Dear Grade 4 Parents/Guardians,

I hope you are all well. We would like to give you the following practice for the upcoming
progress checker:

Math: (Click on the link to go to the IXL activity)

Number and Operations: Fractions

Convert between improper farctions and mixed numbers
Add fractions using models
Subtract fractions using models
Add and subtract fractions with like denominators
Add and subtract mixed numbers - without regrouping
Add and subtract mixed numbers
Add and subtract fractions - word problems
Add and subtract mixed numbers - word problems
Multiples of unit fractions
Multiply unit fractions by whole numbers
Multiply fractions by whole numbers
Multiply fractions by whole numbers - word problems

Science: (Click on the link to go to the IXL activity)

Identify Earth's land features using photographs

Identify Earth's land features using satellite images
Describe and graph water on Earth
Changes to Earth's surface: earthquakes
Changes to Earth's surface: volcanic eruptions

English: (Click on the link to go to the IXL activity)

Writing Reading Language

Organizing information by Compare information from Use correct capitalization
topic a text. Comma and quotation
Identify supporting details Identify Supporting details. marks to direct speech.
Text purpose. Problem and solution Comma before the
Cause and effect coordinating conjunction.
Use context to determine
the meaning of words.
Determine the meaning of
specific words.
 Math
A) Fraction
Definition: A way to represent a division of quantities, written as a/b, where a (numerator) is
the part and b (denominator) is the whole.
Example: 3/4 means 3 parts out of 4.
B) Numerator
Definition: The top number in a fraction, representing the part of the whole.
Example: In 2/5, the numerator is 2.
C) Denominator
Definition: The bottom number in a fraction, representing the total number of equal parts.
Example: In 2/5, the denominator is 5.
D) Mixed Number
Definition: A number that consists of a whole number and a fraction.
Example: 2 3/4 represents 2 whole units and 3/4 of another unit.
E) Improper Fraction
Definition: A fraction where the numerator is larger than or equal to the denominator.
Example: 7/4 is an improper fraction.
F) Equivalent Fractions
Definition: Fractions that represent the same value even though their numerators and
denominators are different.
Example: 1/2 and 2/4 are equivalent fractions.
G) Simplify (or Reduce)
Definition: The process of rewriting a fraction in its simplest form by dividing the numerator
and denominator by their greatest common factor (GCF).
Example: 8/12 simplifies to 2/3 because the GCF of 8 and 12 is 4.
H) Unit Fraction
Definition: A fraction with a numerator of 1.
Example: 1/5 is a unit fraction.
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Subtract Fractions Using Models

Question: Which fraction represents the remaining shaded part after subtracting 2/5 from 4/5
using a model?

A. 1/5
B. 2/5
C. 3/5
D. 4/5

2. Add and Subtract Fractions with Like Denominators

Question: What is the result of 3/7 + 2/7?

A. 5/7
B. 6/7
C. 7/7
D. 4/7

3. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers - Without Regrouping

Question: What is the sum of 2 1/4 + 3 2/4?

A. 4 3/4
B. 5 3/4
C. 6 3/4
D. 7 3/4

4. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers

Question: What is the result of 5 2/3 - 2 1/3?

A. 3 1/3
B. 2 2/3
C. 3 2/3
D. 4 1/3

5. Add and Subtract Fractions - Word Problems

Question: Sarah ate 3/8 of a cake, and her brother ate 2/8. How much cake did they eat
together?

A. 4/8
B. 5/8
C. 6/8
D. 3/8
6. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers - Word Problems

Question: Tom walked 4 1/5 km in the morning and 3 3/5 km in the evening. How far did he
walk in total?

A. 7 2/5 km
B. 7 4/5 km
C. 8 2/5 km
D. 8 4/5 km

7. Multiples of Unit Fractions

Question: What is 4 × 1/6?

A. 2/6
B. 3/6
C. 4/6
D. 5/6

8. Multiply Unit Fractions by Whole Numbers

Question: What is 5 × 1/8?

A. 3/8
B. 4/8
C. 5/8
D. 6/8

9. Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers

Question: What is 3 × 2/7?

