Rakesh V.S.

(EMP151)
Asst. Prof. ECE,
Vidya Academy of Science & Technology

EST130: Basics of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Module-4
Lecture-2

Text Book:
Basics of Electronics Engineering
Aneesh P. Thankachan
Pheonix Books, Kollam
 Syllabus

Module-4
Introduction to Semiconductor devices: Evolution of electronics
– Vacuum tubes to nano electronics.

Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors (constructional features not

required): types, specifications. Standard values, color coding.

PN Junction diode: Principle of operation, V-I characteristics,

principle of avalanche breakdown.

Bipolar Junction Transistors: PNP and NPN structures, Principle

of operation, relation between current gains in CE, CB and CC,
input and output characteristics of common emitter
configuration.
 Resistors

 Resistors are two-terminal components (or

elements) that are used to limit the amount of
current or to divide the voltage in a circuit.

 Unit of resistance is ohm (Ω)

Symbol of Resistor
 Resistor symbol used in electrical drawings can
either be a "zigzag" type line or a rectangular box.
 Resistors
 The behavior of an ideal resistor is specified by Ohm's law:
V= I.R.

 Ohm's Law : At constant temperature, the voltage (V) is

proportional to the current (I), where the constant of
proportionality is the resistance (R).

 Equivalently, R=V/I

 The resistance of a material is given by R = (ρl) / A

i.e. Resistance of a material is directly proportional to
length (l) and resistivity or specific resistance (ρ) and
inversely proportional to area of cross section (A)
Applications of Resistors
Specifications of Resistors
 Specifications of Resistors

 The important specifications are:

(1) Resistance Value
(2) Tolerance
(3) Power Rating or Wattage Rating
(4) Voltage Rating

Resistance Value
 Its the resistance value expressed in ohms which is
either written on its body or may be indicated by
colour coding.
 Specifications of Resistors

Tolerance

 It is the percentage deviation from the rated value.

 Tolerance indicates how much the measured value

of its actual resistance is different from its
theoretical value.

 Tolerance is calculated using percentages.

 Specifications of Resistors
Power Rating or Wattage Rating (Power Handling Capacity)

 It is the maximum power that the resistor can dissipate safely.

 Thus, if a resistor has a power rating of ¼ watts, ¼ watts is the

maximum amount of power that should be fed into the resistor.

 Beyond this rating, the temperature rise would be so high that the
resistor gets damaged.

 Physical size of a resistor gives an Indication of its wattage rating.

 Specifications of Resistors

Voltage Rating

 It is the maximum voltage that can be applied across

a resistor.
Types of Resistors
Types/Classification of Resistors
 Types/Classification of Resistors

 Based on the 'conductive properties of a resistor, resistors can

be classified as
(1) Linear resistors
(2) Non-Linear resistors

Linear Resistors
 The resistors, through which the current is directly
proportional to the applied voltage, are called linear resistors.

 Such resistors have a property that their resistance values do

not change with the variation in applied voltage, temperature
or light intensity.
 Types/Classification of Resistors

Types of Linear Resistors

 The linear resistors are of two types namely

(1) Fixed resistors
(2) Variable resistors

 Fixed value resistors: Types of resistors whose value is

fixed.

 Variable resistors: Resistance value can be changed

during its usage.
 Types/Classification of Resistors

Non-Linear Resistors

 The resistors in which the current is not directly

proportional to the applied voltage, are called non-
linear resistors.

 In such resistors, their resistance values change with

the variation in applied voltage, temperature or light
intensity.

 Three types non-linear resistors namely thermistor,

photo-resistor and varistor.
 FIXED RESISTORS
 These are resistors whose value is fixed already
while manufacturing and cannot be changed during
its usage.

i.e. fixed value resistors have a defined ohmic

resistance which is not adjustable.

 Main fixed resistors are:

1. Carbon Composition Resistors
2. Carbon Film Resistors
3. Metal Film Resistors
4. Wire wound Resistors
 1. Carbon Composition Resistors
 Manufactured from a mixture of
graphite, fine ceramic particles
(clay) and a resin as a binder.

 These materials are evenly mixed

and pressed into short cylindrical
rods which are heated under
pressure.

 The proportion of carbon particles

and resin used determines the
value or the resistor.

 At both ends of the composition a Fig.: Carbon resistors with the same
metal cap with a small rod of tin is physical size but different resistance
values.
attached to solder in circuits.
 1. Carbon Composition Resistors

Features of Carbon Composition Resistors:

1) Small Size 2) Available as wide resistance range
3) Cheap 4) Good performance at Radio Frequencies
 2. Carbon Film Resistors
 Manufactured by depositing a
thin film of carbon is onto a
small ceramic rod.

 The resistive coating is spiraled

away in an automatic machine
until the resistance between the
two ends of the rod is as close as
possible to the correct value.

 Metal leads and end caps are

added; the resistor is covered
with an insulating coating and
finally painted with colored
bands to indicate the resistor
value.
 2. Carbon Film Resistors

Features of Carbon Film Resistors:

1) Available in all resistor values 2) Small size
3) Good high frequency properties 4) Low cost
 3. Metal Film Resistor
 These are axial resistors with
a thin metal film as resistive
element.

 The thin film is deposited on

usually a ceramic body.

 Nichrome is generally used as Fig.: Construction of a metal film resistor.

the resistive material.

 This resistive material is

deposited on a cylindrical
ceramic core.
 4. Wire Wound Resistor

 It’s a resistor where a wire with a high resistivity is wrapped

around an insulating core to provide the resistance.

