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PAD202 - INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SUMMARY

The art of _______ connotes the direction, co-ordination and control of man, material and
resources to achieve some purposes or objectives.
Administration

The art of administration connotes the______, co-ordination and control of man, material and
resources to achieve some purposes or objectives.
Direction

The art of administration connotes the direction, _______and control of man, material and
resources to achieve some purposes or objectives.
Co-ordination

The art of administration connotes the direction, co-ordination and control of_______, material
and resources to achieve some purposes or objectives.
Man

An _______ is one who exercises that art of administration which connotes the direction, co-
ordination and control of man, material and resources to achieve some purposes or objectives.
Administrator

There are administrators in all human activities.

True

There are ______ in all human activities.

Administrators

_______ is that type of administration that is carried out in any affair that concerns the government.
Public administration

Public administration is that type of administration that is carried out in any _______ that concerns
the government.
Affair

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Public administration is that type of administration that is carried out in any affair that concerns
the________.
Government

The type of administration that is practiced in all levels of government be it in the central,
intermediate or local levels is called_______
Public administration

Public administration is not a creation of modern times.

True

The ancient _______ Empire during the Han Dynasty, 202 BC, recognised the need to have a
permanent body of officials to implement government decisions.
Chinese

The amalgamation of the colony and protectorates of the northern and southern Nigeria to form
the colony and protectorate of Nigeria took place in _______.
1914

________ wrote that some form of administration had existed ever since there had been
government.
Gladden (1972)

According to Maduabum (2006) the ________ were rendered completely passive and highly de-
motivated.
People

According to _______ the people were rendered completely passive and highly de-motivated.
Maduabum (2006)

The following factors have contributed to the growth of public administration

• The scientific and technological development
• Industrial revolution
• Economic planning
• War
• Calamities and crises
• Rapid growth of population and problems of metropolitan cities
• Emergence of welfare state

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The invention of ______ and telegraph has made government and large–scale administration
possible.
Telephone

The invention of telephone and ________ has made government and large–scale administration
possible.
Telegraph

________ has led to the growth of a very large –scale industries and factory production,
overcrowded industrial towns and urban slums.
Industrial revolution

In a word, the _______ and independence of the state, social and economic welfare of the people
depend upon the effective and efficient functioning of public administration.
Security

The security and ______ of the state, social and economic welfare of the people depend upon the
effective and efficient functioning of public administration.
Independence

The security and independence of the state, social and economic welfare of the people depend
upon the effective and efficient functioning of________.
Public administration

According to Simon (1970), _______ refers to the activities of groups cooperating to accomplish
goals.
Administration

MacRae and Pitt (1980), sees _______ as the co-ordination of men and materials within
organisation for the accomplishment of identified purposes.
Administration

_______ connotes such activities as implementation of organisational decisions and goals as well
as the systematic study of these activities.
Administration

_______ is that administration which is practiced in the public sector.

Public administration

Public administration is that administration which is practiced in the _______sector.

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Public

Public administration is that administration which is practiced in the public________.

Sector

Public administration is that administration which is practiced in the_______.

Public sector

Public administration is that ________ which is practiced in the public sector.

Administration

________ is the means, arrangements, actions and processes by which the policies, programmes,
purposes and goals of government are realised.
Public administration

________ perceived public administration as the most visible side of government.

Woodrow Wilson (1887)

Woodrow Wilson (1887) perceived _______ as the most visible side of government.
Public administration

Woodrow Wilson (1887) perceived public administration as the most visible side of_______.
Government

_______ posits that public administration is the management of government activities.

While Ezeani (2006)

According to________, Public administration refers both to the activities of bureaucrats concerned
with the management or administration of government organisations and the study of these
activities.
While Ezeani (2006)

According to While Ezeani (2006), _______ refers both to the activities of bureaucrats concerned
with the management or administration of government organisations and the study of these
activities.
Public administration

_______ sees public administration as a governmental administration that operates in the particular
sphere of government as its machinery for implementing governmental policies.
Adebayo (1992)