A. 4/7
B. 5/7
C. 6/7
D. 7/7

10. Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers - Word Problems

Question: If each student gets 3/8 of a pizza and there are 4 students, how much pizza is
needed in total?

A. 10/8
B. 11/8
C. 12/8
D. 13/8
 Answer Key

1. B (2/5)
2. A (5/7)
3. B (5 3/4)
4. A (3 1/3)
5. B (5/8)
6. B (7 4/5)
7. C (4/6)
8. C (5/8)
9. C (6/7)
10. C (12/8)

Short Answer Questions

11. Subtract Fractions Using Models

Question: Use a model to subtract 5/8 - 2/8. What is the result?

12. Add and Subtract Fractions with Like Denominators

Question: What is 7/12 + 3/12?

13. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers (Without Regrouping)

Question: Add 3 1/5 + 2 2/5.

14. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers

Question: Subtract 6 4/7 - 2 5/7.

15. Add and Subtract Fractions - Word Problems

Question: Abdullah drank 2/5 of a bottle of juice in the morning and 1/5 in the afternoon.
How much juice did he drink in total?

16. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers - Word Problems

Question: A tree is 8 3/4 feet tall. A storm breaks off 2 1/4 feet. How tall is the tree now?
 17. Multiples of Unit Fractions

Question: What is 4 x 1/6?

18. Multiply Unit Fractions by Whole Numbers

Question: Multiply 5 x 1/8.

19. Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers

Question: Multiply 3 x 2/7.

20. Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers - Word Problems

Question: A recipe calls for 2/3 cup of sugar. If you make 4 batches, how much sugar will
you need?

Answer Key

11. 5/8 - 2/8 = 3/8

12. 7/12 + 3/12 = 10/12 or 5/6
13. 3 1/5 + 2 2/5 = 5 3/5
14. 6 4/7 - 2 5/7 = 3 6/7
15. 2/5 + 1/5 = 3/5
16. 8 3/4 - 2 1/4 = 6 2/4 or 6 1/2
17. 4 x 1/6 = 4/6 or 2/3
18. 5 x 1/8 = 5/8
19. 3 x 2/7 = 6/7
20. 4 x 2/3 = 8/3 or 2 2/3

Word Problem Questions

21. Subtract Fractions Using Models

Word Problem: A farmer in Saudi Arabia harvested 5/6 of a field of dates. He sold 2/6 of the
harvest at the market. How much of the field's harvest is left?
22. Add and Subtract Fractions with Like Denominators

Word Problem: A camel drank 3/8 of a water trough in the morning and 4/8 in the afternoon.
How much water did the camel drink in total?

23. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers (Without Regrouping)

Word Problem: A Saudi shopkeeper had 2 3/10 meters of fabric. He sold 1 2/10 meters.
How much fabric does he have left?

24. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers

Word Problem: A Saudi artist painted a 3 5/6-meter-long mural in one week and added
another 2 4/6 meters the next week. What is the total length of the mural?

25. Add and Subtract Fractions - Word Problems

Word Problem: A Saudi chef used 3/5 of a bottle of olive oil for a recipe. Later, he used
another 1/5 of the bottle. How much olive oil was used in total?

26. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers - Word Problems

Word Problem: A Saudi teacher distributed 5 3/4 kilograms of dates in one classroom and 2
1/4 kilograms in another. How many kilograms of dates were distributed in total?

27. Multiples of Unit Fractions

Word Problem: A Saudi baker cuts a large piece of bread into 1/6-sized slices. If he serves 4
slices, what fraction of the bread did he serve?

28. Multiply Unit Fractions by Whole Numbers

Word Problem: A Saudi gardener watered 3/10 of a field each day for 4 days. What fraction
of the field did he water in total?
 29. Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers

Word Problem: A Saudi farmer has 4/7 of a field planted with wheat. He wants to plant
wheat in 3 fields of the same size. What fraction of the fields will be planted with wheat in
total?

30. Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers - Word Problems

Word Problem: A Saudi merchant sells to each store 2/3 of a container of spices, so how
much he is going to sell to 5 stores in total?

