42 ESci 113: Calculus for Engineers II

Lesson 7.3: Some Properties of the Definite

Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of
Integral Calculus

Lesson Summary
We shall now give some properties of the definite integrals. Some of them are
formally stated as theorems in more advanced text on Calculus. We shall
state them here without proof. It is also in this lesson that we will be
introducing the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Lastly, the very useful
Wallis’ Formula will be discussed.

Learning Outcome
Evaluate definite integrals without using Riemann sums.

Motivation Question
Would the fundamental theorem include differentiation?

Discussion

Some Properties of the Definite Integral

Recall that in defining the definite integral

𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

we have specified in Lesson 7.2 that 𝑎 < 𝑏. If 𝑓 is defined or continuous on

[𝑏, 𝑎], that is 𝑏 < 𝑎, then we define the definite integral from 𝑎 to 𝑏 as

Eq. (7.11) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then Eq. (11.12) becomes

Eq. (7.12) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

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This means that definite integral does not cover any area at all.
IF 𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏, then

Eq. (7.13) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Two other important properties are the following:

Eq. (7.14) 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Eq. (7.15) [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Eq. (7.14) states that a constant factor may be taken outside the integral sign
and Eq. (7.15) states that the definite integral of the sum of two functions is
equal to the sum of the integrals of the separate functions.

Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

In general, the definite integral

𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

is not easy to evaluate by using Eq. (7.8). However, the definite integral can
be evaluated by the process of indefinite integration.

Definite integral can be evaluated by the process of indefinite

integration.

This is possible because of the following theorem called the Fundamental

Theorem of Integral Calculus.

Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous of the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏], and if 𝐹(𝑥) is the indefinite
integral of 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑖. 𝑒., 𝐹′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), then

lim 𝑓(𝑧 )∆𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

→

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Customarily denoted by the symbol

𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) −
𝐹(𝑥)

Then in more compact form, the fundamental theorem of integral calculus is

expressed by the equation.

Eq. (7.16) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

In words, the Fundamental Theorem or Eq. (7.16) states that

given a function 𝑓(𝑥),

we can compute the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) by

1. finding the indefinite integral 𝐹(𝑥) of 𝑓(𝑥)
2. evaluating 𝐹(𝑥) at 𝑏,
3. Evaluating 𝐹(𝑥) at 𝑎
4. Then, subtracting

To prove the Fundamental Theorem, we let

(𝑖) 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐺(𝑥)

Hence, 𝐺 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

However, by hypotheses, 𝐹 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

Since as discussed in the earlier modules, two function having the same
derivative differ by a constant, then

(𝑖𝑖) 𝐺(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

Substituting (𝑖𝑖) into (𝑖), we get

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

Substituting 𝑥 = 𝑎 into (𝑖𝑖𝑖), we have

(𝑖𝑣) 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑎) + 𝐶

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(Do not worry, this is not a typo. That is really 𝑎. Yes, it should be zero. But
not just yet. Just continue reading.)

Likewise, substituting 𝑥 = 𝑏 in (𝑖𝑖𝑖), we get

(𝑣) 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑏) + 𝐶

Subtracting (𝑖𝑣) from (𝑣)

∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑏) + 𝐶
−
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑎) + 𝐶
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐹(𝑏) + 𝐶] − [𝐹(𝑎) + 𝐶]

And we recall that ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0

∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑏) + 𝐶
−
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑎) + 𝐶
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 0 = 𝐹(𝑏) + 𝐶 − 𝐹(𝑎) − 𝐶

∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑏) + 𝐶
−
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑎) + 𝐶
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

Hence,

𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

This completes the proof.

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 46 ESci 113: Calculus for Engineers II

Example 7.3
Evaluate
𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
3

(2) (1)
= −
3 3
8 1
= −
3 3
7
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
3

Example 7.4
Evaluate

√4 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Let
𝑢 = 4 + 2𝑥
then
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(4 + 2𝑥)
= 0 + 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
Hence,
2
√4 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (4 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= (4 + 2𝑥) (2𝑑𝑥)
2

1 (4 + 2𝑥) Take note that

= ∙ is included in
2 1
+1 the expression
2

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that defines the

1 (4 + 2𝑥) integral of
= ∙ √4 + 2𝑥
2 3
2
1 2 /
= ∙ (4 + 2𝑥)
2 3
1 /
= (4 + 2𝑥)
3

(4 + 2𝑥) /
=
3

[4 + 2(6)] / [4 + 2(0)] /
= −
3 3
64 8
= −
3 3
56
√4 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
3

Example 7.5
Evaluate
(𝑥 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑥 2𝑥
(𝑥 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −
4 2