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________ contends that public administration is the organ that carries out the programmes and
manifestos of politicians in power.
Akpan (1982)

The functions of the _______ in the administration of justice and the work of the military agencies
all form part of the public administration.
Courts

According to_______ , public administration is the fusion of human and material resources in
order to achieve the objectives of public policy.
Balogun (1987)

According to Balogun (1987), _______ is the fusion of human and material resources in order to
achieve the objectives of public policy.
Public administration

________ can be viewed as a body of knowledge which is directed towards the understanding of
administration of the government business.
Public administration

The study and practice of public _______ is called public administration.

Bureaucracy

The study and practice of public bureaucracy is called________.

Public administration

The characteristics of public administration include the following in nature:

• Public administration is a means to an end and not an end in itself
• Public administration differs significantly from private administration, especially in its
emphasis on public good, but it finds partial analogies in private administration.
• Public administration is interdisciplinary in history
• Public administration is a practical discipline, be it an art or a science.
• Public administration is an ongoing process.
• Public administration is a non-political public bureaucracy operating in a political system
under the direction of public leadership.
• Public administration is the monopoly of the state.
• Public administration is also naturally a big and complex matter.

Public administration is an _______ process.

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Ongoing

Public administration is the _______ of the state.

Monopoly

Public administration is the monopoly of the _______

State

An administrator must possess the following qualities:

• Sense of judgment
• Foresight
• Ability to delegate
• Tact
• Modesty

The study of public administration was directed at the twin pursuits of _______
Reforming governmental institution and training civil servants

The following are the challenges to the study of public administration

• Lack of knowledge as to the real status of public administration
• The scope of public administration is wide.
• Inaccessibility of the practicing public administrators by the public administration students
• Poor funding for research on the subject
• Few universities offering the course.

The ________ defines ecology as that branch of science that studies the distribution and abundance
of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Oxford dictionary

The Oxford dictionary defines _______ as that branch of science that studies the distribution and
abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Ecology

The general definition of ________ is the relationship that exists between plant and living
organisms to each other and to their environment.
Ecology

________ examines humans and their interactions with their natural environments.
Human ecology

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_________ of public administration is concerned with how the differences in social, cultural and
environmental factor coupled with historical experiences affect the way in which public
administration is conducted and also how administrative actions affect the society in which it plays
a part.
Ecology

________ state that the cultural norms and values of society limit the activities of public officials,
and the methods which they can adopt to pursue their goals.
MacRae and Pitt (1980)

MacRae and Pitt (1980) state that the _______of society limit the activities of public officials, and
the methods which they can adopt to pursue their goals.
Cultural norms and values

The _______ is constantly changing and exerting influences of various types on the organisation.
Environment

The environment of public administration entails these

• The resources needed by public administration are so diffuse and dispersed that there is a
serious problem of coordination.
• Associated with this diffuseness of resources is the diffuseness of roles necessary for public
administration
• Public administration takes place in the full glare of the public eye
• It operates in an intense and pervasive political atmosphere.
• There is a widespread expectation of benefits from public administration at little or no cost
to the citizen

Public administration takes place in the full glare of the public eye.
True

The _______ is viewed as a faceless entity or as national cake which should be sliced and eaten
by those who are fortunate to get close to it.
Public service

The public service is viewed as a faceless entity or as _______which should be sliced and eaten
by those who are fortunate to get close to it.
National cake

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From ________ the central administration for Lagos, Gold Coast, Gambia and Sierra Leone was
transferred to Freetown, Sierra Leone.
1866 to 1874

From 1866 to _______ the central administration for Lagos, Gold Coast, Gambia and Sierra Leone
was transferred to Freetown, Sierra Leone.
1874

From_______, Lagos and Colony was administered from Gold Coast.

1874 to 1886

From 1874 to________, Lagos and Colony was administered from Gold Coast.
1886

In _______ Moloney was appointed Governor of Lagos.

1886

In 1886 _______ was appointed Governor of Lagos.