Answer Key:

21. Subtract Fractions Using Models: 5/6 - 2/6 = 3/6 = 1/2

22. Add and Subtract Fractions with Like Denominators: 3/8 + 4/8 = 7/8
23. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers (Without Regrouping): 2 3/10 - 1 2/10 = 1 1/10
24. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers: 3 5/6 + 2 4/6 = 5 9/6 = 6 3/6 = 6 1/2
25. Add and Subtract Fractions - Word Problems: 3/5 + 1/5 = 4/5
26. Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers - Word Problems: 5 3/4 + 2 1/4 = 7 4/4 = 8
27. Multiples of Unit Fractions: 4 × 1/6 = 4/6 = 2/3
28. Multiply Unit Fractions by Whole Numbers: 4 × 3/10 = 12/10 = 1 2/10 = 1 1/5
29. Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers: 3 × 4/7 = 12/7 = 1 5/7
30. Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers - Word Problems: 5 × 2/3 = 10/3 = 3 1/3

Science
Key Vocabulary

Earthquake:
Definition: A sudden shaking of the ground caused by movement of the Earth's crust.
Example: The earthquake caused cracks in the road and damaged buildings.

Volcano:
Definition: A mountain that erupts with lava, ash, and gases from inside the Earth.
Example: The volcano erupted, spreading lava across the nearby forest.

Magma:
Definition: Hot, liquid rock found beneath the Earth's surface.
Example: Magma rises to the surface during a volcanic eruption.

Tectonic Plates:
Definition: Large pieces of the Earth's crust that move and interact with each other.
Example: The movement of tectonic plates can cause earthquakes.

Fault:
Definition: A crack in the Earth's crust where movement occurs.
Example: The San Andreas Fault in California is known for its frequent earthquakes.
 Section 1: Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. What do we call the molten rock that comes out of a volcano?
a) Lava
b) Magma
c) Quartz
d) Basalt

2. Which type of plate boundary forms when two tectonic plates move away from each other?
a) Convergent
b) Divergent
c) Transform
d) Subduction

3. What happens when magma builds up pressure below Earth's surface?

a) It forms a new plate boundary.
b) It creates steam.
c) It cools into rock.
d) It can erupt as a volcano.

4. Which type of landform is most often created by volcanic activity?

a) Mountain
b) Plain
c) Desert
d) Delta

Section 2: Short Answer Questions

1. What happens when two tectonic plates collide at a convergent boundary?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. What instruments are used to measure earthquakes and monitor volcanoes?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. What happens at a transform plate boundary, and how does it cause earthquakes?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4. Explain how magma becomes lava during a volcanic eruption.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5. Why do geologists study the movement of tectonic plates?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Section 3: Vocabulary Practice

Crust Volcano Plate Seismograph Lava Eruption Mantle

tectonics

1. The outer layer of the Earth is called the ____________________.

2. The movement of Earth's plates is explained by the theory of ____________________.
3. Hot liquid rock that flows out of a volcano is known as ____________________.
4. A ____________________ is a mountain that forms when magma reaches the surface.
5. A ____________________ is a tool used to measure the strength of an earthquake.
6. The ____________________ is the layer of the Earth located beneath the crust.
7. A volcanic ____________________ happens when magma, ash, and gases are released from
a volcano.

Section 4: Scenario-Based Questions

Scenario:
A geologist is studying earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault in California. The fault is
part of a transform boundary where two plates slide past each other. Geologists use
seismographs to measure ground movement and drones to observe cracks in the land.

1. What tools does the geologist use, and how do these tools help them study the fault?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Why is it important to study faults like the San Andreas Fault?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Section 5: Hypothesis Questions

1. If a volcano starts releasing large amounts of ash into the air, what could happen to the
surrounding environment?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. If tectonic plates move more quickly than usual at a divergent boundary, what might happen
to the ocean floor in that area?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Section 6: Map-Based Questions

1. Where on the map do you see the most earthquakes happening?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Why do earthquakes usually occur near the edges of tectonic plates?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. What is the name of the area around the Pacific Ocean where earthquakes and volcanoes are
very common? Why is this area special?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Answer Key
Section 1: Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. a) Lava
2. b) Divergent
3. d) It can erupt as a volcano.
4. a) Mountain

