VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI - 590018, KARNATAKA

A Project Phase-2 Report

on
MANAGEMENT OF TRANSACTION OF SALES AND PURCHASE
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the VIII Semester of a degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science and Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi

Submitted by
ARYAN MAURYA (1AM18IS079)
NEHA KUDTARKAR (1AM17IS059)
PRATIK RATHOD (1AM18IS039)
VAIBHAV SHUKLA (1AM18IS072)

Under the Guidance of

MRS. AMUTHA R
Associate Professor
Dept. of ISE, AMCEC

Department of Information Science and Engineering

AMC ENGINEERING COLLEGE
18 Km, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore - 560083
2021-22
 AMC ENGINEERING COLLEGE
18 Km, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore-560083
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled: MANAGEMENT OF TRANSACTION OF
SALES AND PURCHASE has been successfully completed by ARYAN MAURYA
(1AM18IS079), NEHA KUDTARKAR (1AM17IS059), PRATIK RATHOD
(1AM18IS039) and VAIBHAV SHUKLA (1AM18IS072), all bonafide students of AMC
Engineering College, Bengaluru in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
degree in Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science and Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 2021-2022.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
project work for the said degree.

____________________ ____________________ ___________________

Mrs. Amutha R. Dr. M. Satya Dr. Girisha C
Project Guide Professor and HOD Principal
Associate Professor Department of ISE AMCEC
Department of ISE AMCEC

External Viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1. __________________ 1. __________________

2. __________________ 2. __________________
i.
 DECLARATION

We, ARYAN MAURYA (1AM18IS079), NEHA KUDTARKAR (1AM17IS059), PRATIK

RATHOD (1AM18IS039) and VAIBHAV SHUKLA (1AM18IS072), students of VIII
Semester, B.E. in Information Science and Engineering, AMC Engineering College hereby
declare that the Project entitled MANAGEMENT OF TRANSACTION OF SALES AND
PURCHASE has been carried out by us and submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the VII Semester of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information
Science and Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the
academic year 2021 - 2022.

Place: Bengaluru

Date:

ARYAN MAURYA (1AM18IS079)

NEHA KUDTARKAR (1AM17IS059)

PRATIK RATHOD (1AM18IS039)

VAIBHAV SHUKLA (1AM18IS072)

ii.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

At the very onset, we would like to place our gratitude on all those people who helped
us in making this project a successful one.

Coming up, this project to be a success was not easy. Apart from the sheer effort, the
enlightenment of our very experienced teachers also plays a paramount role because it is they
who guide us in the right direction.

First of all, we would like to thank the Management of AMC Engineering

College for providing such a healthy environment for the successful completion of project
work.

In this regard, we express our sincere gratitude to the Director Dr. K Paramahamsa
and the principal Dr. Girisha C., for providing us all the facilities in this college.

We are extremely grateful to our Professor and Head of the Department of Information
Science and Engineering, Dr. M. Satya, for having accepted to patronize us in the right
direction with all her wisdom.

We place our heartfelt thanks to Mrs. Amutha R., Associate Professor, Department
of Information Science and Engineering for having guided us for the project, and all the staff
members of our department for helping us out at all times.

We thank Mrs. Amutha R., Project coordinator, Department of Information Science

and Engineering. We thank our beloved friends for having supported us with all their strength
and might. Last but not the least; we thank our parents for supporting and encouraging us
throughout. We made an honest effort in this assignment.

ARYAN MAURYA (1AM18IS079)

NEHA KUDTARKAR (1AM17IS059)
PRATIK RATHOD (1AM18IS039)
VAIBHAV SHUKLA (1AM18IS072)

iii.
 ABSTRACT

Inventory Management System (IMS) is software that assists firms who operate
hardware stores in keeping track of sales and purchases. This project streamlines the process
by eliminating paperwork, human errors, and manual delays. The Inventory Management
System will track sales and available inventory, alerting business owners when it's time to
restock and how much to buy. Our project records all the business transactions like purchases,
sales, collections, and payment transactions. It gives a complete overview of the business and
helps the business owner effectively manage their growth & sales and purchases. In this
project, the purchase and sales transactions are the elements used to employ: Laravel, PHP
and Web Development tools, in order to develop an inventory system. The Purchase, Sales
and Inventory System as one of database technology application systems, has become an
important tool for enterprises’ information management.

Our application records all business transactions like sales and stock management,
CRM (Customer Relationship Management) and HRM (Human Resource Management) and
Account handling. Our software is beneficial to firms that manage retail outlets and keep track
of sales and purchases. In this application, the purchase and sales transactions are employed
using the elements: Laravel, PHP and Web Development tools, in order to develop an
inventory system. It gives a complete overview of the business and helps the business owner
effectively manage their growth & sales in their companies. The retail sector has widely
adapted different inventory management applications and some retail chains even employ
prediction software to analyse future sales. However, a lot of day-to-day shopping in India
happens through local shops. Therefore, filing of GST is an extremely important task. This is
where we come in.

Keywords: Inventory Management, Rapid Application Development, United Modelling

Language, cooperation management, Employee Management, Company-Client Interaction,
Invoice Management, Self-checkout.

iv.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl. No. TITLE Page No.

Certificate I

Declaration ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 2

1.2 Existing Systems and their Drawbacks 2

1.3 Proposed System 2

1.4 Advantages of the Proposed System 3

2 Literature Review 6

3 Analysis 16

3.1 Problem Identification 16

3.1.1. Challenges

3.2 Objectives 19

3.3 Methodology 20

3.4 System Requirement Specification 25

3.4.1. Software Requirement Specification

3.4.2. Hardware Requirement Specification

3.4.3. Functional Requirement

3.4.4. Non-Functional Requirement

3.4.5. Data Requirement

4 System Design 30

4.1 Architectural Design 30

4.2 Detailed Design 30

4.3 Output Design 31

4.4 Input Design 31

4.5 Database Design 31

4.6 Program Design 32

4.7 Class Diagram 33

4.8 Sequence Diagram 34

4.9 Use Case Diagram 36

5 Implementation 37

5.1 Background 37

5.2 Implementation Support 37

5.2.1. Front-end

5.2.2. Back-end

6 Testing 40

6.1 Testing Strategies 40

6.1.1. Black Box Testing

6.1.2. White Box Testing

6.1.3. System Design

6.1.4. Functional Testing

6.1.5. Alpha Testing

6.1.6. Beta Testing

6.2 Test Cases 41

7 Discussion of Results 42

8 Conclusion 46

References 48

Appendix A 51

Appendix B 52
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No Fig Description Page No