Moloney

In 1886 Moloney was appointed ______of Lagos.

Governor

Moloney was appointed Governor of_______ in 1886

Lagos

In_______, the Niger Coast Protectorate was merged with the territories of the Royal Niger
Company.
1889

On 1st January, _______, the protectorate of Southern Nigeria was created along with that of
Northern Nigeria.
1900

In_______, Lagos Colony was merged with Southern Nigeria

1906

In_______, Lagos Colony plus Southern Protectorate were merged with Northern Protectorate to
form an amalgamated territory called Nigeria.
1914

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Adamolekun (2000:33) rightly puts it thus, ‘British colonial rule was an administocracy, a
dictatorship, and an authoritarian system of government’.

The _______ was imposed on the people for the maintenance of law and order.
Public sector

The public sector was imposed on the people for the maintenance of _______and order.
Law

The public sector was imposed on the people for the maintenance of law and________.
Order

The _______ World War gave a great boost to the ‘Nigerianisation’ of the public service.
Second

The Second World War gave a great boost to the _______ of the public service.
Nigerianisation

As a way of compensating Nigerians for supporting Britain in their war campaign, the Foot
Commission of Inquiry was established in_______ to ascertain the possibility of indigenising or
‘Nigerianising’ the civil service.
1948

Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule on _______

1st October, 1960

Nigeria gained ________ from British colonial rule on 1st October, 1960
Independence

Nigeria gained independence from ________ colonial rule on 1st October, 1960
British

Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule on 1st October, _______
1960

Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule on 1st October, 1960 and since then she
had experienced both ______ and military administrations.
Democratic

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Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule on 1st October, 1960 and since then she
had experienced both democratic and ________ administrations.
Military

Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule on 1st October, 1960 and since then she
had experienced both________.
Democratic and military administrations

Public administration of a country is influenced by the _______ policies of the government in

power
Economic

NPA means_______
Nigerian Ports Authority

Nigeria operates a _______economy

Mixed

Nigeria operates a mixed economy whereby _______

Government invests in certain enterprises owned by the state

The workers who work in public corporations are known as_______.

Public servants

_______ environment is referred to as the desires, expectations, attitudes, degrees of intelligence

and education, beliefs and customs of the people in a given group or society.
Socio-cultural

Public administrators operate in a _______ environment.

Complex

________ is a social unit or human grouping deliberately constructed to pursue specific goals.
Organisation

Organisation is a social unit or human grouping deliberately constructed to pursue

specific________.
Goals

Organisation is a _______ unit or human grouping deliberately constructed to pursue specific

goals.

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Social

Organisation has three goals which may be either intermeshed or independent ends in themselves,
namely:
• Growth
• Stability
• Interaction

Examples of organisation are corporations, armies, schools, mosques, hospitals, churches, prisons
and so on.

According to Simon (1950),________ is said to commence immediately two people agree to co-
operate to undertake a task, for instance, to move a stone which none of them can move alone.
Administration

Nwosu (1985:3), noted that ________ is inevitable in any given situation where a piece of work
has to be done, and this piece of work requires the effort of more than one person to accomplish
it.
Administration

________ involves the mobilisation, deployment and direction of human and material resources
to attain the specified objectives.
Administration

_______ explains further that administration exists whenever people cooperate to achieve the goals
of their groups, and such achievements require planning, organisation, command, cooperation and
control.
Onuoha (1999)

_________ can be defined as a capacity to coordinate and execute many and often conflicting
social demands in a single organism so perfectly that they should all operate as a unit
Administration

A _______ administrative expert writing in 500 BC remarked that whoever pursues a business in
this world must have a system.
Chinese

A Chinese administrative expert writing in 500 BC remarked that whoever pursues a business in
this world must have a_______.
System

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A Chinese administrative expert writing in ________remarked that whoever pursues a business in
this world must have a system.
500 BC

A business which has attained success without a system does not exist.
True

The following are the basic characteristics of administration

• Hierarchy
• Unity of command
• Chain of command
• Span of Control

________ are postulated to establish how resources of organisations can best be managed.
Administrative theories

Administrative _______ are postulated to establish how resources of organisations can best be
managed.
Theories

Administrative approaches are broadly divided into_______, bureaucratic management and human
relations.
Administrative management

Administrative approaches are broadly divided into administrative management, _______and

human relations.
Bureaucratic management

Administrative approaches are broadly divided into administrative management, bureaucratic

management and_______.
Human relations

________approaches are broadly divided into administrative management, bureaucratic

management and human relations.
Administrative

Bureaucratic theory was one of the earliest theories of organisation.