Section 2: Short Answer Questions

1. When two tectonic plates collide, one plate may be forced under the other in a process called
subduction, leading to the formation of mountains or volcanic activity.
2. Seismographs are used to measure the strength and duration of earthquakes, and tools like gas
sensors and GPS trackers monitor volcanic activity.
3. At a transform boundary, two tectonic plates slide past each other. This movement creates
friction, and when the plates suddenly slip, it causes an earthquake.
4. Magma is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface. During an eruption, it reaches the surface
through vents and becomes lava when it is exposed to air or water.
5. Geologists study tectonic plate movement to understand natural hazards like earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions, helping to predict and prepare for these events.

Section 3: Vocabulary Practice

1. Crust
2. Plate tectonics
3. Lava
4. Volcano
5. Seismograph
6. Mantle
7. Eruption
 Section 4: Scenario-Based Questions

1. Geologists use seismographs to measure ground movement and drones to observe cracks in
the land. These tools help the geologist monitor earthquake activity and identify changes in
the fault's structure.
2. Studying faults like the San Andreas Fault is important because it helps scientists predict
earthquakes, understand the risks they pose, and prepare communities to reduce damage and
save lives.

Section 5: Hypothesis Questions

1. The ash could block sunlight, lowering temperatures in the surrounding area. It might also
cause breathing problems for people and animals, damage crops, and contaminate water
supplies.
2. The ocean floor would expand more quickly, forming new underwater ridges or spreading
areas. This rapid movement might also cause more frequent volcanic eruptions or earthquakes
along the boundary.

Section 6: Map-Based Questions

1. The most earthquakes happen around the edges of the Pacific Ocean, in the ‘Ring of Fire’
2. Earthquakes occur near the edges of tectonic plates because this is where plates interact by
colliding, sliding past each other, or moving apart, causing stress and movement in the Earth's
crust.
3. This area is called the "Ring of Fire." It is special because it is home to many active
volcanoes and experiences frequent earthquakes due to the movement of tectonic plates.

English
Vocabulary

Crust:
Definition: The crust is the thin, outer layer of the Earth, like its "skin." It's made of rocks and
dirt.
Example: The ground we walk on and mountains we climb are all part of the Earth's crust.

Mantle:
Definition: The mantle is the thickest layer of the Earth, found under the crust. It's made of
very hot, soft rock that can slowly move.
Example: Imagine the mantle like a thick soup made of hot rocks that flows very, very
slowly.

Core:
Definition: The core is the very middle of the Earth. It has two parts: a liquid outer core and a
solid inner core.
Example: The core is like the Earth’s "heart," deep inside, where it’s super hot!
 Magnetic Field:
Definition: The magnetic field is an invisible shield around the Earth made by the outer core.
It keeps us safe from harmful rays from the Sun.
Example: A compass works because of the Earth’s magnetic field, which always points
north!

Pressure:
Definition: Pressure is the strong force squeezing the inner core, keeping it solid even though
it’s very, very hot.
Example: Imagine squeezing a ball of playdough really hard pressure works like that on the
inner core.
Inside the Earth: Discovering Our Planet's Layers

Did you know the Earth is like a giant ball with different layers inside? Just like how an onion
has layers when you cut it open, our planet has layers too! Let's take an exciting journey from
the outside of the Earth to its center and learn about these fantastic layers.

The first layer we live on is called the crust. It's like the Earth's skin, and it's the thinnest layer.
The crust includes the ground we walk on and the bottom of the oceans. It's made of rocks and
dirt. Some parts of the crust are thicker, like under big mountains, and some are thinner, like
under the oceans.

Under the crust, we find a thick layer called the mantle. The mantle is the biggest layer of the
Earth! It's so big that if the Earth were an apple, the mantle would be almost the whole apple
except for the skin and the tiny core. The mantle is mainly made of hot, soft rock. It's not liquid,
but it can slowly move and flow over long periods of time.

At the very centre of the Earth is the core, which has two parts: the outer core and the inner
core. The outer core is a very hot liquid metal layer, mostly iron and nickel. This moving liquid
metal creates the Earth's magnetic field, like a giant invisible shield that protects us from the
Sun's harmful rays.