𝑥
= −𝑥
4

(2) (−2)
= − (2) − − (−2)
4 4

= [4 − 4] − [4 − 4]

(𝑥 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

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 48 ESci 113: Calculus for Engineers II

Example 7.6
Evaluate
(𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑥
(𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = + 4𝑥
3

(1) (−1)
= + 4(1) − + 4(−1)
3 3
1 1
= +4 − − −4
3 3
1 1
= +4+ +4
3 3
26
(𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 =
3

Odd Function

𝑓(𝑥) is defined in [−𝑎, 𝑎]

If 𝑓(𝑥) is an Odd Function
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

It can be shown that

For an odd function 𝑓(𝑥)

Eq. (7.17) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

Note that in Example 7.5, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 is an odd function since

𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) − 2(−𝑥)

= −𝑥 + 2𝑥
Factoring out −1
= −(𝑥 − 2𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

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Even Function

𝑓(𝑥) is defined in [−𝑎, 𝑎]

If 𝑓(𝑥) is an Even Function
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

It can be shown that

For an even function 𝑓(𝑥)

Eq. (7.18) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Note that in Example 7.6, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4 is an even function since

𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) + 4
=𝑥 +4
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Then by Eq. (7.18)

(𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥

𝑥
=2 + 4𝑥
3

1 (0)
=2 + 4(1) − + 4(0)
3 3

1
=2 +4 −0
3

26
(𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 =
3

Same result with Example 7.6.

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Example 7.7
Evaluate

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
= (1 − cos 2𝑥)(sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1
= (1 − cos 2𝑥) sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1 1
= (1 − cos 2𝑥) sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1
= (sin 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
8

1 1
= (1 − cos 4𝑥) − sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2

1 1 1
= − cos 4𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2 2

1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 − cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2 2

= 1 1 𝑑𝑥 −
1
cos 4𝑥
4
𝑑𝑥
8 2 2 4

− (sin 2𝑥) (cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)

= 1 1 𝑑𝑥 −
1
cos 4𝑥
4
𝑑𝑥
8 2 2 4
2
− (sin 2𝑥) (cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2

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= 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 − ∙ cos 4𝑥 (4𝑑𝑥)
8 2 2 4
1
− (sin 2𝑥) (cos 2𝑥)(2𝑑𝑥)
2

1 1 1 1 (sin 2𝑥)
= 𝑥 − cos 4𝑥 (4𝑑𝑥) −
8 2 8 2 3

1 1 1 1 (sin 2𝑥)
= 𝑥 − sin 4𝑥 −
8 2 8 2 3

As the student may notice by now, constants can go in and out of limits,
summations, and integration operations

1 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 (sin 2𝑥)

= − −
8 2 8 6

Reversing Eq. (7.15)

1 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 (sin 2𝑥)

= − −
8 2 8 6

= 1 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 (sin 2𝑥)

− −
8 2 8 6
𝑥 sin 4𝑥 (sin 2𝑥)
− − −
2 8 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin 2 ∙ 2
= 1 2 − sin 4 ∙ 2 −
8 2 8 6

0 sin 4(0) (sin 2 ∙ 0)

− − −
2 8 6

1 𝜋 sin 2𝜋 (sin 𝜋) sin 0 (sin 0)

= − − − 0− −
8 4 8 6 8 6

1 𝜋 0 0 0 0
= − − − 0− −
8 4 8 6 8 6

𝜋
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
32

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Solution 2:

1 1 1 1 (sin 2𝑥)
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − sin 4𝑥 −
8 2 8 2 3

1 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= − 0 − sin 4 ∙ − sin(4 ∙ 0)
8 2 2 8 2

𝜋
1 sin 2 ∙ 2 (sin 2 ∙ 0)
− −
2 3 3

1 𝜋 1
= − [sin(2𝜋) − sin 0]
8 4 8
1 (sin 2𝜋) (sin 0)
− −
2 3 3
1 𝜋 1 1
= − [0 − 0] − [0 − 0]
8 4 8 2

𝜋
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
32

Wallis’ Formula

The integral in Example 7.7 can be evaluated in a neater fashion and quiet
easily too by a formula called Wallis’ Formula.

