tra tae hrdat dacre

wstcunte
tnsi6 noum Q&aisneti ttme
4gnal

#Bdundid as Cn)

Hmount dipottid. every un a ank.

onth
 713it
;

6000
hooo

2000

FEB MAR

The dis Cretz ume SLgva Con also be

Ttpresertid as zrT) zl|,

Here T i the sompwg period ancl

ni the teger Toyng4

ompld Seuerue
CnT)

discreti
is callid

um sirals
. asthe amplad stgnal

ane ebtaned
he
Cevittn upus ime sugnals by sampun4
fsom

nstante at which h sgnal opear

he
callud samplng ns tance
a
 Problems
slGNa
Draw DT
(n)) o,2,3,5, 6,7Í
h O

n:n:-!n n
2. zn) -2, 2, 33

1 (n

2 n
2

fn)
 gna z(t) an
3. Sample th efr nterval
OSt£ 2 wtth th samprg penocd T O.2s

and sketch the DT sral CT Soma

= Ct)
te o.2n
RCt) = oete2..
0 Oi2nE'2.
O.An
3.
nln) e -02n bAno'2b
n),
37 o.61
.

2 xtn) s e
D8 o.Hh
4 n in?e J.2
O 30
n-6 Ln)
-1 0.201
n-8
xn) ee o.135

0.8
O.7
0
0.S

0.2-
O.

h
 Elumwthay CSLga

Tmpulse sqna
stp SLgna
Kauvn mqval
Anusotdal slqna
N

Fponntial Agnal

Inpulse iqnal
mpuse
hU Sumplast CTSugnal
signal
Anotu nam
impuse sianal is dilta
Sgna

* Tepresertzd dt)
=
desnd a dt)
AX

Specuad Cas

th hu ümpulse sugval has undy magnliude

then t talld wit impulu uqmal .
d
A
Step Sienal
Step
Stp signal is dundtzd by ult)

ult) A,to
o,t<o

ult)

sap
tho sup Sugna has unuy magniude
the
callud wntt stp mna
ult )

Kamp Sqna
dunetd by )

rt) to
O, tL0
 t-0 rlt)t =o
E-
rt): t -1
2 r(t):t~ 2.

brvd Parabolic Stgnal

p4)

t20

sP(t

Relalionship
bitwur standat sznau.

S ult)> C rCt)

t) uH La St)
 Kuctzang ular Pulse Fundin,
deftnad a

rect ( (OR) TCt) =

O
-T<t2T
otherwise

(t'

Signu Punctim
defined as
Son Ct) >A t>o
San t

Sinc Funditon

StncCt)
- £t
 sincL) A

-4AA

robemc:

(n) {5,7, 3,2,19

T

2 in) fa, 4, 1,01

n-o2 3,
Giwen: n) =
3,4o
 3
zth)fo-) 04n4 lo
otherwrs&e

.n2 zn) (o.8)= O.64

aLh)= (0.e) "= ok09
Rn)= (o.8)
= 0, 262
h
O:167
n-9 ntn) = L0.6)=
0.l07
xin) = (o.8)=

38
O7
Ob
0.5

0.3
o2
0.T

wilthcampuhg
4. Sampe w T siaha zlt) - 2sun t.
penod T-0.2se Sketch theorsigna quen
Sqie
TUVen:CT
n
jnd
DT
th ntrval 0£t4 2. 2 (n) 071?
.
o x(n 434
n)1.864

n
#

Ct)4t4 0.2n ho xn?: .818

lt) sun Tt D4t£2

0.2n £ 2
xlo.2n)= 2 Stn TO.2n
t02
n) - sun
2 o.2n 0£n< lo
 |Propertics Tnpuke Puncton
Sheftng Propurty

2. Raplicalion Property

o
xT).d+ -T) dt = zt)

(OR)

rt) * d A) = zlt)

Standard 0T Ramuntary Sugal :

he stardard sgnals th disorete

Some f
tume varying Teprsentations are

*mpulse sequane to) ample sequence

SaauoncCe
Step
Ramp caguonce

Lmpulse Saauunce:
A n0
dtn)
Send
A
 Unat Tmpulse

n
d Cn)

Sin

-
STip Seg uena

utn)

uln)

Uher Stzp Seauen

un)

uln)
 Ramp Seaunu
n) Sn n20
no

r(n

Problems

Draw zlt) S+,04t63

O, othur wise

Fxponurual Siqnal

Kual
a) Comdax

Ral
t)= Ae -at
Cane -i) a:0.