The inner core is the very centre of the Earth. It's a solid ball of metal, mostly iron. Even though
it's super-hot in the middle of the Earth (hotter than the surface of the Sun!), the inner core
stays solid because of the huge pressure squeezing it from all sides.

Learning about the Earth's layers helps us understand why volcanoes erupt, why earthquakes
happen, and how our planet works. It's amazing to think about all these layers beneath our feet,
working together to make the Earth the wonderful planet we call home!
Questions:

1. According to the text, what is the crust of the Earth compared to, and why do you think this
comparison is made? Use specific details from the passage to support your answer.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. The text mentions that the mantle is the largest layer of the Earth. What example does the
author use to help readers understand how big the mantle is?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Based on the information provided in the text about the Earth's core, why do you think the
author describes the outer core as creating a "giant invisible shield"? Use details from the
passage to explain your reasoning.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Based on what you learned about the Earth's layers, why do you think it might be difficult for
scientists to study the inner core directly? Use information from the text to support your
answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
5. The text mentions that the mantle can "slowly move and flow over long periods of time."
What do you think this movement might cause on the Earth's surface? Explain your reasoning
using details from the passage.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

6. In the text, the word "Earth" is capitalized when talking about our planet. Why do you think
this word is capitalized? Can you think of any other words that might be capitalized for
similar reasons?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

7. Read the following sentence carefully. Some words may not be capitalized correctly. Rewrite
the sentence, fixing any capitalization errors you find.

the earth has several layers, including the crust, mantle, and core. scientists study these layers
to understand how our planet works.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. Read the following sentence carefully. It contains direct speech but is missing proper
punctuation. Rewrite the sentence, adding the necessary commas and quotation marks.

The teacher said the mantle is the largest layer of the Earth making up almost 84% of the
planet's volume.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

9. Read the following sentence carefully. It contains a quotation from the text but is missing
proper punctuation. Rewrite the sentence, adding the necessary commas and quotation marks.

The passage states the outer core creates Earth's magnetic field which acts like a giant
invisible shield protecting us from the Sun's harmful rays.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

10. Read the following sentence from the text about Earth's layers. Then, answer the question
below.

"The mantle is the largest layer of the Earth, and it can slowly move and flow over long
periods of time."

What does the word "flow" most likely mean in this sentence?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

11. Read the following sentence from the text about Earth's layers. Then, answer the question
below.

"The Earth's crust is like the planet's skin, and it's the thinnest layer, ranging from about 5 to
70 kilometers thick."

What does the word "ranging" most likely mean in this sentence?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
12. Read the following sentence from the text about Earth's layers. Then, answer the question
below.

"The outer core creates Earth's magnetic field, which acts like a giant invisible shield
protecting us from the Sun's harmful rays."

What does the word "magnetic" most likely mean in this sentence?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

13. Read the following sentence about Earth's layers. It needs a comma before the coordinating
conjunction. Rewrite the sentence, adding the necessary comma.

The inner core is solid due to extreme pressure and the outer core is liquid.

14. Read the following sentence about Earth's structure. It needs a comma before the
coordinating conjunction. Rewrite the sentence, adding the necessary comma.

The crust is the thinnest layer of Earth, but it plays a crucial role in supporting life.

15. Read the following sentence about Earth's layers. It needs a comma before the coordinating
conjunction. Rewrite the sentence, adding the necessary comma.

Scientists can't directly observe the Earth's core, so they use seismic waves to study it.

16. Read the following sentence about Earth's layers. It contains direct speech but is missing
proper punctuation. Rewrite the sentence, adding the necessary commas and quotation marks.

The geologist explained the mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume and is mostly
solid rock but it can flow slowly over time.

17. Read the following paragraph about Earth's core. It contains a quotation from a textbook but
is missing proper punctuation. Rewrite the paragraph, adding the necessary commas and
quotation marks.

In our Earth Science textbook, it states the inner core is the hottest part of the Earth reaching
temperatures as high as the surface of the Sun. The teacher added This extreme heat is what
keeps the outer core in a liquid state.