Eq. (𝟕. 𝟏𝟗) Wallis’ Formula

[(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)][(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)]

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)
∙𝛼

Where
𝑚 and 𝑛 are nonnegative integers
𝜋
𝛼= if both 𝑚 and 𝑛 are even
2
𝛼=1 if either one or both are odd

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Consider again the integral in Example 7.7. We note that 𝑚 = 4 and 𝑛 = 2 are
both even. Hence 𝛼 = and by Eq. (7.19), we have

[(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)][(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)]

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)

[(4 − 1)(4 − 3)][(2 − 1)] 𝜋

= ∙
(4 + 2)(4 + 2 − 2)(4 + 2 − 4) 2

[(3)(1)][(1)] 𝜋
= ∙
(6)(4)(2) 2

𝜋
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
32

It can be shown that if 𝑛 = 0, then Eq. (7.19) reduces to

Eq. (7.20) (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
𝑚(𝑚 − 2) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)

Where
𝜋
𝛼= if 𝑚 is even
2
𝛼=1 if 𝑚 is odd

It can be shown that if 𝑚 = 0, then Eq. (7.19) reduces to

Eq. (7.21) (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)

cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
𝑛(𝑛 − 2) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)

Where
𝜋
𝛼= if 𝑛 is even
2
𝛼=1 if 𝑛 is odd

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Example 7.8
Evaluate

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Since 𝑚 = 5 is odd, then 𝛼 = 1. Thus, Eq. (7.20) we have

(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
𝑚(𝑚 − 2) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)

(5 − 1)(5 − 3)
= ∙1
5(5 − 2)(5 − 4)
4(2)
= ∙1
5(3)(1)

8
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
15

Change of Limits Associated with Change of Variable

By a change of variable, an integral can be reduced to a form for which

Wallis’ Formula can be applied.

The following are the steps to follow when changing the variable of
integration:
1. Define a new variable in terms of the original variable of integration.
2. Define the new variable’s differential, still, in terms of the original
variable of integration
3. We, then, solve for the new lower and upper limits based on the
function that defines the new variable in terms of the old on.
4. Substitute into the definite integral the new variable, lower and upper
limits.
5. Evaluate the definite integral using any preferred appropriate method.
The good thing with definite integrals is that we do not need to convert back
the answer to an expression that is defined in terms of the old variable. Since,
when the substitution was done right, the final answer would still be the same
even without the variable change.

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Example 7.9
Evaluate

cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
The upper limit of the definite integral is not . So, as it is, Wallis’ formula
cannot be used.
However, we can transform the integral such that the angle inside the
cosine function is changed. This means that we also have to modify the
limits according the changes we will make on the variable.

For our solution, we will introduce a new variable 𝜃.

1. So, we let
𝜃 = 3𝑥 (𝑖)
2. and the differential of 𝜃 is
𝑑𝜃 = 3𝑑𝑥 (𝑖𝑖)

Then we will rewrite (𝑖𝑖) such that we can used it directly in our substitution
later.

1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
3
3. Then we will solve for the new lower and upper limits based on (𝑖)
New lower limit, using 𝑥 = 0
𝜃 = 3(0)
𝜃 = 0

New upper limit, using 𝑥 =

𝜋
𝜃 = 3
6
𝜋
𝜃 =
2

4. Substitute (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖𝑖) into the integral and use the new lower and
upper limits

1
cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

1
= cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

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 56 ESci 113: Calculus for Engineers II

5. Now we can evaluate the integral. We will use Wallis’ formula. Since
𝑛 = 8 is an even number, ∝=

1
cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

1 (8 − 1)(8 − 3)(8 − 5)(8 − 7) 𝜋

= ∙
3 8(8 − 2)(8 − 4)(8 − 6) 2

1 (7)(5)(3)(1) 𝜋
= ∙
3 8(6)(4)(2) 2

35𝜋
cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
768

Assessment
Evaluate each of the following:

1. 𝑥 2 − √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. √4 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. 4. (3𝑥 + 4) /
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)

𝑑𝑥
5. 6. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√9 − 𝑥

1 − cos 𝑥
7. cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8. 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥

cos 𝑥
9. 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥

Use Wallis’ formula evaluate:

11. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 For instructional purposes only • 1st Semester SY 2020-2021 57

Instructions on how to submit student output

Please see class policies for details.

References and Additional Resources

Edwards, B. H. and Larson, R. (2010). Calculus. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. 10 Davis

Drive, Belmont, CA 94002-3098

Feliciano, F.T. and Uy, F.B. (1983). Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Ed. Merriam and
Webster Bookstore, Inc., Manila, Philippines.

Love, C.E. and Rainville, E.D. (1969). Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Ed. The Macmillan
Company, New York, USA.

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Vision: A globally competitive university for science, technology, and environmental conservation.
Mission: Development of a highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge TP-IMD-02
V0 07-15-2020
and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and environment.
No. CET.ESC SLG20-03