3.1 MVC Architecture 21

3.2 Implementation of BCrypt Highspeed Software 22

3.3 Authorization Cycle for the System 23

3.4 General IMS Architecture 24

4.1 Class Diagram for Invoice Creation 32

4.2 Class Diagram for Invoice Payment 33

4.3 Class Diagram for Invoice and Payment 34

4.4 Sequence Diagram for Invoice Payment 34

4.5 Creating, Preparing and Validating an Invoice 35

4.6 Activity Diagram for Invoice and Payment 35

4.7 Use Case Diagram for Administrator Management 36

7.1 Login Page for Admin and Employee 41

7.2 Client-side Dashboard 41

7.3 Client-side Login 42

7.4 Invoice Management 43

7.5 Inventory Dashboard 43

7.6 Attendance Management Dashboard 44

7.7 Report Generation Module 45

 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Table Description Page No

3.1 Invoices and Paper Invoices in SVLFC AB 16

3.2 Payment Reminders Amount Per Month 17

3.3 Scanner Technical Issues 17

3.4 Wrong-Coded Invoices 18

3.5 Invoice Generation Methodologies 19

6.1 Unit Test Case 1 41

6.2 Unit Test Case 2 41

6.3 Unit Test Case 3 41

MANAGEMENT OF TRANSACTION OF SALES AND PURCHASE

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The user of this application must enter product names as well as the rate amount. This
area is an optional field for invoicing management. Meanwhile, after all of these fields are
completed, we may move on to client management. The administrator can also manage system
users. The key characteristic of this invoicing system, on the other hand, is that it generates
invoices based on sales.

Here, an administrator must give due dates, customer information, product item and
quantity selections, and discount amounts. Otherwise, the system will automatically add all
extra amounts such as TAX and VAT during the calculation. The system generates an overall
invoice for each customer based on this management.

It instantly records all business transactions like purchases, sales, collections, and
payment transactions. It gives a complete overview of the business and helps the business
owner effectively manage their time and focus on growth and profits.

Inventory management refers to the process by which you track the amount of product
you have on your warehouse shelf, in store or sitting with other retailers and distributors. This
enables you to succeed in having the right number of units in the right place, at the right time
and for the right price.

MVC is an architectural pattern, which consists of three parts: Model, View and
Controller. It was used for desktop graphical user interfaces but nowadays is used in designing
mobile apps and web apps.

Laravel is a powerful PHP framework based on the popular MVC development pattern.
It is built for developers who need a simple toolkit to create full-featured web applications,
hence leaving a small footprint. Controller classes are necessary while Model and View classes
are optional. The Hierarchical Model View Controller (HMVC) which allows the developers
to maintain grouping of Controller, Models and View are arranged in a directorial format,
which can be directly modified by the CodeIgniter framework. Records are managed across
the system.

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1.1. BACKGROUND

Any business that sells products needs a reliable method for inventory management.
With bar codes, point-of-sale software and warehouse tracking, computerized inventory
management systems make it easy for businesses to stay updated consistently. As with any new
system implementation, business owners should consider the advantages and disadvantages of
using a computerized inventory system before writing a check.

1.2. EXISTING SYSTEM AND THEIR DRAWBACKS

Computerized inventory informs employees and customers within seconds whether an
item is in stock. Because the inventory is synced with sales, there is a running tally of what is
in stock and what isn't. This helps flag reordering needs and provides better service to
customers. As inventory drops below a specific threshold, new orders are placed with vendors
and tracked to let customers know when the new products will arrive.

The drawbacks:

a) System Crash

One of the biggest problems with any computerized system is the potential for a system
crash. A corrupt hard drive, power outages and other technical issues can result in the loss of
needed data. At the least, businesses are interrupted when they are unable to access data they
need. Business owners should back up data regularly to protect against data loss.

b) Malicious Hacks

Hackers look for any way to get company or consumer information. An inventory
system connected to point-of-sale devices and accounting is a valuable resource to hack into in
search of potential financial information or personal details of owners, vendors or clients.
Updating firewalls and anti-virus software can mitigate this potential issue.

1.3. PROPOSED SYSTEM

Our application instantly records all business transactions like purchases, sales,
collections, and payment transactions. Keeping a record helps keep track of financials and
therefore is very beneficial especially when it is made easily accessible.

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Since the target clientele are businessmen and daily working individuals, it is
undoubtedly of effective usage. So, we can also avoid any discrepancies found between GST
Returns for monthly and final returns. Since we are using a Bcrypt algorithm, our transactions
are highly secure.

It is undeniable that the manual inventory system needs to be changed to an automated

inventory system that can reduce the time taken, reduce human error, and improve the
efficiency of the inventory.

The software chosen is also capable of achieving the targeted requirements aimed at
solving the problem. The design of the function and feature of the system used during the
development of the software is believed to be the best way to achieve the objective of the
project.

1.4. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

a) Data Security and Reliability

What happens if your work computer breaks down tomorrow? If you don’t have a
backup, then your inventory data is likely gone forever. If you do have a backup, how would
you import the data back to your computer? Are they the latest backups? These headaches
won’t be a problem if your inventory data is on the cloud since backups are created
automatically whenever there’s a data change. These real-time updates make your inventory
data reliable and create data integrity.

Cloud providers invest a sizable amount of money into best-in-class servers to store
data. If a server goes down, you can still access your inventory since cloud data is hosted across
multiple servers in different regions. If your device is lost or damaged, you can simply get a
new one and resync all your inventory data from the cloud as if nothing happened.

Downtime can happen but the chances are slim since most providers guarantee high
uptime levels in their service-level agreements.

b) Transparency and Real-Time Insights

With a cloud-based system in place, you can track every asset whenever it’s moved,
updated, or in repair in real-time. Most tools forecast demand or predict maintenance based on
historical data so you act on time. This prevents idle time and keeps your operations efficient.

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The insights you gain also benefits your company beyond demand forecasting.
Knowing what is mostly used and what tools just sit in the warehouse is useful for process
optimization. Consequently, these real-time insights make everything transparent. If someone
checked out equipment and hasn’t returned it on time-you will know and be able to act on it
immediately.

Transparent operations are key to identifying problems and inefficiencies. Quality

decision making rests on quality data. The content of the inventory accounting and
management is very complicated. The difficulty of the traditional environment accounting and
inventory management is very big. Especially when there are many different kinds of enterprise
inventory.

c) Convenience and Easy Access

The best thing about cloud-based tools is that you can access them from anywhere-all
you need is a laptop (or smartphone) and an Internet connection. Sales teams love working
with cloud software since they can check stock on the road which helps them immensely in
closing deals.