True

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Bureaucratic theory was formulated by _______
Max Weber

Who is fondly referred to as the father of bureaucracy and bureaucratic theory?

Max Weber

According to_______, bureaucracy is hierarchical, and promotion based on professional, merit and
skill.
Weber

According to Weber, _______ is hierarchical, and promotion based on professional, merit and
skill.
Bureaucracy

The formulation of Human relations theory began with the efforts of ________in 1927.
Elton Mayo

The formulation of Human relations theory began with the efforts of Elton Mayo in_______.
1927

________ theory is today known as Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs

Human relations theory

_______ perceived human desire to be based first on psychological needs which provide the
foundation for the next greatest need which is security.
Maslow

Public administration as a course of study emerged as a result of the deficiencies observed by

_______ in the apparatus for performing the numerous tasks of government.
Woodrow Wilson (1887)

________ highlighted the importance of studying the administrative institution of government.

Woodrow

Who opined that the task of public administration was to straighten the paths of government, to
make its business less un-business like, to strengthen and purify its organisations and to crown its
duties with dutifulness?
Woodrow Wilson

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_______ can be viewed as those activities involved in carrying out the programmes and policies
of government irrespective of the system of the government in power.
Public administration

Public administration can be viewed as those activities involved in carrying out the programmes
and policies of government irrespective of the system of the _______ in power.
Government

Public administration can be viewed as those activities involved in carrying out the programmes
and policies of government irrespective of the system of the government in________.
Power

As a discipline or body of knowledge, _______is geared towards the understanding of

governmental administration.
Public administration

________ agrees that specialists in public administration have achieved a considerable degree of
uniformity in the manner of approach to the solution of problems which is characteristics of
science.
Pfiffner

In_______, administrative officials perform a considerable portion of their task through

communication which could either be in oral or in written forms.
Public service

In public service, _______officials perform a considerable portion of their task through

communication which could either be in oral or in written forms.
Administrative

In public service, administrative _______perform a considerable portion of their task through

communication which could either be in oral or in written forms.
Officials

In public service, administrative officials perform a considerable portion of their task through
_______ which could either be in oral or in written forms.
Communication

A good deal is achieved through _______ discussion.

face–to–face

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________ are views, opinions, advice, information, or directives expressed in writing during the
course of day–to–day work in the office.
Minutes

Minutes are views, opinions, advice, information, or directives expressed in writing during the
course of day–to–day work in the office and are usually enclosed in paper jackets known
as________.
Files

_______ and management are the major influences on the present stage of development of public
administration.
Political science

Political science and ________are the major influences on the present stage of development of
public administration.
Management

Policy is concerned with _______

Ends

Administration is concerned with_______.

Means

Policy is concerned with ends while administration is concerned with means.

True

________ asserted that the tasks of government were sufficiently simple that any person of
intelligence could perform them without preparation or training.
Andrew Jackson

Woodrow Wilson stressed that the task of public administration was to:
• strengthen the paths of government
• make its business less un–business–like
• strengthen and purify its organisation
• to crown its duties with dutifulness

The most fundamental and important function of public administration is_______

To ensure the continuity of government activities

A complementary function of public administration is _______

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That of informing the government about the attitudes of the people, including various groups
in the society, towards government policies and programs