«[)",tt)
Ct)

Case -u) a7b

2t)Ae a
AYt)

o ing xpohertial
lasn-(i) aco
(t) = A
olocayung pnvtas

lomple Eponeiial.
St
zt) A
S-attb

Case) ao b-0.
ot
2t) e
xt)- A

Coke l) ato bE0

at io)t
 a >b
arowung exwnutiad
tt)

ako
duua ponuria
MxtE)

Case - (u) a = o b#o

tbt

growUng
Sinusotdal

4AAU A
bco
Cuayung Siruuoldo

AAAA

Bas Operaiuens Stanals.

Tun shifting
um
n shefih a 1qnal
tune
may delan

adwanc th sgval

sgralxtt)x(t-D]:

.
Covtinuous Tumu Ccr)
stap stanal
Conndu

ult)
thu
, unt
+2a
ult)

0 tco
Sugnal ult) delay by

TsecDnds i sPould be nottd as

be notzd
T secpnds then tshould
ut-T)

wCt-5)
t520 ts
t-S0
<5
 signal ult) achvancad by T secDnds
f th
shoul be nolzd
asuCt+T)
t+T2
ult+T)- tT
*T
ucttT

'

-T -
Similasly j ciscrete time Sianals

tune shufting Teprescrtzd as

zn-nxCn-t) z(n-9
is poive sheft
i the qht
Ik
and he agna u dulayad

hugabive, shft th eft,

If k
and i agna adunnced
kxamyle
n:o 3,
zlh) - L, 1, 2, 2

(n-

4n 5
n
k
(n -(-2)
(n+2)

3 4
 For the qtven z(t); d
xCt+2)
zlt-)

le-1)
1zt-1)
2

t-(-2)
.zlt+2)

-
 3 in) 2J
C1h z(n4 2)
tn)

AX(n-)

2 2

--3)
( nt3)

n+ 3)
 fund z(n+2)
zn) : I, 2,2,j zn-2)
'n-t
x(nA2)

x (ht2)

(n-3)
Ax(n- 3)
3

2. z(t), fnd ou zlt-3) and zlt++)

t)

2
 x Ct)

Ct)

lt-3)
x(t-3)

lttt)

-7- -S -4 -3
07.07.(5.te Ruyersal

"tumu 1ovrsal
a sqnal otained by ding

bu sopnal about2o
should be notd as A)

2
t
Ax(-t)

-
t
Steo .
e o, tco
ult
 ul-1)

u4) 4utiply by
0
O t>o
uln)

uln)

n-0 2 3
ou
Stoth xtn),3, 2,1j Fund
ixn+) )x(-n)
3 2) 4) xl-n-3)
(n)
2

3
 (ntl) x(n-(-1) tn shilin4

(n41
3

bimu TeNtrsal
2(+h)
-n)

-3 -2

shing
3 -n+2) 2Teversa
AN(n42)

-3 -2 -1
 x-nia)

M-

x(-n-3)
An -3

+
8 lo 1

n
(-n-3)
3
 2. r qm z) fd DuF
t+ 2L(-t+2)
wn
qus
he giwen
ron.

zt ) [t-(-

)z2) -t42)

-2
 (-t

Amplrtud! Scolrg

the siqnal xlt)

multnpled yoy
Nhun
suavg
amplude sualng
Constanta, &u Sad t e
iTeprusertid as axzlt)

A
42(t)
 uma Scalhg
The tm scaluin
a siqnal con be obtainud

Teplatung by at n th siqnal zE), ict

Cat)
Here a . a Censhant . lal< 1 the

Sqna will be nlaugod Verssn th

Oriqional
comppessid
lal >T, the sunal wl b th

Versm th D1Unal
7 ) ml be 4iven qtuon
x(at)

0.S

2.