Likewise, any company doing fieldwork finds cloud-based solutions indispensable as

they allow incredible mobility. We suggest using specialized rugged laptops for such work, so
your equipment stays protected at all times. With smartphones being so prevalent in our daily
lives, it’s a no-brainer to invest in cloud-based inventory management so you (and your team)
can work anywhere, anytime.

d) Inventory Optimization
Having too much of the same tools or not having critical equipment when needed is a
real problem. You can identify the optimal quantity of each item with the aid of inventory
optimization. With data from your software, you can calculate asset depreciation for better
equipment life-cycle management.

e) Alerts and Notifications

Staying alert is the best precautionary measure. With this feature, you will receive
notifications for important things you set triggers for. For example, you can be updated when
inventory items are low, when an asset is overdue and hasn’t been returned on time, or when
an asset reaches its next service date.

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f) Instant Reports
Reports are essential for performance reviews, or when you need to send some
information to the government, like IRS, for example. A lot of software solutions lets you
generate various types of reports whether you need to calculate maintenance summaries or
fixed-asset depreciation.

g) Historical Data and Analytics

Apart from custom monthly reporting, you can look back at inventory data from any
point in time to compare your performance. Most systems use data analytics to generate
actionable insights for your business. As with having real-time, current data, having historical
data is important for a better perspective of your asset management.

h) Multi-location Management
If you have multiple warehouses or work locations, you can sync all inventory data into
one management system to ease cross-location management. Anyone working on-site can see
the up-to-date situation in the warehouse, for example.

i) Integrations
We mentioned APIs before. They can connect various business tools with your
inventory management system. You no longer have to waste time moving data from one
platform to another with the aid of integrations.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature survey is mainly carried out in order to analyse the background of the current
project which helps to find out flaws in the existing system & guides on which unsolved
problems we can work out. So, the following topics not only illustrate the background of the
project but also uncover the problems and flaws which motivated to propose solutions and
work on this project. A variety of research has been done on power aware scheduling.
Following section explores different references that discuss about several topics related to
power aware scheduling.

Liu Jinping et. al., [1] Under the IT environment, the organic fusion of information technology
and inventory management help set up under the environment of informatization inventory
management system.

To improve the accuracy of inventory accounting and the validity of the inventory
management has important practical significance.

Advantages:

Under the IT environment, the inventory system of accounting and management are
performed by computing into automatic slots. The user has to enter the GRN and outbound
order after checking, and the computer automatically completes the accounting work and
produce various kinds of table data. Compared with a traditional environment to improve the
timeliness, accuracy, and sharing of data processing.

Vikash K. Singh et. al., [2] Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) is an efficient replenishment
practice designed to enable the vendor to respond to demand without the distortive effect of
purchasing decisions. Past implementations of VMI are based on EDIFACT inventory reports
in a standard business system environment such as SAP R/3. Cost of such implementation is
prohibitively high for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) that typically exist in the lower
end of the supply chain. Therefore, VMI concept has not been much used in this sector. Web
services can be used as a cost-effective alternative to Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). In

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this paper we propose a composite Web Services based framework for VMI implementation
that can be used by the SMEs along with an implementation scheme.
Advantages:

VMI is an effective information sharing mechanism that can enhance the performance
of the supply chain. The proposed implementations being costly have not attracted SMEs to
adopt the concept. Web services can provide cost effective ways for B-to-B enterprise
integration and help implementing VMI. This paper shows an implementation of VMI for one
retailer and one supplier case using Web services

Disadvantages:

The present scenario is not for multiple retailers or multiple suppliers’ cases; hence it
can be extended to multiple retailers or multiple suppliers’ cases.

Utkarsha Mendhel et. al., [3] This examination work manages the part of stock administration
of consumer loyalty in the paper production according to the study. The information use in the
improvement of this venture work will gathered from different levels of administration in the
distribution, using survey. What's more, from that we got a thought where they are missing i.e.,
Inventory control and Bill eras. In paper presents an alarm about the information section in the
bill which in view of PDF format. So that the shopkeeper will update about the remaining items
in the shop.

Advantages:

It's a straightforward application in which the network to the immediate distribution

centre with the goal that information ought to be refreshed in store for the confirmation. It's a
secure application in which the no information spillage from the stockroom. And furthermore,
gives the one table organization look so that after the finish of month we know about what we
sold.

Disadvantages:

Analysis and report generation after a fixed period of time get degrade less efficient.

K. Ohmori et. al., [4] An Internet accounting system, where transactions are entered on the
spot and business data created by transactions are distributed to appropriate staff of the
company, becomes more important for companies operating worldwide. The Internet

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accounting system described in this paper consists of a three-tier structure: Web, application
and database servers. The accounting system provides complete accounting functions
including general ledger, accounts payable, accounts receivable, purchase order, sales order,
inventory management, fixed assets, temporary payment, multi-users, multi-currencies,
multicompanies and multi-languages allowing customer relation management, partner relation
management, supply chain management and performance analysis.
Advantages:

User friendly and easily accessible from anywhere. The new Internet accounting system
of a three-tier structure consisting of Web, application and database servers is described. The
Web servers with high-quality user-friendly interfaces serve as a presentation system to non-
experts in the accounting system. The application server with robust persistent functions serves
as a business logic system. The accounting system covers a complete accounting system.

Disadvantages:
It consists of eight subsystems. Each subsystem has 30 JSP programs for the Web
service and 250 beans for the application service on average. So, its computationally expensive.

Friedrich Wiemer et. al., [5] Using passwords for user authentication is still the most common
method for many internet services and attacks on the password databases pose a severe threat.
To reduce this risk, servers store password hashes, which were generated using special
password-hashing functions, to slow down guessing attacks. The most frequently used
functions of this type are PBKDF2, bcrypt and scrypt. In this paper, we present a novel,
flexible, high-speed implementation of a bcrypt password search system .The design consists
of 40 parallel bcrypt cores running at 100 MHz. Our implementation outperforms all currently
available implementations and improves password attacks on the same platform by at least
42%, computing 6,511 passwords per second for a cost parameter of 5.

Advantages:

Generated hashed password using special password-hashing functions computing 6,511

passwords per second for a cost parameter of 5.

Zhongnan et. al., [6] This paper introduces Agent technology into domestic storage
management and uses the autonomy, reactivity and sociality of Agent to realize the seamless

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connection among enterprises by defining interaction and cooperation mechanisms among

different Agents, thereby achieving the aim of reducing and even eliminating inventory, so it
is a feasible thought and method for enterprises to realize effective storage management. This
paper mainly designs a storage management system model based on multi-Agent and describes
main Agent cooperation processes of the system.

