IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

IMPORTANT PROPLEMS FOR (ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)

BEST WISHES FROM M.F.SH

 Chapter 3

Problem 3.1
The modulated signal is
u(t) = m(t)c(t) = Am(t) cos(2π4 × 103 t)

200 250 π
= A 2 cos(2π t) + 4 sin(2π t + ) cos(2π4 × 103 t)
π π 3
200 200
= A cos(2π(4 × 10 + 3
)t) + A cos(2π(4 × 103 − )t)
π π
250 π 250 π
+2A sin(2π(4 × 103 + )t + ) − 2A sin(2π(4 × 103 − )t − )
π 3 π 3
Taking the Fourier transform of the previous relation, we obtain

200 200 2 π 250 2 250
) − e−j 3 δ(f +
π
U (f ) = A δ(f − ) + δ(f + ) + ej 3 δ(f − )
π π j π j π
1
[δ(f − 4 × 103 ) + δ(f + 4 × 103 )]
2
A 200 200
= δ(f − 4 × 103 − ) + δ(f − 4 × 103 + )
2 π π
250 250
+2e−j 6 δ(f − 4 × 103 −
π π
) + 2ej 6 δ(f − 4 × 103 + )
π π
200 200
+δ(f + 4 × 103 − ) + δ(f + 4 × 103 + )
π π 
−j π6 250 j π6 250
+2e δ(f + 4 × 10 −
3
) + 2e δ(f + 4 × 10 + 3
)
π π
The next figure depicts the magnitude and the phase of the spectrum U (f ).
|U (f )| A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 6 6 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A/2
6 6 6 6

−fc − 250 200 200 250

π−fc − π −fc + π −fc + π fc − 250 200
π fc − π fc + 200 250
π fc + π

 U (f )
π
s ...................... .6. . . . . . s

−π
s . . . . . . . . . .6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s

To find the power content of the modulated signal we write u2 (t) as

200 200
u2 (t) = A2 cos2 (2π(4 × 103 + )t) + A2 cos2 (2π(4 × 103 − )t)
π π
250 π 250 π
+4A2 sin2 (2π(4 × 103 + )t + ) + 4A2 sin2 (2π(4 × 103 − )t − )
π 3 π 3
+terms of cosine and sine functions in the first power
Hence,

T
2 A2 A2 4A2 4A2
P = lim u2 (t)dt = + + + = 5A2
T →∞ − T 2 2 2 2
2

42
Problem 3.2

u(t) = m(t)c(t) = A(sinc(t) + sinc2 (t)) cos(2πfc t)

Taking the Fourier transform of both sides, we obtain
A
U (f ) = [Π(f ) + Λ(f )] (δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc ))
2
A
= [Π(f − fc ) + Λ(f − fc ) + Π(f + fc ) + Λ(f + fc )]
2
Π(f − fc ) = 0 for |f − fc | < 12 , whereas Λ(f − fc ) = 0 for |f − fc | < 1. Hence, the bandwidth of
the bandpass filter is 2.

Problem 3.3
The following figure shows the modulated signals for A = 1 and f0 = 10. As it is observed
both signals have the same envelope but there is a phase reversal at t = 1 for the second signal
Am2 (t) cos(2πf0 t) (right plot). This discontinuity is shown clearly in the next figure where we
plotted Am2 (t) cos(2πf0 t) with f0 = 3.

1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-0.2 -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
-0.6 -0.6
-0.8 -0.8
-1 -1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Problem 3.4

1
y(t) = x(t) + x2 (t)
2

43
 1 2 
= m(t) + cos(2πfc t) + m (t) + cos2 (2πfc t) + 2m(t) cos(2πfc t)
2
1 2 1 1
= m(t) + cos(2πfc t) + m (t) + + cos(2π2fc t) + m(t) cos(2πfc t)
2 4 4
Taking the Fourier transform of the previous, we obtain
1 1
Y (f ) = M (f ) + M (f ) M (f ) + (M (f − fc ) + M (f + fc ))
2 2
1 1 1
+ δ(f ) + (δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc )) + (δ(f − 2fc ) + δ(f + 2fc ))
4 2 8
The next figure depicts the spectrum Y (f )

1/2

1/4 1/8

-2fc -fc -2W 2W fc 2fc

Problem 3.5

u(t) = m(t) · c(t)

= 100(2 cos(2π2000t) + 5 cos(2π3000t)) cos(2πfc t)

Thus,

100 5
U (f ) = δ(f − 2000) + δ(f + 2000) + (δ(f − 3000) + δ(f + 3000))
2 2
[δ(f − 50000) + δ(f + 50000)]
5 5
= 50 δ(f − 52000) + δ(f − 48000) + δ(f − 53000) + δ(f − 47000)
2 2

5 5
+δ(f + 52000) + δ(f + 48000) + δ(f + 53000) + δ(f + 47000)
2 2
A plot of the spectrum of the modulated signal is given in the next figure
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6 6 6 6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
....................
6 6 6 6
-53 -52 -48 -47 0 47 48 52 53 KHz

Problem 3.6
The mixed signal y(t) is given by

y(t) = u(t) · xL (t) = Am(t) cos(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t + θ)

A
= m(t) [cos(2π2fc t + θ) + cos(θ)]
2

44
The lowpass filter will cut-off the frequencies above W , where W is the bandwidth of the message
signal m(t). Thus, the output of the lowpass filter is
A
z(t) = m(t) cos(θ)
2
2
If the power of m(t) is PM , then the power of the output signal z(t) is Pout = PM A4 cos2 (θ). The
2
power of the modulated signal u(t) = Am(t) cos(2πfc t) is PU = A2 PM . Hence,
Pout 1
= cos2 (θ)
PU 2
A plot of Pout
PU for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π is given in the next figure.
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Theta (rad)

Problem 3.7
1) The spectrum of u(t) is
20
U (f ) = [δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc )]
2
2
+ [δ(f − fc − 1500) + δ(f − fc + 1500)
4
+δ(f + fc − 1500) + δ(f + fc + 1500)]
10
+ [δ(f − fc − 3000) + δ(f − fc + 3000)
4
+δ(f + fc − 3000) + δ(f + fc + 3000)]
The next figure depicts the spectrum of u(t).
......................................
6 10 6
. 1/2
...........................
6 6 6 6
.5/2
......................
6 6 6 6
-1030-1015-1000 -985 -970 0 970 985 1000 1015 1030
X 100 Hz

2) The square of the modulated signal is

u2 (t) = 400 cos2 (2πfc t) + cos2 (2π(fc − 1500)t) + cos2 (2π(fc + 1500)t)
+25 cos2 (2π(fc − 3000)t) + 25 cos2 (2π(fc + 3000)t)
+ terms that are multiples of cosines

45
If we integrate u2 (t) from − T2 to T2 , normalize the integral by T1 and take the limit as T → ∞,
then all the terms involving cosines tend to zero, whereas the squares of the cosines give a value of
1 5 400
2 . Hence, the power content at the frequency fc = 10 Hz is Pfc = 2 = 200, the power content
at the frequency Pfc +1500 is the same as the power content at the frequency Pfc −1500 and equal to
1 25
2 , whereas Pfc +3000 = Pfc −3000 = 2 .