Public administration is also very crucial in the organisation and provision of social welfare
services to the population.
• It is responsible in many countries for ensuring constant and adequate supply of water,
electricity, health care and educational facilities
• It is responsible for public works such as urban and other road constructions
• The dredging of rivers, the building of port facilities, irrigation facilities, the organisation
of famine relief when necessary
• Sanitation, drainage facilities, the control of erosion and other natural disasters
• The payment of pension and other labour benefits

________ coordinate all the multifarious activities of its various departments and agencies to
ensure that they are not working at cross–purposes.
Civil service

________ or organisation can be defined as all activities that are concerned with profit making by
minimising cost of productions and maximising profit.
Private administration

Private administration or _______ can be defined as all activities that are concerned with profit
making by minimising cost of productions and maximising profit.
Organisation

_______ is concerned with the activities of private organisations and institutions that are not
owned jointly or principally by the government.
Private administration

Private administration is ______

Concerned with the activities of private organisations and institutions that are not owned
jointly or principally by the government

________ administration recruits their personnel in a private manner.

Private

Private administration recruits their _______ in a private manner.

Personnel

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Private administration recruits their personnel in a ________manner.
Private

Public administration has no generally accepted definition.

True

Public administration studies the implementation of government policies and prepares ______for
this work.
Civil servants

_______ are regarded as public servants working in public organisations and parastatals at all
levels of government.
Public administrators

_______ could be regarded as both an art and science of managing government affairs, enforcing
laws and fulfilling public policies.
Public administration

Public administration is an art because _______

It concerns the practical management of men and materials for public interest

Public administration is a science because_______

It concerns the knowledge of the ways and methods for efficient fulfillment of public policy

Public administration could be seen as a ______ making venture.

Decision

Public administration could be seen as a decision making_______.

Venture

Public administration could be seen as a _______ venture.

Decision making

Public administration can at times be referred to as _______

Public management

In Nigeria, there are _______levels of public administration

Three

In Nigeria, there are three levels of public administration

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True

The following are the levels of public administration in Nigeria

• federal government administration
• state government administration
• local government administration

The _______ of public organisation assist the organisation effectiveness towards the realisation of
its goals and objectives so do that of the private organisation.
Features

Unlike administrators in private administration, ______are accountable to the public for every
aspect of their official activities
Civil servants

The relationship between politics and public administration can be viewed from ______ sides of a
coin.
Two

The relationship between politics and public administration can be viewed from two sides of
a_______
Coin

_______ of the public administrator stipulates that the public administrators must be politically
neutral.
Political neutrality

Political neutrality of the _______ stipulates that the public administrators must be politically
neutral.
Public administrator

Political neutrality of the public administrator stipulates that _______

The public administrators must be politically neutral

Political _______ of the public administrator stipulates that the public administrators must be
politically neutral.
Neutrality

According to_______, there is no such thing as policy making being separate from policy
execution.

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Appleby (1949)

The political approach to public administration was perhaps most forcefully stated by______.
Sayre

Public administration was anything but devoid of_______.

Politics

________ approach focuses on the internal dynamics within the administrative organisational
behaviour of individual and overall internal environment.
Behavioural approach

In the _______approach, there is strong concern with procedures for collecting and utilising data,
such as social survey questionnaire and developing knowledge that is verifiable.
Behavioural

________ approach identifies the formal structure of governmental administration as a significant

feature that could form the focus of study.
Formal structural approach

According to the_______, a system is made up of interdependent parts, which interact with the
environment by importing inputs while exporting outputs in order to maintain a permanent state
of equilibrium.
Systems theorists

________ approach is concerned with the application of the Weberian concept of bureaucracy in
the context of government administration.
Bureaucratic approach

________ argues that ideal hierarchical authority, specialisation of function, specified sphere of
competence, operation on the basis of rules and impersonality.
Weber

There are ______major sub-groupings of classical approach

Two

Who is generally acknowledged as the father of scientific management?