Eduardo B. Fernandez et. al., [7] We discuss an analysis pattern for invoice processing. The
pattern describes events such as the creation and validation of an invoice, followed by the
payment process. This pattern is composed of two simpler patterns that describe the creation
and payment of the invoice, respectively. The composite pattern represents a minimum
application so that it can be applied to a variety of situations, and it can be combined with other
related patterns to describe more complex applications. The component patterns have value of
their own and can be used independently.

Ravi Kishore Kodali et. al., [8] Marking of attendance is one of the oppressive tasks in a
lecture. Moreover, it takes a lot of time to mark the attendance of students manually. Some of
the problems need to be addressed regarding attendance marking are the possibility of a proxy,
the analysis of attendance of a student which could include how frequently one is skipping the
classes. In recent days, traditional methods of marking attendance are turning out burdensome
tasks. A solution for automating the attendance system efficiently can be done by facial
recognition and is also a thriving task in face recognition. However, the automation is done
using biometric systems in past, but it is not an efficient way of doing as faking a fingerprint is
much easier. And also, the authenticity and accuracy signifies the methods to be chosen for this
task, which many proposed methods lack. This research mainly focuses on the methods of
marking attendance and firmly evaluate and analyze intelligent techniques to mark attendance.
In this paper, we propose a novel method of marking attendance using facial recognition. The
proposed method uses small and accurate deeply supervised network for recognition of faces
in a wild classroom scenario. A web application is developed for easy inference to the users.
All the analytics is performed on Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) Instance.

Shailendra, Manjot Singh et. al., [9] In today's era regardless of the field of study or
preference for defining data (quantitative, qualitative), accurate data collection is essential for

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maintaining the integrity of research. Selection of appropriate method and the device used for
data acquisition reduces chances of errors occurring. Proposed system has a small handy
hardware, a remote server and software components for acquisition of data manually or from
sensors electronically. It could be used in doing survey's, closed loop control monitoring
systems in industries, hospitals, attendance management system of schools and colleges etc.
This paper presents a design and framework for taking attendance in schools and colleges, for
making troublesome process of taking and compiling of attendance simple and efficient. As its
targeted users are educational institutes where there is a requirement of affordable, user
friendly, portable, energy efficient and secure automated system. Hence this prototype provides
an amalgamated solution for replacing existing conventional attendance system with embedded
attendance system. Main advantages are its very low cost, small size, efficient with low energy
consumption.

Davor Španić et. al., [10] The invoicing process is an important part of a wider set of business
processes including the placing and acceptance of an order, delivery and payment. Electronic
invoicing enables sending, receiving and processing invoices without manual intervention. It
allows enterprises to benefit from shorter payment delays, fewer errors, as well as reduced
printing and postage costs. However, introducing the exchange of electronic invoices is often
complex and costly, in particular for small and medium-sized enterprises. Besides that, there
is a large number of XML-based standards aimed at representing electronic invoice, which
makes an obstacle for a wider adoption and implementation of electronic invoicing. In this
paper we present our electronic invoicing system, which enables enterprises, especially the
small and medium-sized ones, with a low-cost, simple and safe access to the world of electronic
business. The developed web application enables issuing, receiving and viewing electronic
invoices, storage of invoice data, and connection to registry of electronic invoice recipients and
senders. Particular attention is given to the conversion between XML-based electronic invoice
standards UBL 2.0 and OAGIS 8.0, as well as to security of the system.

Markus Esswein et. al., [11] Covering transactions between buyers and sellers, invoices are
essential. However, not all invoices can be directly matched to a purchase order due to missing
order numbers, differences in terms of the invoice amount, quantity and/or quality. Following
design science research (DSR) in information systems (IS), the objective of this article is to

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propose a new kind of an account recommender by applying machine learning. We take a

chemical company as our case study and build a prototype that today handles more than
500,000 invoices without purchase order per year more accurately and efficiently than manual
work did before. Finally, we propose five design guidelines to drive future research as follows:
(1) Truly understand the business need; (2) More data can only get you so far; (3) Give the
machine a good starting position; (4) Computing power is crucial; (5) Do not burn your bridges
yet (manual intervention).

H. Panduwiyasa et. al., [12] Optimization of business processes is an important thing that
must be solved efficiently. However, many small medium enterprises (SME) in the food sector
industry are not completely aware of the potential for savings presented by technologies and
digital business tools to manage data transactions. Problems that arise in the SMEs’ accounting
information system and invoicing are when they do not implement the technology to integrate
the invoice data from one to another division. On the other side of problems, paper invoices
have been causing high costs and slow processing times. To overcome it, SMEs need a system
that effectively resolves the high price of invoice processing operations. One of the best
solutions is to implement open-source ERP systems. Considering the problem, Open ERP was
chosen by this research as open-source ERP software that can help SMEs to improve the
integrated invoice system and the accounting cycle automation based on QuickStart
methodology.

Almeida et. al., [13] This paper presents the application of a Benefits Management (BM)
Methodology to an e-invoice project, and analyses the results brought forth by the application
of the methodology to the project and its contribution towards a wider adoption in the targeted
Organization. A Case Study research method has been used which began with a gathering and
treatment of data related to the emission and reception of the invoices, continued with the
identification of the type of investment and ended with the application of the chosen BM
approach. The methodology demonstrated the financial viability of the project, identified and
structured the resulting benefits and facilitated the understanding and preparation for the
required transformations in the Organization, including processes, competencies/skills and
technologies. The BM approach brings to the Organization a more wide and consolidated
vision for the projects, a greater foresight and support for a rational decision on IS/IT

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investments and the strategic alignment of resources with the company objectives and
priorities.

D. Gulin et. al., [14] Accounting profession is traditional profession and accounting rules and
principles have been established and are the same for many years. However, globalization of
business, stronger regulations and numerous technological solutions and innovations are not
bypassing the accounting profession either. Challenges for the accounting profession are
reflected in the need for rapid adaptation and transformation of business practice and business
processes without abandoning away from basic accounting rules and principles. The aim of
this paper is to analyses and systematize the key challenges that digitalization brings for the
accounting profession. Research is based on the review of relevant and available professional
and academic literature. The results are showing that accounting profession is faced with
numerous challenges in the era of digitalization. Key challenges could be systematized in
following: the use of big data in accounting and reporting, cloud computing and continuous
accounting, artificial intelligence and blockchain technology. The conclusion of this research
is that changes in technology and digitalization will have a significant impact on the accounting
profession in the coming period. Changes are moving toward reporting on a daily basis,
difference on the way of preparing business and strategic plans, implementation of digital
wallet and on-line accounting as well as outsourcing of accounting in distant countries.
Education system is going to change in circumstances of growing digitalization of business.
Also, users of accounting information in digital era are changing; they want accounting
information right away when a business event occurs, not with time lag. Those changes will
influence on the way accountants carry out their job, it will be necessary the knowledge of new
skills especially in engineering, and, finally, that will lead to new types of the accounting
professionals.