3)

u(t) = (20 + 2 cos(2π1500t) + 10 cos(2π3000t)) cos(2πfc t)

1 1
= 20(1 + cos(2π1500t) + cos(2π3000t)) cos(2πfc t)
10 2
This is the form of a conventional AM signal with message signal
1 1
m(t) = cos(2π1500t) + cos(2π3000t)
10 2
1 1
2
= cos (2π1500t) + cos(2π1500t) −
10 2
The minimum of g(z) = z 2 + 101
z − 12 is achieved for z = − 20
1
and it is min(g(z)) = − 201
400 . Since
z = − 20 is in the range of cos(2π1500t), we conclude that the minimum value of m(t) is − 201
1
400 .
Hence, the modulation index is
201
α=−
400

4)

u(t) = 20 cos(2πfc t) + cos(2π(fc − 1500)t) + cos(2π(fc − 1500)t)

= 5 cos(2π(fc − 3000)t) + 5 cos(2π(fc + 3000)t)

The power in the sidebands is

1 1 25 25
Psidebands = + + + = 26
2 2 2 2
The total power is Ptotal = Pcarrier + Psidebands = 200 + 26 = 226. The ratio of the sidebands power
to the total power is
Psidebands 26
=
Ptotal 226

Problem 3.8
1)

u(t) = m(t)c(t)
= 100(cos(2π1000t) + 2 cos(2π2000t)) cos(2πfc t)
= 100 cos(2π1000t) cos(2πfc t) + 200 cos(2π2000t) cos(2πfc t)
100
= [cos(2π(fc + 1000)t) + cos(2π(fc − 1000)t)]
2
200
[cos(2π(fc + 2000)t) + cos(2π(fc − 2000)t)]
2
Thus, the upper sideband (USB) signal is

uu (t) = 50 cos(2π(fc + 1000)t) + 100 cos(2π(fc + 2000)t)

46
2) Taking the Fourier transform of both sides, we obtain

Uu (f ) = 25 (δ(f − (fc + 1000)) + δ(f + (fc + 1000)))

+50 (δ(f − (fc + 2000)) + δ(f + (fc + 2000)))

A plot of Uu (f ) is given in the next figure.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
......................
6 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
................
6 6

-1002 -1001 0 1001 1002 KHz

Problem 3.9
If we let    
Tp Tp
t+ t−
x(t) = −Π Tp
4
+Π Tp
4

2 2
then using the results of Problem 2.23, we obtain
∞

v(t) = m(t)s(t) = m(t) x(t − nTp )
n=−∞
∞
1  n j2π n t
= m(t) X( )e Tp
Tp n=−∞ Tp

where
  T   Tp  
n t + 4p t− 

X( ) = F −Π Tp
+Π Tp
4

Tp f = Tn
2 2

p

Tp Tp Tp Tp 
= sinc(f ) e−j2πf 4 − ej2πf 4 
2 2 
f = Tn
p

Tp n π
= sinc( )(−2j) sin(n )
2 2 2
Hence, the Fourier transform of v(t) is
∞
1  n π n
V (f ) = sinc( )(−2j) sin(n )M (f − )
2 n=−∞ 2 2 Tp

The bandpass filter will cut-off all the frequencies except the ones centered at 1
Tp , that is for n = ±1.
Thus, the output spectrum is
1 1 1 1
U (f ) = sinc( )(−j)M (f − ) + sinc( )jM (f + )
2 Tp 2 Tp
2 1 2 1
= − jM (f − ) + jM (f + )
π Tp π Tp
 
4 1 1 1 1
= M (f ) δ(f − ) − δ(f + )
π 2j Tp 2j Tp

Taking the inverse Fourier transform of the previous expression, we obtain

4 1
u(t) = m(t) sin(2π t)
π Tp

47
 4
which has the form of a DSB-SC AM signal, with c(t) = π sin(2π T1p t) being the carrier signal.

Problem 3.10

Assume that s(t) is a periodic signal with period Tp , i.e. s(t) = n x(t − nTp ). Then
∞

v(t) = m(t)s(t) = m(t) x(t − nTp )
n=−∞
∞
1  n j2π n t
= m(t) X( )e Tp
Tp n=−∞ Tp
∞
1  n j2π n t
= X( )m(t)e Tp
Tp n=−∞ Tp

where X( Tnp ) = F[x(t)]|f = Tn . The Fourier transform of v(t) is

p

 ∞ 
1  n j2π n t
V (f ) = F X( )m(t)e Tp
Tp n=−∞
Tp
∞
1  n n
= X( )M (f − )
Tp n=−∞ Tp Tp

The bandpass filter will cut-off all the frequency components except the ones centered at fc = ± T1p .
Hence, the spectrum at the output of the BPF is
1 1 1 1 1 1
U (f ) = X( )M (f − ) + X(− )M (f + )
Tp Tp Tp Tp Tp Tp

In the time domain the output of the BPF is given by

1 1 j2π 1 t 1 1 −j2π T1 t
u(t) = X( )m(t)e Tp + X ∗ ( )m(t)e p
Tp Tp Tp Tp
 
1 1 j2π 1 t 1 −j2π T1p t
= m(t) X( )e Tp + X ∗ ( )e
Tp Tp Tp
1 1 1
= 2Re(X( ))m(t) cos(2π t)
Tp Tp Tp

As it is observed u(t) has the form a modulated DSB-SC signal. The amplitude of the modulating
signal is Ac = T1p 2Re(X( T1p )) and the carrier frequency fc = T1p .