Frederick Winslow Taylor

The best known proponent of the scientific management movement is ______

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Frederick Winslow Taylor

According to Koontz et al, _______ is acknowledged as the father of scientific management

Frederick Winslow Taylor

The objective of scientific management was________

To discover the basic principles of motion involved in the performance of physical tasks and
then to determine the ‘one best way’ of performing any task

In_______, Frederick W. Taylor published his famous work titled the “Principles of Scientific
Management’’.
1911

In 1911, ______published his famous work titled the “Principles of Scientific Management’’.
Frederick W. Taylor

In 1911, Frederick W. Taylor published his famous work titled the_______.

Principles of Scientific Management

Frederick W. Taylor book titled ‘’Principles of Scientific Management’’ has the following goals
• To demonstrate the great losses by the United States of America as a result of the daily
inefficiencies practiced by its people
• To suggest that the solution to this problem lay in employing people of ability and in the
practice of systematic management
• To prove that systematic management was based on definite rules, laws and principles

Frederick W. Taylor book has_______ goals

Three

According to_______, scientific management is not an efficiency device, nor does it belong to any
group of efficiency devices.
Taylor

Scientific Management Theory was propounded by_______

Frederick Taylor

The key tenet of scientific management is that_______

Human beings are adjunct to the machine

________theory views productivity as the major goal of an organisation.

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Scientific management

Scientific management theory views _______as the major goal of an organisation.

Productivity

Scientific management theory views productivity as the major ______of an organisation.

Goal

Scientific management theory views productivity as the major goal of an________.

Organisation

________ applied scientific methods to develop accurate measurements to determine what

constitutes a day’s work for each operation by establishment of standards through studying the job
to find the best way of doing it in the shortest time required.
Frederick Winslow Taylor

________ views management as a process of getting things done by people operating

independently or in groups.
Taylor

Taylor views ________as a process of getting things done by people operating independently or
in groups.
Management

_______ observed that management is neglecting its functions and pushing the burden of methods
and output on labour.
Frederick Winslow Taylor

Frederick Winslow Taylor observed that _______is neglecting its functions and pushing the
burden of methods and output on labour.
Management

Frederick Winslow Taylor observed that management is neglecting its functions and pushing the
burden of methods and output on_______.
Labour

Taylor’s main thesis is that _______ to the society can come only through the joint endeavour of
the management and labour in the application of scientific methods.
Prosperity

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Taylor’s main thesis is that prosperity to the society can come only through the joint endeavour of
the management and labour in the application of _______methods.
Scientific

Taylor’s main _______ is that prosperity to the society can come only through the joint endeavour
of the management and labour in the application of scientific methods.
Thesis

Taylor’s scientific management comprises mainly three components, these are:

• time and motion studies
• wages incentive system
• functional organisation

The scientific management has made the following specific impacts or contributions to both
management and administration:
• It has led to professionalisation of management.
• It led to reduction in wastage of human and material resources utility of efforts
• Scientific management contributed to greater specialisation of activities, with proper
design of jobs, specification of methods, and set time and motions studies and
establishment of standards of job performance.
• Through scientific management, managers and administrators became aware of the
importance of compensation and other incentives to workers in ensuring increased
productivity
• Scientific management brought about scientific selection of workers to ensure that only the
right caliber of staff is selected
• The scientific management has greatly influenced both theory and practice of public
administration

Scientific management elevated management by ______and design.

Planned system

Scientific management elevated management by planned system and_______.

Design

________ argued that the central theme of Taylor’s work was not inefficiency but the need to
substitute industrial warfare by industrial harmony.
Drucker

________ propounded the classical theory of organisation.

Herbert Simon

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The classical theory of organisation is also known as the________.
Structural theory

________ theory assumes that there are certain fundamental principles on which an organisation
can be established to achieve a specific objective.
Classical theory

The classical theory of organisation is generally regarded as being covered by the standard works
of________
Henri Fayol, Gulick Urwick, Mooney and Reiley

The classical theory manifests four features:

• Impersonality
• Division of work
• Hierarchy
• Efficiency

________ is called the father of the management process or the functional management theory.
Henri Fayol

Henri Fayol first published his experiences in the book “General and Industrial Management”
in_______.
1916

_______ divided the industrial activities into six groups.

Fayol

Fayol divided the industrial activities into _______ groups.