I.Fa
.Fa hu qiver 2lt) fuid (i) z(ut) (2)4x6)
(3 +) Ch) z(tH)
 xlt)
baris
112

2 4zlt)

(ht)

li1)

4
. (+)
t41)

-1

x(t+1)
 x,(t) alt)

t
Fund
,(D+r2lt)
, Ct)- *t)

*,(t)4x(1)

z()-,t)

-
7,(t), *lt)
6
 z,(n). ,2, 2,3,+J xIn)!, ',-1,2,-2j fnd
X,(n)+*gin)
(n)-n)
x,(n) -21,2, 3, 4J *al(h) = , -1, 2,

*,ln)

+r2n)
K, (n)
2
 (n)-xn)

OT

Fund un+3) - u Cn-3)

A un)

uCn+3)

uln-3)

Mt1

un+3)-un3

Y
x
 *,lE) -
fuid n,le)+XLt
1 u (t-D *_lt) -wlt-2)
and ,lE) - *alt)
ult)

ult-)

z,)4t

.
 x,(4)- *z(t

04.07.15
=
72,t) uCt-i), *2(t) _ult-2) fnd t)+H,E
and ,l) -*2(t)
uCt-2)

t
N-ult-a
Furd the even and ocld unt the foll
nad
n=i-2i,3,,)
To fund ,(n)
in)- zn) - zC-n)]

n -2 ol): et)-za)E2-sJ.-25
n 3l-1) -
[zl4) z(9 J+
=
- zlo))
n-02,lo) zlo
n 1)*4k0)-zt) -1-J -i
n 2 2,(2)*

,
25

n)= 3
-25,, 23J

ath) +zn)
2z(-2)zt2)+ z(il-2+3J = 0.5

n el-1) (z(a)+zC1J:4+J=:o 2
+Xlo)] 242)
n 0, Kelo) xto)
a

-+] =o
n xe(1) =zl1) +z-))
n27a) (z2) +zl-a) 3-20.57
zeln) 0:S, 0, 0, 0.sJ
 Enerqy And bwe sanats
lt)
Fa cónlunuous tune iina
rrgy E um +l d SUn O

um
Pwer p= 2T
T

or
for a distz Tm rand zn)

N
nrgyE im n=-N
N-od

ower P un N-
I
2NtI n--N

Noe
A siana. Call
enugy s1qva 4
mon zero and powe 6 zèro.
Lnengy hut Owd

A slana u callud poner siqnal vs poweo

amd nen-zero erugH nfindly

ri

. Dile muUw whethur d Séjnal

Cntng Sugha

n: x(t)-Ces
E xt)d
 um
To

ost dt

Co t s 24

Cos + d4 Stnt -os 21

2

+Cos 2t dt

Cosat) de
1+
Ssin a
2

Sn2t

E,o
P- um
T-os lcel't
2T

dt4
2T
lost

um +Ces 2t )d+
TH 2T
 + Cos 2t dt
4T

m T

lun

T--T) + |
im 2+ 2st ]

um
T
wn
+um Sun2T SUn
D

Enuqy o
Powar (firit

sanal poner sonal.

h gven
2Fard the enrgy g
th gaven signal
st ult) stp ult)-1
rY-4e" So

T
Eumn xCHld
To

hutlat
um ut)['a
-1

6 () d
Whn moqmtude changes
th umi ako changs.

urn 1 dt
TH

2
 & Jules
3

S hnd th nvgy he qiven

J
cigna

n)(un)
JSt
xG)=Ae
Fund the pover
he roven snal
Pbwer P = um

27T
e cos
jsin um
s 2-T

um .
To FIAIlA
IA

-T

To
um A(T--T)J
[AT]J
T
 P A Wa

power hu signsl
Fund th cngy and

lt)5co (sot+ T
nera y um TJoo
T
um d
E Sces(t +V4|
tco62t T%
-1
T
Cao
9 Cost
E um 15 les(sot t)l d

T
T
E wm 25(os(6Dt +V) A*

-T
E 25
um
+Cos 2.(ot+%)

um
E25 2 Ho
I+Ce 10t+ 2d
-T
ces (10ot+2)
F 2
d
-o
Sun Ctoot +)
E 25
2
 0 (-) Sino - Str (-aD

obules.

Pwer P um
THo 2T

um 5cesst +)|d
2T

T
Lun
5 ce (ot +) d*
10

-T

um 25 Ces 2(setf's)j
2

+ ces (vot t27) dt

-T

25 uo dt CesCloottDA

2+)i2sa 25 m Suntooft
100
TA
+T+ sineTTa)
Stn-00T+ 2
 26
T-

5
T-r
P
e, 25 WAUs
2

Enirgy

fbuwer25 Walts .