Problem 3.11
1) The spectrum of the modulated signal Am(t) cos(2πfc t) is

A
V (f ) = [M (f − fc ) + M (f + fc )]
2
The spectrum of the signal at the output of the highpass filter is
A
U (f ) = [M (f + fc )u−1 (−f − fc ) + M (f − fc )u−1 (f − fc )]
2
Multiplying the output of the HPF with A cos(2π(fc + W )t) results in the signal z(t) with spectrum

A
Z(f ) = [M (f + fc )u−1 (−f − fc ) + M (f − fc )u−1 (f − fc )]
2
A
[δ(f − (fc + W )) + δ(f + fc + W )]
2

48
 A2
= (M (f + fc − fc − W )u−1 (−f + fc + W − fc )
4
+M (f + fc − fc + W )u−1 (f + fc + W − fc )
+M (f − 2fc − W )u−1 (f − 2fc − W )
+M (f + 2fc + W )u−1 (−f − 2fc − W ))
A2
= (M (f − W )u−1 (−f + W ) + M (f + W )u−1 (f + W )
4
+M (f − 2fc − W )u−1 (f − 2fc − W ) + M (f + 2fc + W )u−1 (−f − 2fc − W ))

The LPF will cut-off the double frequency components, leaving the spectrum

A2
Y (f ) = [M (f − W )u−1 (−f + W ) + M (f + W )u−1 (f + W )]
4
The next figure depicts Y (f ) for M (f ) as shown in Fig. P-5.12.
Y(f)

-W W

2) As it is observed from the spectrum Y (f ), the system shifts the positive frequency components
to the negative frequency axis and the negative frequency components to the positive frequency
axis. If we transmit the signal y(t) through the system, then we will get a scaled version of the
original spectrum M (f ).

Problem 3.12
The modulated signal can be written as

u(t) = m(t) cos(2πfc t + φ)

= m(t) cos(2πfc t) cos(φ) − m(t) sin(2πfc t) sin(φ)
= uc (t) cos(2πfc t) − us (t) sin(2πfc t)

where we identify uc (t) = m(t) cos(φ) as the in-phase component and us (t) = m(t) sin(φ) as the
quadrature component. The envelope of the bandpass signal is
% %
Vu (t) = u2c (t) + u2s (t) = m2 (t) cos2 (φ) + m2 (t) sin2 (φ)
%
= m2 (t) = |m(t)|

Hence, the envelope is proportional to the absolute value of the message signal.

Problem 3.13
1) The modulated signal is

u(t) = 100[1 + m(t)] cos(2π8 × 105 t)

= 100 cos(2π8 × 105 t) + 100 sin(2π103 t) cos(2π8 × 105 t)
+500 cos(2π2 × 103 t) cos(2π8 × 105 t)
= 100 cos(2π8 × 105 t) + 50[sin(2π(103 + 8 × 105 )t) − sin(2π(8 × 105 − 103 )t)]
+250[cos(2π(2 × 103 + 8 × 105 )t) + cos(2π(8 × 105 − 2 × 103 )t)]

49
Taking the Fourier transform of the previous expression, we obtain

U (f ) = 50[δ(f − 8 × 105 ) + δ(f + 8 × 105 )]


1 1
+25 δ(f − 8 × 10 − 10 ) − δ(f + 8 × 10 + 10 )
5 3 5 3
j j

1 1
−25 δ(f − 8 × 10 + 10 ) − δ(f + 8 × 10 − 10 )
5 3 5 3
j j
 
+125 δ(f − 8 × 105 − 2 × 103 ) + δ(f + 8 × 105 + 2 × 103 )
 
+125 δ(f − 8 × 105 − 2 × 103 ) + δ(f + 8 × 105 + 2 × 103 )
= 50[δ(f − 8 × 105 ) + δ(f + 8 × 105 )]
 
+25 δ(f − 8 × 105 − 103 )e−j 2 + δ(f + 8 × 105 + 103 )ej 2
π π

 
+25 δ(f − 8 × 105 + 103 )ej 2 + δ(f + 8 × 105 − 103 )e−j 2
π π

 
+125 δ(f − 8 × 105 − 2 × 103 ) + δ(f + 8 × 105 + 2 × 103 )
 
+125 δ(f − 8 × 105 − 2 × 103 ) + δ(f + 8 × 105 + 2 × 103 )

|U (f )|
. . . . . . . . . . .125
...........
6 6 6 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
....................
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ............. 6
6 6 6 6
fc −2×103 −fc fc +2×103 fc −2×103 fc fc +2×103

 π
U (f )
r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. . . . . . . . . . . r.

fc −103 fc +103
−π
r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r.

2) The average power in the carrier is

A2c 1002
Pcarrier = = = 5000
2 2
The power in the sidebands is

502 502 2502 2502

Psidebands = + + + = 65000
2 2 2 2

3) The message signal can be written as

m(t) = sin(2π103 t) + 5 cos(2π2 × 103 t)

= −10 sin(2π103 t) + sin(2π103 t) + 5

As it is seen the minimum value of m(t) is −6 and is achieved for sin(2π103 t) = −1 or t =

3
4×103
+ 1013 k, with k ∈ Z. Hence, the modulation index is α = 6.

4) The power delivered to the load is

|u(t)|2 1002 (1 + m(t))2 cos2 (2πfc t)

Pload = =
50 50

50
 1
The maximum absolute value of 1 + m(t) is 6.025 and is achieved for sin(2π103 t) = 20 or t =
1
arcsin( 20 )
2π103
+ k
103
. Since 2 × 103 fc the peak power delivered to the load is approximately equal to

(100 × 6.025)2
max(Pload ) = = 72.6012
50

Problem 3.14
1)

u(t) = 5 cos(1800πt) + 20 cos(2000πt) + 5 cos(2200πt)

1
= 20(1 + cos(200πt)) cos(2000πt)
2
The modulating signal is m(t) = cos(2π100t) whereas the carrier signal is c(t) = 20 cos(2π1000t).

2) Since −1 ≤ cos(2π100t) ≤ 1, we immediately have that the modulation index is α = 12 .

3) The power of the carrier component is Pcarrier = 400

2 = 200, whereas the power in the sidebands
400α2
is Psidebands = 2 = 50. Hence,
Psidebands 50 1
= =
Pcarrier 200 4

Problem 3.15
1) The modulated signal is written as

u(t) = 100(2 cos(2π103 t) + cos(2π3 × 103 t)) cos(2πfc t)

= 200 cos(2π103 t) cos(2πfc t) + 100 cos(2π3 × 103 t) cos(2πfc t)
 
= 100 cos(2π(fc + 103 )t) + cos(2π(fc − 103 )t)
 
+50 cos(2π(fc + 3 × 103 )t) + cos(2π(fc − 3 × 103 )t)

Taking the Fourier transform of the previous expression, we obtain


U (f ) = 50 δ(f − (fc + 103 )) + δ(f + fc + 103 )

+ δ(f − (fc − 103 )) + δ(f + fc − 103 )

+ 25 δ(f − (fc + 3 × 103 )) + δ(f + fc + 3 × 103 )

+ δ(f − (fc − 3 × 103 )) + δ(f + fc − 3 × 103 )

The spectrum of the signal is depicted in the next figure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
...............
6 6 6 6
. . . . . . . . . . 25
..........
6 6 6 6