 The actual required resistance can be varied during winding

by varying the thickness and length of the wire.

 The wire is tightly wound around the ceramic substrate.

4. Wire Wound Resistor
Applications of Resistors
 VARIABLE RESISTORS

 Types of resistors whose value can be changed

during its usage.

 Rheostats and Potentiometers are examples of

variable resistances used to vary the amount of
current or voltage in a circuit.
 1. Potentiometer
 A potentiometer (sometimes called a pot) is used to
vary the amount of current or voltage in a circuit.

 Potentiometers are three-terminal devices.

 Two terminals are fixed while the third one is

connected to a movable wiper/tap which slides along
the element, changing the resistance between end
terminal and tap/wiper terminal.
 Application of Potentiometers

 The voltage V applied is to the

two end terminals.

 The variable voltage is

available between the variable
arm and an end terminal.

Fig.: Potentiometer connected across

voltage source to function as a
voltage divider. (a) Wiring diagram.
(b) Schematic diagram.
 Potentiometer Types

 Two types of pots: (1) Carbon composition potentiometer

(2) Wire wound potentiometer

Carbon composition potentiometer

 2. Rheostat
 It is an adjustable resistor used in applications that require the
adjustment of current or the varying of resistance in an
electric circuit.

 They are mainly used for large power dissipation.

 Rheostats have a current range from 0.1 up to 20 amps.

 Resistance ranges from 0.5 Ω to 10 KΩ

 2. Rheostat

 Rheostats are two terminal devices usually connected in

series with the load and the voltage source to vary the
current.
COLOR CODING OF RESISTORS
 COLOR CODING OF RESISTORS

 Carbon-composition and carbon film resistors are too small to

have the resistance value printed on their body packaging.

 Therefore, bands of color are used to represent the resistance

value.

 The first and second band represents the numerical value of

the resistor, and the color of the third band specifies the
power-of-ten multiplier.

 The color bands are always read from left to right starting
with the side that has a band closer to the edge.
 Colour coding of resistors

 Four band resistor color code

 1st band provides the first digit of the code

 2nd band provides the second digit of the code
 3rd band is the multiplier
 4th band indicates the tolerance value
 COLOUR CODING OF RESISTORS

Resistor Tolerance

 In 4 band color coding, the fourth bands are used to

determine the percentage tolerance of the resistor.

 Resistor tolerance is a measure of the resistance

variation from the specified resistive value and is a
consequence of the manufacturing process and is
expressed as a percentage of its preferred value.
 Resistor Color Code

Color Code

0 Black
1 Brown
2 Red
3 Orange
4 Yellow
5 Green
6 Blue
7 Violet
Fig.: How to read color stripes on carbon
resistors for R in ohms. 8 Gray
9 White
COLOUR CODING OF RESISTORS

B. B. ROY of Great
Britain has a Very
Good Wife
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
Calculating Resistance Values
 Calculating Resistance Values

Resistors under 10 Ω:
The multiplier band is either gold or silver.
For gold, multiply by 0.1
For silver, multiply by 0.01
 Calculating Resistance Values

Gold = 5%

5% of 4700 = 235

4700 - 235 = 4465

Yellow = 4
4700 + 235 = 4935

Violet = 7

Red = 2

The actual value can range from 4465 to 4935 .

00
47700 is the nominal value.
 Calculating Resistance Values
 What is the nominal value and permissible ohmic range for
each resistor shown?

1 k (950 to 1050 )

390  (370.5 to 409.5 )

22 k (20.9 to 23.1 k)

1 M (950 k to 1.05 M)

 Five-Band Color Code

 Precision resistors often use a

five-band code to obtain more
accurate R values.

 The first three bands indicate

the first 3 digits in the R value.

 The fourth band is the

multiplier.

 The tolerance is given by the Fig. 2-10: Five-band code.

fifth band.
Brown = 1%
Red = 2%
Green = 0.5%
Blue = 0.25%
Violet = 0.1%.
 Calculating Resistance Values

 Using the five-band code, indicate the colors of the bands for
each of the following resistors:
a) 110 Ω ± 1%
b) 34 kΩ ± 0.5% Color Code
c) 82.5 kΩ ± 2% 0 Black
1 Brown
2 Red
Tolerance 3 Orange
Brown = 1%
4 Yellow
Red = 2%
Green = 0.5% 5 Green
Blue = 0.25% 6 Blue
Violet = 0.1%. 7 Violet
8 Gray
9 White
Standard
values of
Resistors
 Resistors are
produced in
standard
values.

 The number
of values
between 0
and 100 Ω is
determined
by the
tolerance.
 Important Questions:
1) Give the specifications of a resistor. The colour bands marked on a resistor
are Blue, Grey, Yellow and Gold. What are the minimum and maximum
resistance values expected from that resistance? (4 marks)

2) Explain the classifications of fixed resistors.

3) Explain carbon composition resistor and carbon film resistor.
4) A carbon resistor has colour code violet, grey, yellow and gold. Find the
range of resistance value.

5) What is tolerance of a resistor? Find the resistance range for the carbon
resistor having the colour bands: Yellow, Violet, Red and Gold.
6) A carbon resistor has a colour bands: green; blue, red and gold. What is it's
resistance value? Also writes the colour band sequence for 390 ± 20% Ω

7) A carbon resistor has colour code violet, green and brown. Find the range
of resistance value.
8) For the samples given below specify the nominal value, tolerance,
maximum and minimum value.
a) Resistor colour - yellow, violet, orange and gold
THANK YOU