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Year 12 DP Lesson Note

The document provides an overview of computer networking, defining key concepts such as nodes, servers, and clients, and categorizing networks into PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN based on geographical coverage and data transfer rates. It also discusses various network topologies including Star, Bus, Ring, Tree, and Mesh, detailing their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it highlights the importance of networking devices in creating a network.

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22 views7 pages

Year 12 DP Lesson Note

The document provides an overview of computer networking, defining key concepts such as nodes, servers, and clients, and categorizing networks into PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN based on geographical coverage and data transfer rates. It also discusses various network topologies including Star, Bus, Ring, Tree, and Mesh, detailing their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it highlights the importance of networking devices in creating a network.

Uploaded by

David Oloruntola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WEEK ONE AND TWO

TOPIC: NETWORKING I
A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers or computing devices.
A network allows computers to share data and resources among each other .

NODE: In a communication network, each device that is a part of a network and that can
receive, create, store or send data to different network routes is called a node.

SERVER: It is a special computer which provide services to other computer/devices in a


network is called server.

CLIENT: A computer/device connected in a network sending request to server is called


client.

TYPES OF NETWORKING

Based on the geographical area covered and data transfer rate, computer networks are
broadly categorized as:

1. PAN(Personal Area Network)


2. LAN (Local Area Network)
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
4. WAN (Wide Area Network)

1) Personal Area Network

A Personal Area Network is collection of various interconnected devices such as


computers, mobile devices, fax machines and printers available closely to an individual
user.
Characteristics of PAN

 Mostly it uses Wi-Fi connectivity.


 Usually operated or owned by individuals.
 It covers distance of maximum 10-30mtr.
 Usually PAN is private.

2). Local Area Network (LAN): It is a network that connects computers, mobile
phones, tablet, mouse, printer, etc., placed at a limited distance. The geographical area
covered by a LAN can range from a single room, a floor, laboratory, a school, college,
or university campus etc.

LAN is comparatively secure as only authentic users in the network can access other
computers or shared resources.

Characteristics of LAN

 LAN Occupies small area not more than 1-5kms.


 Usually operated or owned by single person
 Speed of data transfer is high as compare to other networks.
 Easy Installation and Maintenance

3). Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): It is an extended form of LAN which covers a
larger geographical area like a city or a town. Data transfer rate in MAN also ranges in
Mbps, but it is considerably less as compared to LAN. Cable TV network or cable based
broadband internet services are examples of MAN. This type of network can be
extended up to 30–40 km.
Characteristics of MAN

 MAN Occupies area between 5 to 50 kilometers.


 Usually operated or owned by consortium of people or an organization provides
services.
 It often acts as high speed network.
 MAN may be public.
 Examples- Municipal Offices network, Police Station network etc.

4). Wide Area Network (WAN): Wide Area Network (WAN) connects computers and
others LANs and MANs, which are spread across different geographical locations of a
country or in different countries or continents. A WAN could be formed by connecting a
LAN to other LANs via wired or wireless media. The Internet is the largest WAN that
connects billions of computers, smartphones etc.

Characteristics of WAN

 WAN covers very long distance area.


 Usually operated or owned by national or multinational organizations.
 Comparatively low speed network to LAN and MAN.
 Most often WAN is public.
 Examples- National Banks, Railways, INTERNET etc.

NETWORK DEVICES
Those devices which are used to connect computer, laptop, printer etc. to create a
network are called networking device. For example Modem, Hub, Switch, Router etc.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Network Topology defines the layout or structure of a Computer Network that defines
the pattern of all devices connected to each other.
Types of Topology

There are 5 basic Network Topologies:

 Star
 Bus or Linear
 Ring (Circular)
 Tree
 Mesh

Star Topology

It is one of the most commonly used topology. In a star topology, nodes are not
connected to each other, instead are connected to a central device called hub or switch.
Information sent by a computer is received by hub/switch, which than determines which
node that data needs to send.

Advantages of Star Topology

 It is less expensive.
 Easy to install and update
 Easy troubleshooting
 Robust network
 Easy to add new node

Disadvantages of Star Topology

 If central device (hub/switch) fails, entire network goes down.


 Performance of entire network depends upon central device.
 Needs long cable to connect each node to central device.
Bus (linear) Topology

It is one of the simplest topology used for network. In bus topology, all the nodes are
connected to each other through a single cable generally called ‘backbone’.

Information transmitted by a node reach to all the nodes connected to network, but
information is processed or taken only by that node which address is matched with
address contained within information.

Advantages of Bus (linear) Topology

 It is very simple to design and install.


 less caballing is required as compared to other topologies.
 Best suited for small network (LAN).
 Very cost effective.
 easily expandable.

Disadvantages of Bus (linear) Topology

 Not suitable for large network.


 If cable (backbone) is failed, entire network goes down.
 though its design is simple, it is difficult to diagnose the fault.
 data loss is high
 slow network

Ring (Circular) Topology

In Ring or Circular topology all connected nodes form a circular path. Each node is
connected to it’s two neighboring nodes.

In this topology Information sent by a node transmits from one node to another node
until it reaches to destination node. Usually data is transmitted in half duplex mode in
this topology but it can be duplex mode.
Advantages of Ring (Circular) Topology

 No need of Server control for data transmission.


 Data collision rate is very low as data travels unidirectionaly.
 Easy maintenance and troubleshooting
 High Speed Communication Network.
 Each node has equal access to resources

Disadvantages of Ring (Circular) Topology

 Failure of any node may cause entire network down.


 Less secured network
 Slower than star topology
 Expensive network as it uses expensive components to establish the network.

Tree Topology

It is popularly called Star-Bus Topology which is not so commonly used. Devices at


lower level are connected to devices at next higher level, which resembles a tree like
structure. At higher levels of the tree, often point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
connections are used.

It creates Parent-child hierarchy as there can be only one connection between two
nodes and two nodes can have only one mutual connection.
Advantages of Tree Topology

 It is most suitable for large networks.


 Failure of any node does not affect network communication.
 It is Flexible network because new node can be added easily without interrupting
whole network.
 Large community for support.
 It provide highly secured network.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

 It depends upon central cable (backbone), which if fails may stop working of
entire network.
 Higher level node failure may affect next level node performance.
 More expensive and complex network.
 Tough maintenance due to large no of components and cables.

Mesh Topology

In Mesh topology, all the nodes are connected to every other node individually. Each
node is capable to send and receive information to and from another node. Generally,
Mesh topology does not implement any central Server/Switch/Hub.

The connections in Mesh topology can be Wired or Wireless.

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