−1003 −1001 −999 −997 997 999 1001 1003 KHz

2) The average power in the frequencies fc + 1000 and fc − 1000 is
1002
Pfc +1000 = Pfc −1000 = = 5000
2
The average power in the frequencies fc + 3000 and fc − 3000 is
502
Pfc +3000 = Pfc −3000 = = 1250
2

51
Problem 3.16
1) The Hilbert transform of cos(2π1000t) is sin(2π1000t), whereas the Hilbert transform ofsin(2π1000t)
is − cos(2π1000t). Thus
m̂(t) = sin(2π1000t) − 2 cos(2π1000t)

2) The expression for the LSSB AM signal is

ul (t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) + Ac m̂(t) sin(2πfc t)

Substituting Ac = 100, m(t) = cos(2π1000t)+2 sin(2π1000t) and m̂(t) = sin(2π1000t)−2 cos(2π1000t)

in the previous, we obtain

ul (t) = 100 [cos(2π1000t) + 2 sin(2π1000t)] cos(2πfc t)

+ 100 [sin(2π1000t) − 2 cos(2π1000t)] sin(2πfc t)
= 100 [cos(2π1000t) cos(2πfc t) + sin(2π1000t) sin(2πfc t)]
+ 200 [cos(2πfc t) sin(2π1000t) − sin(2πfc t) cos(2π1000t)]
= 100 cos(2π(fc − 1000)t) − 200 sin(2π(fc − 1000)t)

3) Taking the Fourier transform of the previous expression we obtain

Ul (f ) = 50 (δ(f − fc + 1000) + δ(f + fc − 1000))

+ 100j (δ(f − fc + 1000) − δ(f + fc − 1000))
= (50 + 100j)δ(f − fc + 1000) + (50 − 100j)δ(f + fc − 1000)

Hence, the magnitude spectrum is given by

&
|Ul (f )| = 502 + 1002 (δ(f − fc + 1000) + δ(f + fc − 1000))
√
= 10 125 (δ(f − fc + 1000) + δ(f + fc − 1000))

Problem 3.17
The input to the upper LPF is

uu (t) = cos(2πfm t) cos(2πf1 t)

1
= [cos(2π(f1 − fm )t) + cos(2π(f1 + fm )t)]
2
whereas the input to the lower LPF is

ul (t) = cos(2πfm t) sin(2πf1 t)

1
= [sin(2π(f1 − fm )t) + sin(2π(f1 + fm )t)]
2
If we select f1 such that |f1 − fm | < W and f1 + fm > W , then the two lowpass filters will cut-off
the frequency components outside the interval [−W, W ], so that the output of the upper and lower
LPF is

yu (t) = cos(2π(f1 − fm )t)

yl (t) = sin(2π(f1 − fm )t)

The output of the Weaver’s modulator is

u(t) = cos(2π(f1 − fm )t) cos(2πf2 t) − sin(2π(f1 − fm )t) sin(2πf2 t)

52
which has the form of a SSB signal since sin(2π(f1 − fm )t) is the Hilbert transform of cos(2π(f1 −
fm )t). If we write u(t) as
u(t) = cos(2π(f1 + f2 − fm )t)
then with f1 +f2 −fm = fc +fm we obtain an USSB signal centered at fc , whereas with f1 +f2 −fm =
fc − fm we obtain the LSSB signal. In both cases the choice of fc and f1 uniquely determine f2 .

Problem 3.18
The signal x(t) is m(t) + cos(2πf0 t). The spectrum of this signal is X(f ) = M (f ) + 12 (δ(f − f0 ) +
δ(f + f0 )) and its bandwidth equals to Wx = f0 . The signal y1 (t) after the Square Law Device is

y1 (t) = x2 (t) = (m(t) + cos(2πf0 t))2

= m2 (t) + cos2 (2πf0 t) + 2m(t) cos(2πf0 t)
1 1
= m2 (t) + + cos(2π2f0 t) + 2m(t) cos(2πf0 t)
2 2
The spectrum of this signal is given by
1 1
Y1 (f ) = M (f ) M (f ) + δ(f ) + (δ(f − 2f0 ) + δ(f + 2f0 )) + M (f − f0 ) + M (f + f0 )
2 4
and its bandwidth is W1 = 2f0 . The bandpass filter will cut-off the low-frequency components
M (f ) M (f )+ 12 δ(f ) and the terms with the double frequency components 14 (δ(f −2f0 )+δ(f +2f0 )).
Thus the spectrum Y2 (f ) is given by

Y2 (f ) = M (f − f0 ) + M (f + f0 )

and the bandwidth of y2 (t) is W2 = 2W . The signal y3 (t) is

y3 (t) = 2m(t) cos2 (2πf0 t) = m(t) + m(t) cos(2πf0 t)

with spectrum
1
Y3 (t) = M (f ) + (M (f − f0 ) + M (f + f0 ))
2
and bandwidth W3 = f0 + W . The lowpass filter will eliminate the spectral components 12 (M (f −
f0 ) + M (f + f0 )), so that y4 (t) = m(t) with spectrum Y4 = M (f ) and bandwidth W4 = W . The
next figure depicts the spectra of the signals x(t), y1 (t), y2 (t), y3 (t) and y4 (t).

53
 X(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
6 6 2
%e
%
% e
e
−f0 −W W f0

Y1 (f )
6 1 ......
S HH S
6  S 6
  S 4
HH
 S   S
−2f0 −f0 −W −f0 +W −2W 2W f0 −W f0 +W 2f0

Y2 (f )
S S
 S  S
 S  S
−f0 −W −f0 +W f0 −W f0 +W

Y3 (f )
S
Q  S Q
 Q  S  Q
−f0 −W −f0 +W −W W f0 −W f0 +W

Y4 (f )
S
 S
 S
−W W

Problem 3.19
1)

y(t) = ax(t) + bx2 (t)

= a(m(t) + cos(2πf0 t)) + b(m(t) + cos(2πf0 t))2
= am(t) + bm2 (t) + a cos(2πf0 t)
+b cos2 (2πf0 t) + 2bm(t) cos(2πf0 t)

2) The filter should reject the low frequency components, the terms of double frequency and pass
only the signal with spectrum centered at f0 . Thus the filter should be a BPF with center frequency
f0 and bandwidth W such that f0 − WM > f0 − W 2 > 2WM where WM is the bandwidth of the
message signal m(t).