Six

Fayol explained the five elements of administration as follows:

• Forecasting
• Organising
• Commanding
• Coordinating

________indicates the need for administration to plan for future, look ahead, and adapt plans for
the prospective situations.
Forecasting

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________ involves drawing the structure of the organisation in such manner that would facilitate
the performance of basic activities in an optimal manner.
Organising

________ involves instilling sense of discipline in the subordinates through knowledge of the task
and constant contact.
Commanding

________ involves building, harmonising and uniting all efforts and activities.
Coordinating

The first to put forward a classic analysis of the nature of managerial activity based on his own
experience of doing the job in the mining and metallurgical combined industry is called_______
Henri Fayol

________ is the act of forecasting future and drawing up the plan of action
Planning

________ refers to structuring the human resources of the undertaking into jobs, departments and
so on to enable them to put the plans into action.
Organising

_________ consists of setting the human resources into activity toward the organisation’s
objective.
Commanding

________ involves unifying and harmonising all activities and efforts.

Coordinating

________ means ensuring that everything occurs in conformity with established rule and
expressed command.
Controlling

According to_______, a successful manager must possess leadership qualities, knowledge of the
business and his workers and the ability to instill sense of mission.
Fayol

According to Fayol, a _______must possess leadership qualities, knowledge of the business and
his workers and the ability to instill sense of mission.

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Successful manager

According to Fayol, a successful ________ must possess leadership qualities, knowledge of the
business and his workers and the ability to instill sense of mission.
Manager

________ refers to specialisation of work or labour in both managerial and non-managerial jobs.
Division of work

________ refer to the right of a manager to give commands and require conformity to those
commands.
Authority and responsibility

Responsibility must go with authority and must match authority.

True

________ implies that employees obey orders of management if it provides good leadership.
Discipline

_______ specifies that each employee should receive orders from only one superior.
Unity of command

________ denotes that people engaged in a group of activities must have the same objectives in a
plan.
Unity of direction

________ principle states that since payment is an important motivator it should be a matter for
manager’s constant attention.
Fair remuneration for effort

________ principle states that centralisation or decentralisation of an organisation should depend

on the condition of the business and the quality or culture of its staff.
Centralisation or decentralisation

_______ refers to the line of authority, from superior to subordinate, running from the top to the
bottom of an organisation.
Scalar chain

_________ principle is necessary for unity of direction.

Scalar chain

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________ principle state that both material order and social order are necessary for the proper and
efficient working of the organisation.
Order

________ states that all employees should be treated with fairness, kindness and justice.
Equity

_______ argued that like proverbs, the principles of administration appear in pairs.
Simon

________ implies that each person in an organisation should receive orders from one boss to avoid
confusion.
Unity of command

According to_______, specialisation leads to efficiency of the organisation.

Classical theorists

According to classical theorists, _______ leads to efficiency of the organisation.

Specialisation

According to classical theorists, specialisation leads to _______of the organisation.

Efficiency

The ________treats an organisation as a closed system completely unconnected with and not
influenced by its external environment.
Classical theory

The classical theory treats an organisation as a ______ system completely unconnected with and
not influenced by its external environment.
Closed

An organisation and its environment influence each other.

True

The formulation of Human relations theory began with the efforts of Elton Mayo in________
1927.

The _______ approach has over simplified human motivation to work.

Classical

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The classical approach has _______human motivation to work.
over simplified

The classical approach has over simplified ________motivation to work.

Human

The classical approach has over simplified ______ to work.

Human motivation

The _______ has over simplified human motivation to work.

Classical approach

The classical approach has over simplified human _______ to work.

Motivation

The classical approach has over simplified human motivation to________.

