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Rectifiers

The document discusses rectifiers, which convert AC supply into DC, focusing on half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, including their configurations and output characteristics. It also covers the bridge rectifier, which uses four diodes and does not require a center tap, and highlights the need for filter circuits to smooth out the pulsating DC output from rectifiers. Various filter types, such as capacitor filters and L-C filters, are mentioned to reduce voltage fluctuations in the output.

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Rishab Sen
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24 views20 pages

Rectifiers

The document discusses rectifiers, which convert AC supply into DC, focusing on half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, including their configurations and output characteristics. It also covers the bridge rectifier, which uses four diodes and does not require a center tap, and highlights the need for filter circuits to smooth out the pulsating DC output from rectifiers. Various filter types, such as capacitor filters and L-C filters, are mentioned to reduce voltage fluctuations in the output.

Uploaded by

Rishab Sen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rectifiers

By : Dr. Atul R. Phadke


Associate Professor in Electrical Engineering
COEP Technological University Pune (Maharashtra)
RECTIFIERS:

Many equipment/electronic circuits etc. need DC supply for their operation.


Rectifier is a device that converts ac supply into dc.
Diodes are used as rectifier in a power supply circuit.
In this section we will discuss half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits.
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:

This is the simplest form of AC to DC


converter.
A diode D1 and a load resistance RL
in series are connected across the
secondary of a step-down
transformer (Fig (a)).
The transformer steps up or steps
down the supply voltage as needed.
The transformer also isolates the
power line and reduces the risk of
electrical shock.
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
During the positive half-cycle of the
input (Fig (b)), the diode D1 conducts
because it is forward biased.
Current flows from the positive end
of the supply through diode D1 and
RL to the negative terminal of the the
input.
During this period of time, a voltage
is developed across RL.
During the negative half cycle of AC
input, the diode is reverse-biased.
Practically no current flows through
the diode and the load RL and there
is no voltage output.
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
The average value of the half wave
DC output 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 0.45 × 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆
For example, if secondary side
voltage of transformer = 24 V, then
the DC output of the half wave
rectifier will be = 0.45 × 24 = 10.8 𝑉
Ripple frequency: The frequency of
the rectified pulsating DC is same as
the frequency of the input AC signal.
Peak inverse voltage: The peak
inverse voltage across the diode
under reverse biased condition is
equal to the peak value of the
secondary voltage.
TWO DIODE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

The secondary winding of the transformer is center tapped.


The secondary voltage is divided equally into two halves, one end of the load RL is
connected to the center tap and the other end of RL to the diodes.
TWO DIODE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

During the positive half cycle of the secondary voltage, diode D1 is forward-biased
and diode D2 is reverse-biased.
The current flows through the load resistor RL , diode D1 and the upper half of the
secondary winding.
TWO DIODE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

During the negative half cycle of secondary voltage, diode D2 is forward-biased and
diode D1 is reverse-biased.
The current flows through the load resistor RL diode D2 and the lower half of the
secondary winding.
TWO DIODE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

The load current is in the same direction during both the half-cycles of the AC input.
TWO DIODE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:
The average DC output of the full wave rectifier is twice the output of half wave
rectifier.
DC output 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 0.9 × 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆
For example, if secondary side voltage of transformer = 24-0-24 V (RMS), then the
DC output of the full wave rectifier will be = 0.9 × 24 = 21.6 𝑉
Ripple frequency: the output of a full wave rectifier has frequency double the input
AC frequency.
For example, If mains AC frequency is 50 Hz, the output frequency of the pulsating
DC will be 100 Hz.
Peak inverse voltage: The peak inverse voltage across the diode under reverse
biased condition is equal to two times the peak value of the secondary voltage.
TWO DIODE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:

Disadvantages of TWO DIODE full wave rectifier:


1) A center-tapped transformer that produces equal voltages on each half of the
secondary winding is difficult to manufacturer and, hence, costly.
2) Centre-tapped transformers are generally bulkier than ordinary transformers,
and, hence, occupy larger space.
3) Only half of the secondary voltage is used at a time.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

It is a full-wave rectifier.
In the bridge rectifier four diodes are used.
There is no need of center tap on the secondary of the transformer.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

During the positive half of the secondary voltage, diodes D2 and D3 are forward-
biased.
Hence, current flows through diode D2 load resistance RL and D3 to the other end of
the secondary.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

During the negative half of the secondary voltage, diodes D1 and D4 are conducting.
The current flows through diode D4, resistor RL and diode D1 to the other end of the
secondary.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

In both cases the current flows through the load resistor in the same direction.
Hence, a fluctuating DC is developed across the load resistor RL.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
The average DC output of the bridge rectifier, 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 0.9 × 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆
For example, if secondary side voltage of transformer = 24 V (RMS), then the DC
output of the full wave rectifier will be = 0.9 × 24 = 21.6 𝑉
Ripple frequency: the output of a full wave rectifier has frequency double the input
AC frequency.
For example, If mains AC frequency is 50 Hz, the output frequency of the pulsating
DC will be 100 Hz.
Peak inverse voltage: The peak inverse voltage across the diode under reverse
biased condition is equal to the peak value of the secondary voltage.
FILTER CIRCUITS:

(a) (b)

(c)
Alternating current is rectified to provide a steady DC voltage similar to the output of a battery as
shown in Fig (a).
However, the output of rectifier is pulsating DC as shown in Fig. (b).
Pulsating DC voltages cannot be used in most of the electronic circuits.
The circuits used to reduce the pulsation in the DC output of rectifiers are known as smoothing
circuits or popularly as Ripple filters.
The small voltage fluctuations in the output as shown in Fig. (c) are called Ripple.
FILTER CIRCUITS:
Some commonly used filter circuits:
a) Capacitor Filter:

b) Series Inductor Filter:


FILTER CIRCUITS:
Some commonly used filter circuits:
c) L-C Filter:

d) 𝜋 Filter:
Thank You

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