3) The AM output signal can be written as

2b
u(t) = a(1 + m(t)) cos(2πf0 t)
a
Since Am = max[|m(t)|] we conclude that the modulation index is
2bAm
α=
a

54
Problem 3.20
1) When USSB is employed the bandwidth of the modulated signal is the same with the bandwidth
of the message signal. Hence,
WUSSB = W = 104 Hz

2) When DSB is used, then the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is twice the bandwidth of the
message signal. Thus,
WDSB = 2W = 2 × 104 Hz

3) If conventional AM is employed, then

WAM = 2W = 2 × 104 Hz

4) Using Carson’s rule, the effective bandwidth of the FM modulated signal is

kf max[|m(t)|]
Bc = (2β + 1)W = 2 + 1 W = 2(kf + W ) = 140000 Hz
W

Problem 3.21
1) The lowpass equivalent transfer function of the system is
1
Wf + 1
2 |f | ≤ W2
Hl (f ) = 2u−1 (f + fc )H(f + fc ) = 2
1 W
2 < f ≤ W

Taking the inverse Fourier transform, we obtain

W
−1
hl (t) = F [Hl (f )] = Hl (f )ej2πf t df
−W
2

W
W
2 1 1
= 2 ( f + )ej2πf t df + 2 ej2πf t df
−W
2
W 2 W
2
W W 
2 1 1 2 1 j2πf t  2 2 j2πf t W
= f ej2πf t + 2 2 ej2πf t  + e  W + e W
W j2πt 4π t −W
2
j2πt − 2 j2πt 2
1 j2πW t j
= e + 2 2 sin(πW t)
jπt π t W
j  
= sinc(W t) − ej2πW t
πt

2) An expression for the modulated signal is obtained as follows

u(t) = Re[(m(t) hl (t))ej2πfc t ]


j
= Re (m(t) (sinc(W t) − ej2πW t
))ej2πfc t
πt

j j2πfc t 1 j2πW t j2πfc t
= Re (m(t) ( sinc(W t)))e + (m(t) e )e
πt jπt
Note that
1 j2πW t
F[m(t) e ] = −M (f )sgn(f − W ) = M (f )
jπt

55
since sgn(f − W ) = −1 for f < W . Thus,

j
u(t) = Re (m(t) ( sinc(W t)))ej2πfc t + m(t)ej2πfc t
πt
1
= m(t) cos(2πfc t) − m(t) ( sinc(W t)) sin(2πfc t)
πt

Problem 3.22
a) A DSB modulated signal is written as
u(t) = Am(t) cos(2πf0 t + φ)
= Am(t) cos(φ) cos(2πf0 t) − Am(t) sin(φ) sin(2πf0 t)
Hence,
xc (t) = Am(t) cos(φ)
xs (t) = Am(t) sin(φ)
%
V (t) = A2 m2 (t)(cos2 (φ) + sin2 (φ)) = |Am(t)|
Am(t) cos(φ)
Θ(t) = arctan = arctan(tan(φ)) = φ
Am(t) sin(φ)

b) A SSB signal has the form

uSSB (t) = Am(t) cos(2πf0 t) ∓ Am̂(t) sin(2πf0 t)
Thus, for the USSB signal (minus sign)
xc (t) = Am(t)
xs (t) = Am̂(t)
% %
V (t) = A2 (m2 (t) + m̂2 (t)) = A m2 (t) + m̂2 (t)
m̂(t)
Θ(t) = arctan
m(t)
For the LSSB signal (plus sign)
xc (t) = Am(t)
xs (t) = −Am̂(t)
% %
V (t) = A2 (m2 (t) + m̂2 (t)) = A m2 (t) + m̂2 (t)
m̂(t)
Θ(t) = arctan −
m(t)

c) If conventional AM is employed, then

u(t) = A(1 + m(t)) cos(2πf0 t + φ)
= A(1 + m(t)) cos(φ) cos(2πf0 t) − A(1 + m(t)) sin(φ) sin(2πf0 t)
Hence,
xc (t) = A(1 + m(t)) cos(φ)
xs (t) = A(1 + m(t)) sin(φ)
%
V (t) = A2 (1 + m(t))2 (cos2 (φ) + sin2 (φ)) = A|(1 + m(t))|
A(1 + m(t)) cos(φ)
Θ(t) = arctan = arctan(tan(φ)) = φ
A(1 + m(t)) sin(φ)

56
d) A PM modulated signal has the form

u(t) = A cos(2πfc t + kp m(t))

 
= Re Aej2πfc t ejkp m(t)

From the latter expression we identify the lowpass equivalent signal as

ul (t) = Aejkp m(t) = xc (t) + jxs (t)

Thus,

xc (t) = A cos(kp m(t))

xs (t) = A sin(kp m(t))
%
V (t) = A2 (cos2 (kp m(t)) + sin2 (kp m(t))) = A
 
A cos(kp m(t))
Θ(t) = arctan = kp m(t)
A sin(kp m(t))

t
e) To get the expressions for an FM signal we replace kp m(t) by 2πkf −∞ m(τ )dτ in the previous
relations. Hence,

t
xc (t) = A cos(2πkf m(τ )dτ )
−∞

t
xs (t) = A sin(2πkf m(τ )dτ )
−∞
V (t) = A

t
Θ(t) = 2πkf m(τ )dτ
−∞

Problem 3.23
1) If SSB is employed, the transmitted signal is

u(t) = Am(t) cos(2πf0 t) ∓ Am̂(t) sin(2πf0 t)

1
Provided that the spectrum of m(t) does not contain any impulses at the origin PM = PM̂ = 2 and

A2 PM A2 PM̂ 1
PSSB = + = A2 PM = 400 = 200
2 2 2
The bandwidth of the modulated signal u(t) is the same with that of the message signal. Hence,

WSSB = 10000 Hz

2) In the case of DSB-SC modulation u(t) = Am(t) cos(2πf0 t). The power content of the modulated
signal is
A2 PM 1
PDSB = = 200 = 100
2 2
and the bandwidth WDSB = 2W = 20000 Hz.

3) If conventional AM is employed with modulation index α = 0.6, the transmitted signal is

u(t) = A[1 + αm(t)] cos(2πf0 t)

57
The power content is
A2 A2 α2 PM
PAM = + = 200 + 200 · 0.62 · 0.5 = 236
2 2
The bandwidth of the signal is WAM = 2W = 20000 Hz.