Work

The main concern of the human relations approach is _______

The study of an individual as a socio-psychological being and what motivates the individual

_______ is regarded as the founder of the human relations movement.

Elton Mayo

Elton Mayo is regarded as________

The founder of the human relations movement

The _______ of organisation examines the informal work group at the assembly that is the line
level.
Human relations theory

The _______ experiments were conducted at the Western Electric Company of the Bell Telephone
Company at Hawthorne near Chicago.
Hawthorne

The Hawthorne experiments were conducted at the Western Electric Company of the Bell
Telephone Company at Hawthorne near_______.
Chicago

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The Hawthorne experiments were conducted at the ________ of the Bell Telephone Company at
Hawthorne near Chicago.
Western Electric Company

The famous earlier experiment ran from_______.

1924 to 1927

The famous earlier experiment ran from 1924 to_______.

1927

In________, the Harvard Industrial Research team directed by Elton Mayo took over the
Hawthorne experiments which had produced unexpected results in employee performance.
1927

In_______, the Harvard researchers began their most important experiment in the famous bank
writing room at the plant.
1931

In 1931, the ______ began their most important experiment in the famous bank writing room at
the plant.
Harvard researchers

The following are the major findings and generalisation of the Hawthorne studies:
• The output or the amount of work of a worker is not determined by his physical capacity
but by his social capacity
• Non-economic rewards and sanctions significantly affect the worker’s behaviour
• A worker often does not act or react to management as an individual but as a member of
groups
• Communication, participation, and leadership play a central role in worker’s behaviour

The human relations theory is also called the _______

Neo-classical theory

Historical sources can be classified into ________

Primary and secondary sources

_________ sources are data provided by actual witness to the incident in question.
Primary

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________ sources of data come from a middleman who acts between the original witness and the
present consumer.
Secondary

________ are subject to an inherent danger of inaccuracy.

Secondary data

Secondary data are subject to an inherent danger of_______.

Inaccuracy

_______ is concerned with the collection of data for the purpose of describing and interpreting
existing conditions, prevailing practices, beliefs, attitudes and ongoing process.
Descriptive method

________ is that investigation which specifies the nature of given phenomena.

Descriptive inquiry

_______ gives a picture of a situation or a population.

Descriptive inquiry

Descriptive inquiry gives a picture of a situation or a_______.

Population

_______ are imperative for making a wide range of policy decisions.

Accurate descriptions

Descriptive inquiry cannot establish cause and effect relationships.

True

The _______ is interested in the accurate assessment of the characteristics of whole populations
of people.
Survey method

_______ attempt to determine the incidence, distribution, and interrelations among sociological
and psychological variables.
Sample surveys

_______ focuses on people, the vital facts of people, and their beliefs, opinions, attitudes,
motivations and behaviour.
Survey research

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________ has a long history in social science research and has been used extensively in public
administration more especially in the area of motivation.
Case study

_______ is used to gain in–depth understanding replete with meaning for the subject, focusing on
process rather than outcome on discovery rather than confirmation.
Case study

________ is the hub through which public administrative work centers on.
Civil service

_______ is the body that normally functions with the executive arm of government comprising of
men and women who constitute the permanent staff of the departments of government.
Civil service

The following are functions of the Civil Service

• Conversion of policies that have been formulated by the cabinet into action
• Enforcement of laws enacted by the legislature
• Provision of expert advice on either positive or negative implications of policies intended
to be formulated by government
• Planning, organisation and supervision
• Advice on measures of improving the quality of life of citizens and making government
more efficient
• Ensuring continuity of government in spite of changes

Civil service has some guiding principles in discharging its duties, these principles include:
• Political neutrality
• Impartiality
• Anonymity
• Permanence
• Merit and achievement

The first principle guiding the performance of the public service is _______.
Political neutrality

The first principle guiding the performance of the public service is political ______
Neutrality

Public officers are not changed each time there is a change in government.

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True

_______ are not changed each time there is a change in government.

Public officers

Public officers are not changed each time there is a change in________.
Government

Public officers are not changed each time there is a _______ in government.
Change

There are other mechanisms outside the civil service which exercise some control on the service:
• Control by parliament
• Control by administrative courts
• Control by the court

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