.
4
The gven signal b toWer sano

l0-07.
ut

,
.Fund th enuqy h qivn sighal wln)-
N

um lxn)
aikegY N h-N
N
Fumn -N
(an
2 2
N
E
N n-N
uthl
1
und

n--od

-a
vihere ari

)
 Per terio Ard periotis Stuna!

Asignaiaud h priodio
p eas afur a fod time poriod..

can be deud by xlt)- z(t+T)-ao

whtre T is the fuvdamartal peyod.
For cliscrd tas, (n) = x (n+) -¢

whur N 6 ho Sampg prod W undamutal

pur od

A Siqnal
saud yto bu aperiodic t dau

-
Aperiodir sgmals des nt atzky 2ajLaTns
and
Note

Thi sum two perodic orinuous

m ciak nud. not be. periodo.

Thuy
wl be pthodu and enly the
Talio
thei fuvd.amunial puod Dnal

PpS Wd
Delermine the fundaroni periad uvcdivduw
Stga n tu Sum suma 2,4) +X,t).
 suqna
Fnd he fundamenla perod rstJirst
wth hrundaminia: perod o.vory cthur
Stdtnal

all thse Yios ar Tati onal thun

qiven um gnal 6 also periodic.

Note
Perwcie x Non-paricoluè, Aprodie

Porio dio fperiodie Apericdue

she (stupinpuke, Tamp) are

A ingular iy
periodic siqnak
***

ane aperiodie
aperoale.
Au Tealexponurt snak
sonal, h sum
For diccrc tn
the no Peribdi
sanas dhaentt pertodue sal
periodio tperuodl= periòdie
pericdic x apeiodis =ap ertodic

aperiodut pevaau aPeriodie

apubdue * aperioall - aperodic
Sunusoudal
qwer
qwen gna
For
o DT

N- ) xm
T2E smaluist ppsiive utuaer
he
m
son teg er
Nrs
thurcjundameflal pericd
 Problums

Fund whiher h plli siavakare. perodic

perladlic
fid th fundamrta perioc.
( t) =k Cos 511 hostot)
Th guven
sna prodic

51.

The qiveu qna k per lodic

Cidzh) Cos Cam)

eien gno pericdte

in alueu th teger
N w)m A m n denomiuator
{2 2i alven m = a.

4 u iven shaul
m
he takth m.

N m
 (1

N Ist
Yhe giveh sa, puriccic

(iv ) zn)= 2 Cos 2er

N *m
w
2xm
20/

m
ot on niger
f m=lo, N Twhchi
slanad apervodue,
quven
Th

N-xm
N 2
N xm

N -lo whuch an hlsge

m-3,
Stana 6
perodic
. Thu given
 V)x(t)» cn (otml) .ult)
Here ult) aperindui sana wL non hat
periaue X apuiodiv apuieAi,
Tns aven sial sin (1016). ul
aperiodi sqhal.

z tt) 20 sin lo Tt +

he qiven sanal periodie

2T
T 2T

13.07.5|Fnd k the quven sanals are perisdie.

F
fund the perndio sanal.
Cix,lt) sth totrt +sn 26tTt
t)
(1) - Sin 2ortr sn 20t
ü) xCn) = Cs 3/Th +sin kTih

Civ)x4n Sun+Sm NT
sn)
Lt)-
=e 2Tn
5

cost + sh
e J2t
i

T 2T
20,

T. 20 25
25
Lkaliò ulger raliena J
 So ,(1) periodic
T

T 8T
20

2. X,(t) sun 2011t 4 sh 20ot

2T
2
20tT

2T
20
vagn)
alio
12 Lnationa Numbe
The qwen sigral s apenodut

Kz (n) Cos 3/1T +sin HT

3.
2 Km

m
. f m. 3

2
N w x
xT
m
 N
N
Ratio mger
RttonalJ
So vch sgna Xn)is periodue
To fund N:

N
N 2N2 =N
N: 2N 2 .