4) If the modulation is FM with kf = 50000, then

A2
PFM = = 200
2
and the effective bandwidth is approximated by Carson’s rule as
50000
Bc = 2(β + 1)W = 2 + 1 W = 120000 Hz
W

Problem 3.24
f
1) Since F[sinc(400t)] = 400
1
Π( 400 ), the bandwidth of the message signal is W = 200 and the
resulting modulation index
kf max[|m(t)|] kf 10
βf = = = 6 =⇒ kf = 120
W W
Hence, the modulated signal is

t
u(t) = A cos(2πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ )
−∞

t
= 100 cos(2πfc t + +2π1200 sinc(400τ )dτ )
−∞

2) The maximum frequency deviation of the modulated signal is

∆fmax = βf W = 6 × 200 = 1200

3) Since the modulated signal is essentially a sinusoidal signal with amplitude A = 100, we have
A2
P = = 5000
2

4) Using Carson’s rule, the effective bandwidth of the modulated signal can be approximated by
Bc = 2(βf + 1)W = 2(6 + 1)200 = 2800 Hz

Problem 3.25
1) The maximum phase deviation of the PM signal is
∆φmax = kp max[|m(t)|] = kp
The phase of the FM modulated signal is

t
t
φ(t) = 2πkf m(τ )dτ = 2πkf m(τ )dτ
−∞ 0
 

 2πkf 0t τ dτ
= πkf t2 0≤t<1

 t
πkf + 2πkf 1 dτ = πkf + 2πkf (t − 1) 1≤t<2
= t

 πk + 2πk − 2πk dτ = 3πk − 2πk (t − 2) 2≤t<3


f f f 2 f f
πkf 3≤t

58
The maximum value of φ(t) is achieved for t = 2 and is equal to 3πkf . Thus, the desired relation
between kp and kf is
kp = 3πkf

2) The instantaneous frequency for the PM modulated signal is

1 d 1 d
fi (t) = fc + φ(t) = fc + kp m(t)
2π dt 2π dt
d
For the m(t) given in Fig. P-3.25, the maximum value of dt m(t) is achieved for t in [0, 1] and it is
equal to one. Hence,
1
max(fi (t)) = fc +
2π
For the FM signal fi (t) = fc + kf m(t). Thus, the maximum instantaneous frequency is

max(fi (t)) = fc + kf = fc + 1

Problem 3.26
1) Since an angle modulated signal is essentially a sinusoidal signal with constant amplitude, we
have
A2 1002
P = c =⇒ P = = 5000
2 2
The same result is obtained if we use the expansion
∞

u(t) = Ac Jn (β) cos(2π(fc + nfm )t)
n=−∞

along with the identity

∞

J02 (β) +2 Jn2 (β) = 1
n=1

2) The maximum phase deviation is

∆φmax = max |4 sin(2000πt)| = 4

3) The instantaneous frequency is

1 d
fi = fc + φ(t)
2π dt
4
= fc + cos(2000πt)2000π = fc + 4000 cos(2000πt)
2π
Hence, the maximum frequency deviation is

∆fmax = max |fi − fc | = 4000

4) The angle modulated signal can be interpreted both as a PM and an FM signal. It is a PM

signal with phase deviation constant kp = 4 and message signal m(t) = sin(2000πt) and it is an
FM signal with frequency deviation constant kf = 4000 and message signal m(t) = cos(2000πt).

59
Problem 3.27
The modulated signal can be written as
∞

u(t) = Ac Jn (β) cos(2π(fc + nfm )t)
n=−∞

A2c 2
The power in the frequency component f = fc + kfm is Pk = 2 Jn (β). Hence, the power in the
A2c 2
carrier is Pcarrier =
2 J0 (β) and in order to be zero the modulation index β should be one of the
roots of J0 (x). The smallest root of J0 (x) is found from tables to be equal 2.404. Thus,

βmin = 2.404

Problem 3.28
1) If the output of the narrowband FM modulator is,

u(t) = A cos(2πf0 t + φ(t))

then the output of the upper frequency multiplier (×n1 ) is

u1 (t) = A cos(2πn1 f0 t + n1 φ(t))

After mixing with the output of the second frequency multiplier u2 (t) = A cos(2πn2 f0 t) we obtain
the signal

y(t) = A2 cos(2πn1 f0 t + n1 φ(t)) cos(2πn2 f0 t)

A2
= (cos(2π(n1 + n2 )f0 + n1 φ(t)) + cos(2π(n1 − n2 )f0 + n1 φ(t)))
2
The bandwidth of the signal is W = 15 KHz, so the maximum frequency deviation is ∆f = βf W =
0.1 × 15 = 1.5 KHz. In order to achieve a frequency deviation of f = 75 KHz at the output of the
wideband modulator, the frequency multiplier n1 should be equal to
f 75
n1 = = = 50
∆f 1.5
Using an up-converter the frequency modulated signal is given by

A2
y(t) = cos(2π(n1 + n2 )f0 + n1 φ(t))
2
Since the carrier frequency fc = (n1 + n2 )f0 is 104 MHz, n2 should be such that

(n1 + n2 )100 = 104 × 103 =⇒ n1 + n2 = 1040 or n2 = 990

2) The maximum allowable drift (df ) of the 100 kHz oscillator should be such that
2
(n1 + n2 )df = 2 =⇒ df = = .0019 Hz
1040

Problem 3.29
The modulated PM signal is given by
 
u(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t + kp m(t)) = Ac Re ej2πfc t ejkp m(t)
 
= Ac Re ej2πfc t ejm(t)

60
 1
The signal ejm(t) is periodic with period Tm = fm and Fourier series expansion

Tm
1
cn = ejm(t) e−j2πnfm t dt
Tm 0

Tm
Tm
1 2
j −j2πnfm t 1
= e e dt + e−j e−j2πnfm t dt
Tm 0 Tm Tm
2
 Tm 
ej  2 e−j Tm
= − e−j2πnfm t  − e−j2πnfm t 
Tm j2πnfm 0 Tm j2πnfm Tm
2

(−1)n − 1 j 0 n = 2l
= j(e − e−j ) = 2
2πn π(2l+1) sin(1) n = 2l + 1

Hence,
∞
 2
ejm(t) = sin(1)ej2πlfm t
l=−∞
π(2l + 1)

and
 
  ∞
 2
u(t) = Ac Re ej2πfc t ejm(t) = Ac Re ej2πfc t sin(1)ej2πlfm t 
l=−∞
π(2l + 1)
∞ 
 

= Ac  2 sin(1)  cos(2π(fc + lfm )t + φl )
 π(2l + 1) 
l=−∞

where φl = 0 for l ≥ 0 and φl = π for negative values of l.

Problem 3.30
1) The instantaneous frequency is given by

1 d 1
fi (t) = fc + φ(t) = fc + 100m(t)
2π dt 2π
A plot of fi (t) is given in the next figure
fi (t)
.....
fc + 500
2π
fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .fc − 500
2π

0 t

2) The peak frequency deviation is given by

100 250
∆fmax = kf max[|m(t)|] = 5=
2π π

Problem 3.31
1) The modulation index is

kf max[|m(t)|] ∆fmax 20 × 103

β= = = =2
fm fm 104

61
The modulated signal u(t) has the form
∞

u(t) = Ac Jn (β) cos(2π(fc + nfm )t + φn )
n=−∞
∞
= 100Jn (2) cos(2π(108 + n104 )t + φn )
n=−∞

2
The power of the unmodulated carrier signal is P = 100 2 = 5000. The power in the frequency
component f = fc + k104 is
1002 Jk2 (2)
Pfc +kfm =
2
The next table shows the values of Jk (2), the frequency fc + kfm , the amplitude 100Jk (2) and the
power Pfc +kfm for various values of k.