Tam T. Huynh et. al., [15] This paper proposes a decentralized solution for web hosting based
on interplanetary file system (IPFS) and Ethereum blockchain. Particularly, we use Ethereum
smart contracts to manage the IPFS network and the web hosting service. IPFS platform is used
to store data and to host websites. All storage miner nodes on the IPFS network offer the
pinning service to ensure that source codes of the websites and users' data are retained long-
term. Moreover, these nodes also enable the interplanetary name space (IPNS) service for

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creating and updating mutable links to IPFS contents. TXT record is also used in the domain
name system (DNS) to map domain names to IPNS addresses for hosted websites. For privacy-
preserving data storage, websites need to be deployed an encryption algorithm. The proposed
model that combines between the IPFS and blockchain networks to form a platform providing
the decentralized web hosting service. Experiment illustrates building and hosting a web
application on the IPFS network. Experimental results show that, compared to the traditional
web hosting model, the hosted web application on the proposed platform ensures the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Arun Ramamurthy et. al., [16] With the evolving data regulations and residency laws, it is
becoming challenging for enterprises to serve all the geographically distributed users. To abide
with the regulations and to leverage the benefits, such as good quality of service at a low cost,
and avoid vendor lock-in, enterprises are seeking multiple Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) for
hosting their web applications. The selection of CSPs in a multi-cloud environment is a
challenging problem as it depends on multiple criteria such as security, service cost,
manageability and so on.In this paper, we address the CSP selection problem for multiple
applications in a multi-cloud environment comprising of multiple criteria. We provide a holistic
solution methodology that ranks the CSP combinations for each web application using a
multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique. The solution methodology takes virtual
machine and cloud center selection into consideration for ranking the CSP combinations.
However, selecting the top ranked CSP combinations for all applications may not be a viable
option from the manageability and budget perspectives. Hence, we propose an optimization
model to select CSPs for multiple applications of an enterprise considering budget and rank.
We demonstrate our methodology through numerical experiments and provide various insights.

V. Cardellini et. al., [17] Popular Web sites cannot rely on a single powerful server nor on
independent mirrored servers to support the ever-increasing request load. Distributed Web
server architectures that transparently schedule client requests offer a way to meet dynamic
scalability and availability requirements. The authors review the state of the art in load
balancing techniques on distributed Webserver systems, and analyze the efficiencies and
limitations of the various approaches.

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Josep Oriol Fitó Comellas et. al., [18] It is clear that Cloud computing is and will be a sea
change for the Information Technology by changing the way in which both software and
hardware are designed and purchased. In this work we address the use of this emerging
computing paradigm into web hosting providers in order to avoid its resource management
limitations. Thanks to the Cloud approach, resources can be provided in a dynamic way
according with the needs of providers and end-users. In this paper, we present an elastic web
hosting provider, namely Cloud Hosting Provider (CHP), that makes use of the outsourcing
technique in order to take advantage of Cloud computing infrastructures for providing
scalability and high availability capabilities to the web applications deployed on it.
Furthermore, we pursue the main goal of maximizing the revenue earned by the provider
through both the analysis of Service Level Agreements (SLA) and the employment of an
economic model. The evaluation exposed demonstrates that the system proposed is able to
properly react to the dynamic load received by the web applications and it also achieve the
aforesaid revenue maximization of the provider by performing an SLA-aware resource (i.e.,
web servers) management.

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CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS

3.1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Inventory System is an application program to implement the proceedings that are

undertaken during production stage. The administrator is the only person authorized to use the
application. The project enables to provide complete details regarding the raw materials used
in the factory. Raw material details such as name of the supplier, address of the supplier, quality
of material, quantity bought and amount due. The administrator can also maintain the sales
details such as customer name, address, quantity, item name and amount. The view module
enables the administrator to have a clear idea of stock in hand. It gives the administrator clear
picture of the daily expenditure of stock (i.e.) how much of stock has been taken for production
and the remaining stock in hand.

The project also enables the administrator to know when to reorder materials. The
reorder module gives a detailed report of the materials to be reordered. This enables to maintain
a balance between stock and production. The project relieves the user from physical inspection
of stock. It gives a detailed report regarding raw material along with the quality details of the
material and quantity available.

It can be stated that invoice handling in ABC was never optimized with a plan based
on accounting theory or leading ac- counts payable and invoice handling practices. In this way,
there is an opportunity to improve the internal accounting operations and create strong
background for future development.

The research question has been stated as follows:

“How can the invoice handling in accounts payable be adequately optimized at the case
company – ABC?”

As a common truth, process optimization means process improvement. In this thesis,

optimization responds following sub questions:
• How to handle incoming invoices in less steps or shorter period of time?
• How to handle incoming invoices between departments?
• How to handle incoming invoices with less operational mistakes?

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3.1.1. CHALLENGES

Even though, during the direct participating observation it was mentioned that invoice
handling at operations branch performs relatively smoothly, following challenges were figured
out.

Significant number of incoming invoices are paper ones. On average, ABC receives
about 675 purchase invoices per month, from which up to 67 (10%) are paper invoices. It
should be mentioned that usually paper invoices come from main partners of the case company,
such as Nurminen Logistics, Koski Logistics and Kuljetus Laaksonen. Table 3.1. presents
situation with invoices in AB for the period of January – March 2021:

Table 3.1. Invoices and Paper Invoices in ABC.

Months Number of invoices Paper invoices Paper invoices' share

January 750 70 9%

February 650 60 9%

March 625 70 11%

Total 2025 200 10%

Average per month 675 67 10%

Case company does not have a separate email for incoming purchase invoices. This
leads to situations, when the invoice could be missed or email containing it may be accidentally
archived before invoice was handled.

There is no existing time framework for operations and accounting departments. This
means that invoice may stay at freight forwarder’s approval stage for a significant period of
time (up to few days), as well as may not be uploaded to Visma for approval for a long period
of time as well. Depending on the workflow, in some cases operations staff has to write
reminding emails to accounts payable department asking to upload invoice for approval. On
average one invoice processing could last for a few days or even week time. Long lasting
invoice handling also results in receipt of payment reminders from other companies as invoice
can be overdue. Table 4 presents amount of payment reminders received in first quarter of
2021:

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Table 3.2. Payment Reminders Amount Per Month.

Months Payment reminders per month

January 6

February 5

March 7

Total 18

Average per month 6

Technical issues are one of the most often observed challenges. Problems are mainly
related to the scanner which operations staff use to send invoices to accounts payable
department. Occasionally, scanning machine does not work at all, though at times it does not
send scanned invoice copies to accounts payable email. On the other hand, in rare cases (once
per month at most), either operations department or accounts payable emails are not working
due to server problems. This disrupts the whole invoice handling workflow. The table below
presents amount of scanner technical inconveniences happened in during the period of
January – March 2021:

Table 3.3. Scanner Technical Issues.