N-2

N(2)x
2 m
Ni 8Tm

N (
20 x M

N2.
m=l N8
a Tahio tigerr
NN2 Trot Iransnal.
So ven., sGnal aperoouc
S. n) eum e 20
e7
Km
N
1 m2 N, 7
 Na 2. m 5m

N 5

NL

6N= 7N2.
N -
Palumal

N 7x 5S

N-35
6ze(t) Cos t+ sn 2t
72/T
2 Jar
mNot a ztio tg
Tratubnal

So
Soh ven sigpal u aperiodic

Sketch th qven sgral and fnd he qven sgnal

ener9 poyver.
lt)= lt45)
Sl,tzo
o, tco
ult-5
ult)

t 5
ult)- ult-5)

I5
 um

Tod
Jult)-ult-15)dt
lult-ult -155 3) .o
-1

dt

E15
P Li xlt) dt

im ult)-ult15) dt
2T 5

2T dt

2X0

P-o
So the ven sqnal 6 enenay sqial.
 Homa-war

I.a,t)= suh kout per bdui

The ignnl
2 w MoT

21
olt
(Rational).
T 20
sgmad
P
j7n
2 X2)
N

m
7T

1f m 7
, 2
not
N- in
Thu given snal
ivenoriodu odie
=
3. Xn).
N, -
W

N, 2117\ Ra
m N-211
 K4(t) = 2c% (tot 4)- siv (4t-1)

T 2 2/T

21-5T

LO

2T

3m

m-
N 3
N2 2 ) xm
2

Na Hm

fm N
N
N

eN 3N = N
 N 4 x3
D
N 12N
-t
3 Z(n)
sgnal apeno die because
Th given

TEa erponuriial
V4-07.1S.
SySTEM

sustum dtntd 03 aphuuca dovi thad

perms 5petins input siqnal and producss
anohr siara as oukput 1lp -eyitai'on
ofP- Tesponse
Amphur, tter
Sustums Ore TeptUnkd by" block duiagraim

Ilp signa
oP signa
Systoms

ystims aNe braadly dlamfud to 2typ

ontin ous Tum Ss tum
Dis Urett
n Susttm

Conttn uous Tumu Systtn:

CT
CT
Tp stqnel CT suqna
Olp
System

Discret m System
DT
TIP Sighal DT
DT O/p uanal
tn) System
y(n)

Both DT Systims a dammud

and
it ps as folows:
Dynaue stathi

las ual Lo) Non-tnluo

 m Varant tor) Tim SCnNArans
Sialble or) Unstable
Wer uble (7) Nan hveri'blu
(or) Non -unua
Dynamuo Cor Stattie
syslzm
The Said t be slerti (mamnykss
eutput dpends upn preknt wrput
only Other wise the sytzm suid ts bu
dynamuo er wth mernY

Problims:
Fund Whebur th followng syalims are statre ,

ALL oulpt shald be prercn

not
cyt) «lt-2)
(iiy y n)
- zCn+2:
yc) «*t) =
ii
y zlt-2)
past 3
y) - z (-s
z l -2) LpastJ
-o yco) =

Lpat]
+1 y) (-1)
upen th
Th outpu does not dpend
prm value rput so th guven SHstem2

y namia.
Q1y Cn)- x(nt
n Future

n O
futture
yo) 2)
y1) - x (3) fubure

The output does not dapend upm

present valus d unput. So hu gwen Sstem
dunamio

inyCt - zt)

t-1ye) z*(1) presed

tO y(o) ** (o) present

presenk
The output dopenc upon prEAyt
thput enty So h qiven suptem tu
t) - z{t)
t-1 y(4) zl) jure

t Oy0) yO0 present

y) yl) present
The
outpw dos net Aupend upon presuntf
put alon ven
 Casual and Non lama Syrtm
2
onual i
A 4s m b sOnd ts be

output olup enads upon prestnt and pat nput

h sIstem said
only othir wL6
nem-Camal ceunticyp atie)
Problems:
followung sutums ame Ccuo
whelhur th
Chuck Atleask h utput should be fzure
r not
4tn) zln)
yCt) = **lt) +xlt-2)
- zin)
( yn)
fubure
n - yl4) zl1)
prseht
ylo) alo
n- Present
n- y() z()
upon uture uput
The ysim dupnds
guven Systam nen aual
-

also So

(l qlt - x°t) +xlt-2)

zl-3) Present, Past
-1 y-) : xU)+
t zl-2) ent, fast
Present, last
= lo)
OyLo)
-*°li) +xl-1) rnt al
y) u
th
Th yum
Sem dos ndt depnd upar
Casuai.
iput So he
futne
 Y13
yC l0x(t+5)
F
(1)- t0xl4) Juu

F-OYco) lo z(5) Juture

=
t Iy{+1) lox (6)