Index k Jk (2) Frequency Hz Amplitude 100Jk (2) Power Pfc +kfm

0 .2239 108 22.39 250.63
1 .5767 108 + 104 57.67 1663.1
2 .3528 108 + 2 × 104 35.28 622.46
3 .1289 108 + 3 × 104 12.89 83.13
4 .0340 108 + 4 × 104 3.40 5.7785

As it is observed from the table the signal components that have a power level greater than
500 (= 10% of the power of the unmodulated signal) are those with frequencies 108 + 104 and
108 + 2 × 104 . Since Jn2 (β) = J−n
2 (β) it is conceivable that the signal components with frequency

108 − 104 and 108 − 2 × 104 will satisfy the condition of minimum power level. Hence, there are four
signal components that have a power of at least 10% of the power of the unmodulated signal. The
components with frequencies 108 + 104 , 108 − 104 have an amplitude equal to 57.67, whereas the
signal components with frequencies 108 + 2 × 104 , 108 − 2 × 104 have an amplitude equal to 35.28.

2) Using Carson’s rule, the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal is

Bc = 2(β + 1)fm = 2(2 + 1)104 = 6 × 104 Hz

Problem 3.32
1)

βp = kp max[|m(t)|] = 1.5 × 2 = 3
kf max[|m(t)|] 3000 × 2
βf = = =6
fm 1000

2) Using Carson’s rule we obtain

BPM = 2(βp + 1)fm = 8 × 1000 = 8000

BFM = 2(βf + 1)fm = 14 × 1000 = 14000

3) The PM modulated signal can be written as

∞

u(t) = AJn (βp ) cos(2π(106 + n103 )t)
n=−∞

62
The next figure shows the amplitude of the spectrum for positive frequencies and for these compo-
nents whose frequencies lie in the interval [106 − 4 × 103 , 106 + 4 × 103 ]. Note that J0 (3) = −.2601,
J1 (3) = 0.3391, J2 (3) = 0.4861, J3 (3) = 0.3091 and J4 (3) = 0.1320.

. . . . . . . . AJ22 (3)
6 6
6. . . . .
AJ4 (3)
6 6 6 6 2
6 6
0 106 f Hz
- 103 
 -
8×103

In the case of the FM modulated signal

u(t) = A cos(2πfc t + βf sin(2000πt))

∞

= AJn (6) cos(2π(106 + n103 )t + φn )
n=−∞

The next figure shows the amplitude of the spectrum for positive frequencies and for these com-
ponents whose frequencies lie in the interval [106 − 7 × 103 , 106 − 7 × 103 ]. The values of Jn (6) for
n = 0, . . . , 7 are given in the following table.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Jn (6) .1506 -.2767 -.2429 .1148 .3578 .3621 .2458 .1296

. . . . . . . . . .AJ5 (6)
66 66
2

6 6 6 6
6 6
6 6 6 6 6
106 f

 -
14 × 103

4) If the amplitude of m(t) is decreased by a factor of two, then m(t) = cos(2π103 t) and

βp = kp max[|m(t)|] = 1.5
kf max[|m(t)|] 3000
βf = = =3
fm 1000
The bandwidth is determined using Carson’s rule as

BPM = 2(βp + 1)fm = 5 × 1000 = 5000

BFM = 2(βf + 1)fm = 8 × 1000 = 8000

The amplitude spectrum of the PM and FM modulated signals is plotted in the next figure for
positive frequencies. Only those frequency components lying in the previous derived bandwidth are
plotted. Note that J0 (1.5) = .5118, J1 (1.5) = .5579 and J2 (1.5) = .2321.

63
 AJ1 (1.5)
2
6 6 6
AJ2 (1.5)
2
6 6

106 f Hz

 -
5×103

AJ2 (3)
6 6 2

6 6 6 6
6 AJ4 (3)
2
6 6
106 f Hz

 -
8×103

5) If the frequency of m(t) is increased by a factor of two, then m(t) = 2 cos(2π2 × 103 t) and

βp = kp max[|m(t)|] = 1.5 × 2 = 3
kf max[|m(t)|] 3000 × 2
βf = = =3
fm 2000
The bandwidth is determined using Carson’s rule as

BPM = 2(βp + 1)fm = 8 × 2000 = 16000

BFM = 2(βf + 1)fm = 8 × 2000 = 16000

The amplitude spectrum of the PM and FM modulated signals is plotted in the next figure for
positive frequencies. Only those frequency components lying in the previous derived bandwidth
are plotted. Note that doubling the frequency has no effect on the number of harmonics in the
bandwidth of the PM signal, whereas it decreases the number of harmonics in the bandwidth of
the FM signal from 14 to 8.

64
 - 
2×103
AJ2 (3)
6 6 2

6 6 6 6
6 AJ4 (3)
2
6 6
106 f Hz

 -
16×103

Problem 3.33
1) The PM modulated signal is
π
u(t) = 100 cos(2πfc t + cos(2π1000t))
2
∞
 π
= 100Jn ( ) cos(2π(108 + n103 )t)
n=−∞
2

π
The next table tabulates Jn (β) for β = 2 and n = 0, . . . , 4.

n 0 1 2 3 4
Jn (β) .4720 .5668 .2497 .0690 .0140
1002
The total power of the modulated signal is Ptot = 2 = 5000. To find the effective bandwidth
of the signal we calculate the index k such that


k
1002 2 π 
k
π
Jn ( ) ≥ 0.99 × 5000 =⇒ Jn2 ( ) ≥ 0.99
n=−k
2 2 n=−k
2

By trial end error we find that the smallest index k is 2. Hence the effective bandwidth is

Beff = 4 × 103 = 4000

In the the next figure we sketch the magnitude spectrum for the positive frequencies.

- 103 
100 π
6 2 J1 ( 2 )
6 6
6 6

6 6
108 f Hz

2) Using Carson’s rule, the approximate bandwidth of the PM signal is

π
BPM = 2(βp + 1)fm = 2( + 1)1000 = 5141.6
2

65
As it is observed, Carson’s rule overestimates the effective bandwidth allowing in this way some
margin for the missing harmonics.