Month Number of issues

January 10

February 4

March 6

Invoice handling process at operations department is absolutely manual. This requires

a great deal of resources to handle single invoice. Occasionally operations staff forgets to
transfer tax case data to Visma, preventing the invoice to be approved as soon as it is available.

Few challenges related to general ledger coding of incoming invoices exist in handling
process as well. For instance, general ledger coding could be done in a wrong way. In this case,
operations staff has to write email to accounts payable department and request the change to
be done though admin access. It should be mentioned that this kind of mistakes happen as a

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typo during manual invoice coding process. The table 6 presents number of wrong-coded
invoices in during the period of January – March 2021:

Table 3.4. Wrong-Coded Invoices.

Months Number of invoices Wrong-coded Wrong-coded invoices'
invoices amount share

January 750 15 2,0%

February 650 10 1,5%

March 625 11 1,8%

Total 2025 36 1,8%

Average month 675 12 1,8%

It should be also mentioned that ABC’s invoice handling efficiency is highly affected
by invoice volumes. For instance, during the busiest time of the year - summer time, number
of problems related to invoice handling is higher than in any other time of year.

3.2. OBJECTIVES

Our application automatically captures all company transactions such as purchases,

sales, collections, and payment transactions therefore keeping a record helps keep track of
financials and is therefore very advantageous, especially when it is made conveniently
available. It is unquestionably effective because the target clientele are businessmen and
everyday workers. As a result, any differences identified between GST Returns for monthly
and final returns can also be avoided.

Companies usually don't have a separate email for incoming purchase invoices. This
leads to situations where the invoice could be missed or emails containing it may be
accidentally archived before the invoices can be handled. Human error is also a possible factor.

Long lasting invoice handling also results in receipt of payment reminders from other
companies as invoice that can be overdue. In this case, operations staff has to request the change
to be done through admin access in order to write emails to the accounts' pay department. It
should be mentioned that these kinds of mistakes can happen as a typo during manual invoice
coding process.

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It is apparent that the manual inventory system must be replaced with an automated
inventory system like ours that will save time, eliminate human error, and increase inventory
efficiency. Our transactions are highly secure especially since we use the BCrypt algorithm.
During development, the function and feature of the system were thus designed.

3.3. METHODOLOGY

Our project keeps track of all business transactions such as purchases, sales, collections,
and payments. It provides a comprehensive overview of the company and assists the owner in
properly managing their growth and sales, as well as their GST filing.

The purchase and sale transactions are the aspects used in this project to construct an
inventory system using Laravel, PHP, and Web Development tools. As one of the database
technology application systems, the Purchase, Sales, and Inventory System has become a
significant instrument for business information management.

The index.php serves as the front controller, initializing the base resources needed to
run CodeIgniter. The Router examines the HTTP request to determine what should be done
with it. If a cache file exists, it is sent directly to the browser, bypassing the normal system
execution. Before the application controller is loaded, the HTTP request and any user submitted
data is filtered for security. The Controller loads the model, core libraries, helpers, and any
other resources needed to process the specific request. The finalized View is rendered then sent
to the web browser to be seen. If caching is enabled, the view is cached first so that on
subsequent requests it can be served.

Different inventory management tools have been widely adopted in the retail sector,
and some retailers even use prediction software to forecast future sales. Local shops, on the
other hand, account for a large portion of day-to-day purchasing in India.

Table 3.5. Invoice Generation Methodologies

Method Core idea Advantages Disadvantages

Three- In order to approve Clear and logical process. Time-consuming.

way invoice, three
match documents should
match: actual invoice,
purchase order and
delivery slip.

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Less chances that wrong Low first-time match

invoice would be settled rating: invoice, PO and
to payment. delivery slip rarely match at
the first time.

Classic model, that Requires significant

always could be applied, amount of paperwork.
as it does not demand any
special requirements to
accounts payable
department, purchasing
department or receiving
department.

Requires significant
number of steps and
involves versatile personnel
before final approval.

Evaluated Accounting Medium amount of Implementation in real life

receipt department issues invoice handling time is demands great resource
settlement payment on a basis of required for PO and amount and extremely close
PO and delivery slip delivery slip match. internal and external
match, no invoice cooperation levels.
involved.
Less paperwork. May not be suitable for all
suppliers, as requires
substantial level of trust.

Fast payments.

Assumed If invoice is less than a Dramatic decrease of High risk of fraud due to
receipt settled amount, it is required invoice handling absence of checking.
approved to be paid time.
without checking.

Minimized amount of It may be challenging for

paperwork for small sum management to settle
invoices required. correct border line for
invoices to be checked or
not.

Minimal number of steps High risk of financial losses

before payment. due to absence of checking.

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Significantly fast
payments of small sum
invoices.

More resources could be

focused on challenging
and medium/big sum
invoices.

a) MVC ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 3.1. Internal Structure of MVC Architecture

MVC is a software architecture which provides to implement the visual, data and
processing code parts independent.

The Figure 3.1 above shows the MVC architecture. The Model unit is a collection of
classes in communication with the other parts. It is the process unit, processes the task ordered
by the Control Unit. View unit is the place to deal with the presentation of the data to the end
user. It can get the data from both Model and Controller unit.

Also, it can send interactive data to both units. Controller part is the main part of the
structure. If we want to concretize the architecture, C is the brain, M is the nerves and V is the
move.

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b) BCRYPT ALGORITHM

Using passwords for user authentication is still the most common method for many

internet services and attacks on the password databases pose a severe threat. To reduce this
risk, servers store password hashes, which were generated using special password-hashing
functions, to slow down guessing attacks. The most frequently used functions of this type are
B-Crypt and S-Crypt.

We present a novel, flexible, high-speed implementation of a bcrypt password search

system on a low power. The design consists of 40 parallel bcrypt cores running at 100MHz.
Our implementation outperforms all currently available implementations and improves
password attacks on the same platform by at least 42%, computing 6,511 passwords per second.

Fig. 3.2. Implementation of BCrypt Highspeed Software

c) ATTENDANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Employee working hours are tracked using this module. It keeps accurate time records
for your employee's attendance, breaks, time off, and clock in and out. It safeguards a record
against any form of error. It improves the precision and efficiency of your attendance
management. The smartphone app allows employees to log their time and attendance. Because
the programme automates attendance management, the information should be provided in real
time to the HR department so that accurate payroll can be made and your employees can be
rewarded for their time.