Un)uCt)lor(t) +5
-)= 10 x(4)+5 prosent

t 0 yo)10x (0) +5 pnesun

t y) loY(1) +5 PYUenE

The Syotzm dos ot dtpend upon h

une uput So hu iverv syyam Casual.

v yt) zlH)+3ultt)
Lwnlan
t- y4)=z(4)+8ulo) Prcnt

-yo) - (0) t3u(1) Present

t:IyC1) - z{1) Tau(2)

. Frsnt
The sytEm dos nst pend upo the
uttlne uputSp th Awt systtm CaLal
 Signals Hamennrk.
13.07 15

X,lt)sti kot periodu

The qiven signal i
T 2L
2T
HOT

T se 20

e
2. z,(n)
N 2) xm.

2xm
7
N- xm
1f m=7
N 2 rigerperiod
The 'ven siqnal

Teal exponenhad
gven sanal a
Snce the

gven Sgnal k penodi.

the
- sn (kt4)

4 t) 20s (1ot+)

2
ager ational]
atro
penibdui
lt)K
 T 51
T- 5x
|T-Tse

5 5 (n) T.JG)
N 2)
w xm
2 Xm
213

3Km

N-3mm
m
N 3

Na
x
20
31
m

N
f m 3

N-8

atio inigr- Kalional ]

N
83N2
N 8
 N-8x 3
N-24

Tur Vaxiant and uinu Snwariant

A signal s sQud ts be um n var lant
tn -h
un
thL tunm shit input sIq nal eults
tuu shyt
th
inpu signal te. f
oespondng A

by seconds. thun thu outpud

zlt) b dlayd T

wul alo be delayed by T svonds

Tun nvarant Susüms are ako callud

Spims jiked systms
uhvarant

Poblms: fold. ysims

Whether not the
Deimane
tvariant
)ylh belt)
(1) yE) - sn z)

-t C t
Cx
(IVyn)z*n-1)ll)l
,) =
SCt-7)
dylt- tzl4) delayod uput
due ts
The 0upu
yt,T) tzlt-T)
Th delayed output

yt- lt-T) (t-T)

4/2)
The systun ttm vanant
 ( yt) » sin z(t})
The oukput to dsuyud Vput
pu
du
JE;T) = sin z (t-T)
Tht delaycd oulpu
y (t-T) = sih x (t-T)

The systom i imu invariant

(ui yn)-z(an)
hThu output
du o dulayd in put

y (n, N) z (2n N -

Th dplaytdl 9utput

4(n-N) r 2. n-N
yin-N) (2n 2N) . -

Ih systtm Varlart,
(T)yn) 2tn)
The oukput du b deld nput
yn,N) nn -N-1)J-N)
The dlayed oukput

ynN) -
-N -1)-

Th Sustem um hvartaxt
 .ucn)
5 yCn) th)
t Aula4ed uput
np ut
Thu oultt du
n-N). u (n)
y(n, N)
The druyd tnlpnt
z(n -N) u(n-N)
yn -N)

timu Voriail.
systim
Stnsi"Jh
Stable and hstable Sysim

Stah y iignal boundud thun

magnund
agna
sianal is
IF h
w always be find
bownded output
Whun sLstzm poducis
boundta nput stgnal hen forth cve
eNery Counded dp TIP)
be BIBO sable boundd
Sstem Saud

ctable er not
PRoblens
pUowng ysm
1. Check whdhur th
yC = txlt)
(i) ylt) 5XB +5
loz(h)
(n) ytn) -
iyt) tult)
Here lt) % a boundtd

magnliudu s finut

value t Yanges yom-0

But the
sysum not produce boundid Guput
h Systm dos
ewany boundad nput the giuer siysm unstabl.
 yct) 5z(t)
ID bondsda stinad
Hene zt) i a
91 tiude ,rct)
o xlt is it
poduuss
boundud sulu
So hu sytt
eNtny benunded nppd
SD
th sytem b stable

ciid lox(n) t+5

zUn) bowndd sán

So hu mag nulid. r(n) b fints
produucs boundud L bpuu
.The Systzm

ey boundid nput
Stable
So ven SLKm

Trwertibll and Non- inveribe Sysum

ASyetüm 4
.Saud be wible
stgna qiven Syste c
tthSystum Can
th nput from
recCvred u output nu stimn

Systom nveruble hinhire

Hhe
eXt
unverse Ssttm

yt) lt)
Lnuerse
ystem Systen
 niar and Non- linuar Sy stim

ht
StysiTm
hat dhus superposilun prncup
Sad be itar Systtm.