Problem 3.34
1) Assuming that u(t) is an FM signal it can be written as

∞
u(t) = 100 cos(2πfc t + 2πkf α cos(2πfm τ )dτ )
−∞
kf α
= 100 cos(2πfc t + sin(2πfm t))
fm
kf α
Thus, the modulation index is βf = fm = 4 and the bandwidth of the transmitted signal
BFM = 2(βf + 1)fm = 10 KHz

2) If we double the frequency, then

u(t) = 100 cos(2πfc t + 4 sin(2π2fm t))
Using the same argument as before we find that βf = 4 and
BFM = 2(βf + 1)2fm = 20 KHz

3) If the signal u(t) is PM modulated, then

βp = ∆φmax = max[4 sin(2πfm t)] = 4
The bandwidth of the modulated signal is
BPM = 2(βp + 1)fm = 10 KHz

4) If fm is doubled, then βp = ∆φmax remains unchanged whereas

BPM = 2(βp + 1)2fm = 20 KHz

Problem 3.35
1) If the signal m(t) = m1 (t) + m2 (t) DSB modulates the carrier Ac cos(2πfc t) the result is the
signal
u(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t)
= Ac (m1 (t) + m2 (t)) cos(2πfc t)
= Ac m1 (t) cos(2πfc t) + Ac m2 (t) cos(2πfc t)
= u1 (t) + u2 (t)
where u1 (t) and u2 (t) are the DSB modulated signals corresponding to the message signals m1 (t)
and m2 (t). Hence, AM modulation satisfies the superposition principle.

2) If m(t) frequency modulates a carrier Ac cos(2πfc t) the result is

∞
u(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t + 2πkf (m1 (τ ) + m2 (τ ))dτ )
−∞

∞
= Ac cos(2πfc t + 2πkf m1 (τ )dτ )
−∞

∞
+Ac cos(2πfc t + 2πkf m2 (τ )dτ )
−∞
= u1 (t) + u2 (t)

66
where the inequality follows from the nonlinearity of the cosine function. Hence, angle modulation
is not a linear modulation method.

Problem 3.36
The transfer function of the FM discriminator is
R
R Ls
H(s) = 1 = R 1
R + Ls + Cs s2 + L s + LC

Thus,
 2
R
4π 2 L f2
|H(f )| = 
2
2
1
LC − 4π 2 f 2 + 4π 2 ( R 2 2
L) f

As it is observed |H(f )|2 ≤ 1 with equality if

1
f= √
2π LC
Since this filter is to be used as a slope detector, we require that the frequency content of the signal,
which is [80 − 6, 80 + 6] MHz, to fall inside the region over which |H(f )| is almost linear. Such
a region can be considered the interval [f10 , f90 ], where f10 is the frequency such that |H(f10 )| =
10% max[|H(f )|] and f90 is the frequency such that |H(f10 )| = 90% max[|H(f )|].
With max[|H(f )| = 1, f10 = 74 × 106 and f90 = 86 × 106 , we obtain the system of equations

50 × 103 1 1
4π 2 f10
2
+ 2πf10 [1 − 0.12 ] 2 − =0
L LC
50 × 103 1 1
4π 2 f90
2
+ 2πf90 [1 − 0.92 ] 2 − =0
L LC
Solving this system, we obtain

L = 14.98 mH C = 0.018013 pF

Problem 3.37
The case of φ(t) = β cos(2πfm t) has been treated in the text (see Section 3.3.2). the modulated
signal is
∞

u(t) = Ac Jn (β) cos(2π(fc + nfm ))
n=−∞
∞
= 100Jn (5) cos(2π(103 + n10))
n=−∞

The following table shows the values of Jn (5) for n = 0, . . . , 5.

n 0 1 2 3 4 5
Jn (5) -.178 -.328 .047 .365 .391 .261

In the next figure we plot the magnitude and the phase spectrum for frequencies in the range
[950, 1050] Hz. Note that J−n (β) = Jn (β) if n is even and J−n (β) = −Jn (β) if n is odd.

67
 |U (f )| . . . . . . . . 100
J4 (5)
6 6 6 2
6
6 6
6 6
6
6 6
950 1000 1050 f Hz


U (f )
π . . . s. . . . s s s

s s s s s s s
950 1000 1050 f Hz

The Fourier Series expansion of ejβ sin(2πfm t) is

5
4fm
cn = fm ejβ sin(2πfm t) e−j2πnfm t dt
1
4fm


1 2π jβ cos u−jnu j nπ
= e e 2 du
2π 0
nπ
= ej 2 Jn (β)
Hence,
 ∞ 

j2πfc t j2πnfm t
u(t) = Ac Re cn e e
n=−∞
 ∞ 

j2π(fc +nfm )t+ nπ
= Ac Re e 2

n=−∞

The magnitude and the phase spectra of u(t) for β = 5 and frequencies in the interval [950, 1000]
Hz are shown in the next figure. Note that the phase spectrum has been plotted modulo 2π in the
interval (−π, π].
|U (f )| . . . . . . . . 100
J4 (5)
6 6 6 2
6
6 6
6 6
6
6 6
950 1000 1050 f Hz
 U (f )
π . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. . . . s s

π . . . s. . . . s
2

s . s
.
950 . 1000 1050 f Hz
.
. . . . . . . . . s. . . . . . .s. . . . s s
− π2

Problem 3.38
The frequency deviation is given by
fd (t) = fi (t) − fc = kf m(t)

68
whereas the phase deviation is obtained from

t
φd (t) = 2πkf m(τ )dτ
−∞

In the next figure we plot the frequency and the phase deviation when m(t) is as in Fig. P-3.38
with kf = 25.

fd (t) φd (t)

50 ........... 50π . . .
@ ..

25 . . . . . . . . . . 25π .
.
. . . @
..........
@ A 5


@ A

1 3 4 5 6 t 1 3 4 A
6 t
−25 −25π. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A

..
−50 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Problem 3.39
Using Carson’s rule we obtain


 20020 kf = 10
kf max[|m(t)|]
Bc = 2(β + 1)W = 2( + 1)W = 20200 kf = 100
W 
 22000 k = 1000
f

Problem 3.40
The modulation index is
kf max[|m(t)|] 10 × 10
β= = = 12.5
fm 8
The output of the FM modulator can be written as

t
u(t) = 10 cos(2π2000t + 2πkf 10 cos(2π8τ )dτ )
−∞
∞

= 10Jn (12.5) cos(2π(2000 + n8)t + φn )
n=−∞

At the output of the BPF only the signal components with frequencies in the interval [2000 −
32, 2000 + 32] will be present. These components are the terms of u(t) for which n = −4, . . . , 4.
The power of the output signal is then

102 2 4
102 2
J0 (12.5) + 2 J (12.5) = 50 × 0.2630 = 13.15
2 n=1
2 n

102
Since the total transmitted power is Ptot = 2 = 50, the power at the output of the bandpass filter
is only 26.30% of the transmitted power.

Problem 3.41
1) The instantaneous frequency is
fi (t) = fc + kf m1 (t)
The maximum of fi (t) is

max[fi (t)] = max[fc + kf m1 (t)] = 106 + 5 × 105 = 1.5 MHz

69