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d) AUTHENTICATION
Authentication is the process of determining whether someone or something is, in fact,
who or what it says it is. Authentication technology provides access control for systems by
checking to see if a user’s credentials match the credentials in a database of authorized users
or in a data authentication server.

Fig. 3.3. Authorization Cycle for the System

e) INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The practise of tracking your items across your whole supply chain, from purchasing to
manufacture to final sales, is known as inventory management. It dictates how your company
handles inventory management.

f) REPORT MODULE

In this, the owner of this business can see a single tab detail of all the customers who
have purchased items over the course of a day, week, or month in order to count the items and
determine which items are required for the customer, as well as bookkeeping so that they can
determine markdowns and other special offers.

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g) INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (IMS)

IMS is designed as several modules, separated by their specific roles and functions.
There are 5 modules in the system:

1) Inventory Management
2) Service Management
3) Maintenance Management
4) Debit management
5) Deposit Management

Fig. 3.4. General IMS Architecture

h) RELATIONAL DATABASE
A relational database is a type of database that stores and provides access to data points
that are related to one another. Relational databases are based on the relational model, an

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intuitive, straightforward way of representing data in tables. In a relational database, each row
in the table is a record with a unique ID called the key. The columns of the table hold attributes
of the data, and each record usually has a value for each attribute, making it easy to establish
the relationships among data points.

i) INVOICE GENERATION

We can maintain track of the finer points of invoice management so that we can organise
information in a single table. Every one of the subtle aspects can be discovered by the company's
owner in a single view page design. All of the stock sections should be maintained in this
manner, so that they can be replenished as needed. The printing module can print the invoice
design. It can be converted into a PDF file and used to generate an invoice for the client to
decide the correct level of inventory to order at any given time.

Fig. 3.5. Class Diagram for Invoice Creation

3.4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

System Requirement Specification is a fundamental document, which forms the

foundation of the software development process. It not only lists the requirements of a system
but also has a description of its major feature. An SRS is basically an organization's
understanding (in writing) of a customer or potential client's system requirements and

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dependencies at a particular point in time (usually) prior to any actual design or development
work. It's a two-way insurance policy that assures that both the client and the organization
understand the other's requirements from that perspective at a given point in time. The SRS
also functions as a blueprint for completing a project with as little cost growth as possible. The
SRS is often referred to as the "parent" document because all subsequent project management
documents, such as design specifications, statements of work, software architecture
specifications, testing and validation plans, and documentation plans, are related to it.

3.4.1. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

A software requirements specification (SRS) is a document that describes what the
software will do and how it will be expected to perform. It also describes the functionality the
product needs to fulfil all stakeholders (business, users) needs. A software requirements
specification is a document that describes requirements for a software product, program or set
of programs.
• Laravel Framework
• Java Servlet Container (using Tomcat)
• JavaScript
• Bootstrap
• MySQL

3.4.3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

The hardware requirements specification (HRS) will follow a format such as:

• Purpose: Clearly define the objective of the hardware requirements specification.

• Ram Recommended 2 GB
• Hard Drive and Minimum of 500 MB memory
• Mouse, keyboard and sound card, if required

3.4.3. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Functional Requirement defines a function of a software system and how the system must
behave when presented with specific inputs or conditions. These may include calculations, data

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manipulation and processing and other specific functionality. In this system following are the
functional requirements:

• Collect the details of the tracking required

• Set-up the software with hardware and software requirement check
• Keep on the system for tracking
• Document the data for analysis

3.4.4. NON-FUNCTINAL REQUIREMENTS

Non-functional requirements are the requirements which are not directly concerned
with the specific function delivered by the system. They specify the criteria that can be used to
judge the operation of a system rather than specific behaviours. They may relate to emergent
system properties such as reliability, response time and store occupancy. Non-functional
requirements arise through the user needs, because of budget constraints, organizational
policies, and the need for interoperability with other software and hardware systems or because
of external factors such as:
• Product Requirements
• Organizational Requirements
• User Requirements
• Basic Operational Requirements.

These functional and non-functional requirements will depend on the accuracy and efficiency
needed while deploying the system.

3.4.5. DATA REQUIREMENT

The inputs consist of the query to the database and the output consists of the solutions
for the query. The outputs also include the user receiving the details of their accounts. In this
project the inputs will be the queries as fired by the users like create an account, create class,
make payment etc. Now the output will be visible when the user requests the server to get
details of their account in the form of time, date and which class they added or wish list etc.

• External interface requirement

• Graphical user interface (GUI)

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The software provides good graphical interface for the user and the administrator can
operate on the system, performing the required task such as create, update, viewing, and the
details of the classes.

• It allows to pick the city and view list

• There is search and filter the classes
• User can view location on google map
• User may add and remove from wish list
• On detail page similar classes and ask friend to go with you
• It allows to create class add package and schedule shift
• Login register component for new user or guest

Following are the non-functional requirements of the application:

• Usability: The application must be easy to use and work properly for precise
recommendation.
• Performance: The application will perform in terms of valid input provided by users.
• Extensibility: The application use MS SQL Server for further recommendations. Additional
features will be added in near future.

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CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DESIGN

Design is essentially the bridge between requirement specification and final solution
for satisfying the requirements. System design is essentially a blueprint or a plan for a solution
to the system. The properties of System design are:

• Verifiability
• Completeness
• Consistency
• Efficiency
• Trace ability
• Simplicity/Understandability
The equipment's needed to implement the new system is chosen. At this stage, it is kept
in mind that the proposed system is aimed at removing the shortcomings of the old system. The
proposed system should be designed in such a way that it overcomes the limitations in the
existing system. The design phase comprises of:

• Architectural design
• Detailed design

4.1. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

• Here a conceptual layout of data structures and data bases is looked at in more detail.
• The important inputs and outputs along with the function to be provided are provided are
defined in this phase.
• Parts of the proposed system that are to be automated are clearly designed.
• Interconnection among modules and data structures are the main goal.

4.2. DETAILED DESIGN

In this phase, the database and program are studied. They are detailed under program
and documented. This interface between user and computer is also designed.

The objective of detailed design in as follows:

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• To reduce redundancy
• To improve program performance
• To improve integrity and security of data

4.3. OUTPUT DESIGN

The main objective of any system is the generation of reports for the user. The output
document depends on the inputs.

The reports generated are:

• Add New Item

• Issue Item
• Purchase Item
• Daily Expense
• Make a New Bill
• View Details
• Item Stock Detail
• Sale Detail
• Purchase Detail

4.4. INPUT DESIGN

Input design is the process of converting the user-oriented input to a computer-based

format it will help the data entry easier and error free. The "Inventory System" is developed in
such a manner that the validation is made for each and every data that is entered. The accuracy,
economy, validation, reliability, efficiency and timelessness are considered during design. The
timelessness is the most essential factor. If the data is not entered in time, then processing them
to time delay.