fa,x,) + a,x, (t) a,ff(t]+a,af [z(t)]

Probluns: hnuar
not thu guven systums a
Fund Whuhur DY

Os wt
0) ylt)= x(t).
xt)+ 3ult+D
( yt)= x(n-1)
CUDytn) xCn) .

z(n)t z th -)
(V) yn)

zlt). cos wt
{t) =

lt) oswt
yt)-
x,(t
, (t)
cos
t
caswt
a, x,(t)
af z,t))
=

coswt
t7()J (t)
a^7(t) coswt..
a2f. 2lt)] -
coswt +0,ft)cosr
[7/DJ 4,7,l4)
a,f L7, ()J + af. caswt
(t)) = (x(E) +72(t).
fx.t 2 +ar,(+] caswt
a,x,(t)
t)+a72(t=
flaz 4,Xt) Cos wt +a2 (t) toswt 2 -

Stystim invar
The 'veh
 =
|qt) xt ) + 3tH)
t) f Cxtt)J . x (t) 3ultt )
lx.c] -, (t) + 3u (t+)

ax,t)]
=
a.x,(t) + a, 3ult +1)
X,Ct)+ 3u ltH)

fzL)J a2t) +a x 3ult +1)

.

afLz,(t) +42f fx 4) = ax,(t) + 3a,ultt))

a2Xgt) + 342 ult+1)

x+) x,(t) +7(4) + 3ult+1)

TL
+a2 XaLt)-a,,LE)+aX2(t)
+ 3ultti)-@
a,x,t)

The SlHsttm Dn-Unear

iven

() n): (h) z(n)

f,(n) 7, Cn) .x,(n-)

ax,n)) = a,X, n). *,(n-1)

f0n)) - 7(n). 7,(n-)

axCnj ax,in) xh 1)

a,f x,tn) + afn) ] a,x,n).x,(n-) +

Aaa() xaln-)- 4)
 f x, (h)+x, (n)) ,n)+7n x,cn.1)+x,tna))
a, x, (n) +a, x,(n) -fa, x,(n)+O*, (n))
a,7, n-1) + a2 xa(n-)

Sy stem nen-nior
he ive
4 n) xtn) +x Cn-1)
(rV =
xin) + x(n-
yn) f[ztn)]
f [x, n)- *, Cn) X, n-)
aFxn)] =a, x,Crn) -a,X,
Cn-D

Ch)) = 2(n) +X2(n)

fx2
f(] a22(n) +a22(n-1)
+
a,x,Cn) +a,x,(n-)
a fSx, (n)+a2fzon) a2n) +a2Xz (h-)
+*2Un
X20n)= -R2(n) + X,Cn -)
fK, (r) + n)
+a22Cn a,x,(n-1)
Cn) +a2X2ln)-
a, x, (n)
f,z,. a22 Cn-1)-e

The given Sysem Jinna

 . Fnd whelhur
th given Bydlim untar
|Ahut thvasrant rhablu
mili, caual
y(n) o(n)+ nxtht1)

(in) Coc xth)

(w yn) z (n)
(wyn)*'Cn)

()
Slato o Dynamie
aias e

- y(-1) cas 1 pToserk

os x(-0) present
yto)
Os x.1) presnt
n- )

premnt wput ewly

The put dipnds upon
slawo
So h ven SLonal

Camual r Non-COMIa

he output dos nst dipond pon u fuive

qiven stQnal Casual.
inpu S h

um Varant or lwarant

h eutput duu t duaud nput

, N) s (n-N) -O
delayed sutpuk
 u n N) s (n -N) -

ThL
sLstm imu ivarianE
S tablu Unwinh lz

xn) is bounded sanas

So maqnrwAL i find
boundid output fpr
ThL prD du

ANer boundid input

So iven SIstm is sable

Luiar T Nm - inar
[xin)J = Cas x(n)
yn) f
f(n)j - cos x,cn)
a,co ,Cn)
a, tn)J =

CGs 2 Cn)
z,Cn)
Af|xn)4Los a,cos zCh)
a, osx,(n)+
a fiz,n)]+af|z,un)-
Cos X,Cn) +7-h)}
flx,n) +7.n)] =