18. Read the following sentence about a volcanic eruption. Then, answer the question below.

"As I watched the lava flow down the mountainside, I could feel the intense heat on my face
and smell the sulphur in the air."

Is this a firsthand or second-hand account of the volcanic eruption?

___________________________________________________________________________
19. Read the following paragraph about a space shuttle launch. Then, answer the question below.

"According to news reports, the space shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center
at 2:20 PM yesterday. Journalists described the launch as 'spectacular,' with the rocket's
flames visible for miles. NASA officials stated that all systems performed normally during
the ascent." Is this a firsthand or second-hand account of the space shuttle launch?

___________________________________________________________________________

20. Read the following passage about a major earthquake. Then, explain whether this is a
firsthand or second-hand account, providing specific evidence from the text to support your
answer.

"The ground beneath my feet began to shake violently at 3:42 PM. I grabbed onto my desk to
steady myself as books tumbled from the shelves. The shaking lasted for what felt like an
eternity, but my watch showed it was only 45 seconds. As soon as it was safe, I ran outside to
check on my neighbours. Later, I learned from the news that the earthquake had measured 7.2
on the Richter scale and had affected several neighbouring cities as well."

Is this a firsthand or second-hand account? Explain your answer using specific evidence from
the passage.

___________________________________________________________________________

Answers:
1. The text compares the Earth's crust to skin. This comparison helps students understand that
the crust is the thin, outermost layer of Earth that we can see and touch, just like skin on our
bodies. The text says, "It's like the Earth's skin and it's the thinnest layer."
2. The author uses an apple to explain the mantle's size. The text states, "If the Earth were an
apple, the mantle would be almost the whole apple except for the skin and the tiny core." This
comparison helps students visualize how the mantle makes up most of Earth's volume using a
familiar object.
3. The author describes the outer core as creating a "giant invisible shield" because it generates
Earth's magnetic field, which protects us from harmful solar radiation. This description helps
students understand the protective function of the magnetic field by comparing it to
something familiar - a shield.
4. It might be difficult to study the inner core directly because it's located at the very center of
the Earth, beneath all the other layers. The text mentions that the crust alone can be up to 70
kilometers thick, and the mantle and outer core are even thicker, making it challenging to
reach or observe the inner core.
5. The slow movement of the mantle might cause changes on the Earth's surface, such as the
formation of mountains or the movement of continents. The text mentions that the mantle is
the largest layer and can move slowly, which could affect the crust above it over time.
6. Student own response. “it is a proper noun” just like names of other planets.
7. The Earth has several layers, including the crust, mantle, and core. Scientists study these
layers to understand how our planet works.
 Explanation: "The" at the beginning of the sentence should be capitalized. "Earth" should be
capitalized as it's the proper name of our planet. "Scientists" should be capitalized as it's the
first word of a new sentence.
8. The teacher said, "The mantle is the largest layer of the Earth, making up almost 84% of the
planet's volume."
9. The passage states, “The outer core creates Earth's magnetic field, which acts like a giant
invisible shield, protecting us from the Sun's harmful rays.”
10. In the context of the Earth's mantle, "flow" means to move smoothly and continuously.
11. In this context, "ranging" means varying between limits. The sentence provides two numbers
(5 and 70 kilometers) that represent the minimum and maximum thickness of the Earth's
crust.
12. "magnetic" refers to the Earth's magnetic field, which has the power to attract or repel.
13. The inner core is solid due to extreme pressure, and the outer core is liquid.
14. The crust is the thinnest layer of Earth, but it plays a crucial role in supporting life.
15. Scientists can't directly observe the Earth's core, so they use seismic waves to study it.
16. The geologist explained, "The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume and is mostly
solid rock, but it can flow slowly over time."
17. In our Earth Science textbook, it states, "The inner core is the hottest part of the Earth,
reaching temperatures as high as the surface of the Sun." The teacher added, "This extreme
heat is what keeps the outer core in a liquid state."
18. Firsthand account
19. Secondhand account
20. This passage is primarily a firsthand account of an earthquake, with a brief secondhand
element at the end. Evidence for firsthand account:
The use of personal pronouns like "my" and "I" throughout the passage indicates direct
experience.