+4,X2n) = Cosa,x,n)+a,%,ln)
f[a2,tn)
CoS (A+8)= cosAcse
snAsinB
ssim non uniar
The veh
gven system i staii, taual,
Thereore
varunt Stabli amd nen-itnear.
om
(1yn) = x(h) +nx(ht)
Soln:
statio r DunamG:

n -I y(-1)- x(-t)+(-I)x(-141)- «41)-u/opreunt iure

hoy(o) 2(0) +0 xlo) prknt

n I
Y)= * () +0x (1+) - zit)+la) prour fuur

th present
The output dous not depend pon
valu nput onluy. So the gven systtm is
dunanuue.
ssim

Casual rNon-laual:
Th outpuk eioes depends wpon hu

fulr valus 4 nput orly.So the guen sysuUm

hon-CaMal.
umu Variant r Tnwarianti

The output du to duayed

y (,N z(n-ND+ nz(n-N+1)-o

The ddlayed output,

yn-N) x(n-N) + (n-N) x(n -N+1)-

hThe Sstm tm Varuart:

Stablu Vhatable:
(n) ard z (n+) 6 a unboundtd
,
Sugna
So
t maqnilndi ranqu.rom 00
dos not
Th 6tm podu bnundsd utput
 Evor koudd vput.
S t give sys im s urstable .

uar Non--uintar
(n+)
yo) flzh)J= zin)+-nz (n+i
f,r)] 7,(n) + nz,
a, x,(n) t a, nx,Cn+1)
aflx,n))
fLun)J 2,n) + n 72lntl)
fzn)J: A7n) +a,n ¥,(n+)
a,,n)+ na,z,(n4)4
auflz,(n)J+ affz,n)].
aa22Ch) +nazaln+/)- D

ffn)t,n)] x,(n) +2(n) +n z,nti)+7,n+D

J4,h) +4,%20n) a,,¢n)+ Q,72 (n) +nay,(n+H)

tna,x, (n+)

The gven systm s niar

aynammi , nan-tasua
Thene fore the giwn syium
Varant, unstable and wiar

stai o Dynam:
-1 yl-1) z
- (1) future
prent

cuput dos nst depmd upon te

prsnt
h
vput valuL snly. So h aven Sysim u dynamuc

Caaua on -asnual
fueture
ThA up dou not duptnd upon th
valuut Dhput smly. So d qivn syiem is nen -tILat
 lume ariant lwaran
The output ts aulayd iput

.
duu

yin,N) x(n-n )
The dslayed dulput
yCn-N) (n-N))- @

The variant.

Stable er Dnstable:

xn) is a undd siana

magniluds E)
So z) is
fin. th
fncdfhcd
produces osundsd ulput
So tht ssm
every boundid nput.
So th ssttm u stabl
rNon- luntar

) f (n)] -z(
fx,n 2,0n)
a,ffzn)) = aa,(n)
fl7,cn) xn)

a,f n))+ A2
F[zn)1.4,,(n) +ar,(n)-®
f iz,n)+7,0n) 2 (n*) + aln")

la,x, (n)+ 3,X200)]a, x, Ln*) + 417, tn) -

giVn Syzrn
 There fre QiverSiyim dynarui, UrIno
tume variant stoble and uniar

yUn) xn)
Stall T Dynam
= 2'(-1) present
n-y(-1)
n-O y(o) = "lo) presen

n y (1) =z*(1) preint

presmnt value
valu
ThL output dpnd en hi
iput onty. So the qiuen Sytzrn stat
t) Camal o Nan- conal
not dpnd upn h južir
The ouput dos
Vallu hput nly. SD h Quven suslim
non- Casual
ue Varant nwar ant
6T

due to dulyed
vpu
Th utput N)
y (n) Cn-
The alapd output

yCn-N) Cn- N)

D
tinme hvaront
The qivr Systm
Stable Uhstabe:
n) s a houndidd sghal .

So thu maanihud xtn) i finite

So tu tm produus boundd outpuk f

evny boundid nut

t SiyE stah
uniar 0r Non -uhiar
gn)fLxcn) 7-«'en)
f,Cn)) tn)
a, f,n] . a, x (n)

a ffn) , Ch)

a Fln)+azffr.n)]: a, x,*(n) +aaX,"(n-P

fx,n)+zCn) 9(n)+ X(n):

ffa,x,(n) +aa?,(n) a,x,n) +a,xtn)-

hgiven susm inar