4.5. DATABASE DESIGN

Database is a collection of tables. A table store data in row and column wise. Primary
source of data, meant to be shared by many users for a variety of application. The heart of the
database is DBMS (Database Management System).

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Database ensures data dependence, data integrity, security, backup and recovery. The
designed system maintaining all the properties and a normalized database has been prepared.
The database contains the following tables.

• User log: This table stores the username and password of users who are authorized to use
the application.
• Item Master: It stores information regarding the nature of raw material received. The
information about raw material quality and quantity is stored here.
• Purchase: This table stores information about the supplier of raw material, address, quantity
received and amount due.
• Sale: It stores information regarding the buyer of semi-finished goods. Complete details if
the customer is stored here.
• Expense: It stores information regarding the daily usage of raw material.

4.6. PROGRAM DESIGN

The project computerizes the "Inventory System" of Anglo-French Textiles (AFT).
The project is divided in to five modules:
• Add New Item
• Issue Item
• Purchase Item
• Daily Expense View Details
• Make a New Bill

a) Add New Item: This module enables to add new items to the stock. It maintains complete
details regarding the nature of stock received.
b) Issue Item: The issue module enables to store customer information as to whom semi-
finished products have been sold.
c) Purchase Item: This module enables to store information about the supplier, quantity of
goods supplied and other details.
d) Daily Expense: This module maintains information regarding daily stock. The quantity of
raw material taken is maintained which enables to know stock status.
e) Make a New Bill: This module enables printing of customer details maintained in Issue Item
module.

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f) View: This module generates report of Item stock, Sales stock, Purchase stock and expenses
detail.
g) Bill: This table stores customer details.

4.7. CLASS DIAGRAM

Fig. 4.1. Class Diagram for Invoice Creation

Fig. 4.2. Class Diagram for Invoice Payment

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Fig. 4.3. Class Diagram for Invoice and Payment

4.8. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

Fig. 4.4. Sequence Diagram for Invoice Payment

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Fig, 4.5. Creating, Preparing, and Validating an Invoice

Fig. 4.6. Activity Diagram for Invoice and Payment

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4.9. USE CASE DIAGRAM

Fig. 4.7. Use Case Diagram for Administrator Management

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CHAPTER 5

IMPLEMENTATION

5.1. BACKGROUND

Class booking and payment management system was the typical application of
information management system. Its development mainly included the establishment and
maintenance of database and head application development, for the former requirement to
establish data consistency and integrity. The integrity required the application function, easy
to operate. Based on the above consideration, these systems mainly adopt VB6.0 as the front-
end application development tools. SQL Server was applied to back-end database. Windows
was the system platform development books management system management system.

5.2. IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT

5.2.1 FRONTEND

a) HTML
HTML or Hyper Text Mark-up Language is the main mark-up language for creating
web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web26 browser. HTML is written
in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like), within the
web page content. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML [5] documents and compose
them into visible or audible web pages. It provides a means to create structured documents by
denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other
items. It can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behaviour
of HTML web pages.

b) CSS
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the look and
formatting of a document written in a mark-up language. While most often used to style web
pages and interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any kind
of XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL [5]. CSS is a cornerstone

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specification of the web and almost all web pages use CSS style sheets to describe their
presentation.CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content from
document presentation, including elements such as the layout, colours, and fonts. This
separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the
specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting, and
reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for table less
web design).CSS can also allow the same mark-up page to be presented in different styles for
different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-
based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. It can also be used to
allow the web page to display differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is
being viewed.

c) JAVA SCRIPT
JavaScript (JS) is a dynamic computer programming language. It is most commonly
used as part of web browsers, whose implementations allow client-side scripts to interact with
the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously, and alter the document content
that is displayed. It is also being used in server-side programming, game development and the
creation of desktop and mobile applications. JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language
with dynamic typing and has first- class functions. Its syntax was influenced by C. JavaScript
copies many names and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise
unrelated and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are
taken from the self and Scheme programming languages. It is a multi-paradigm language,
supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles.

5.2.2 BACK END

The back end is designed using MySQL which is used to design the databases.

a) MYSQL

MySQL (“My S-Q-L”, officially, but also called “My Sequel”) is (as of July 2013) the
world’s second most widely used open-source relational database management system
(RDBMS). It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius daughter, me. The SQL phrase
stands for Structured Query Language. The MySQL development project has made its source
code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety

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of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for- profit firm, the
Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation. MySQL is a popular choice
of database for use in web applications and is a central component of the widely used LAMP
opens source web application software stack (and other 'AMP' stacks). LAMP is an acronym
for “Linux, Apache, MySQL, and Perl/PHP/Python.” Free-software-open-source projects that
require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. For commercial use,
several paid editions are available, and offer additional functionality. Applications which use
MySQL databases include: TYPO3, MODx, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, Drupal and
other software. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale websites, including
Wikipedia, Google (though not for searches), Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube.

b) PHP (Laravel)

Laravel is a MVC framework with bundles, migrations, and Artisan CLI. Laravel offers
a robust set of tools and an application architecture that incorporates many of the best features
of frameworks like Code Igniter, Yii, ASP.NET MVC, Ruby on Rails, Sinatra, and others.

Laravel is an Open-source framework. It has a very rich set of features which will boost
the speed of Web Development. If you familiar with Core PHP and Advanced PHP, Laravel
will make your task easier. It will save a lot time if you are planning to develop a website from
scratch. Not only that, the website built in Laravel is also secure. It prevents the various attacks
that can take place on websites.

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CHAPTER 6

TESTING

6.1. TESTING STRATEGIES

Testing methodologies are the strategies and approaches used to test a particular product to
ensure it is fit for purpose. Testing methodologies usually involve testing that the product works
in accordance with its specification, has no undesirable side effects when used in ways outside
of its design parameters and worst case will fail-safely. We apply different methods that can
be used for testing [11]. Here are some methods which are briefly described:

6.1.1. BLACK BOX TESTING

The technique of testing without having any knowledge of the interior workings of the
application is called black-box testing. The tester is oblivious to the system architecture and
does not have access to the source code. Typically, while performing a black-box test, a tester
will interact with the system's user interface by providing inputs and examining outputs without
knowing how and where the inputs are worked upon.

6.1.2. WHITE BOX TESTING

White-box testing is the detailed investigation of internal logic and structure of the
code. White-box testing is also called glass testing or open-box testing. In order to perform
white box testing on an application, a tester needs to know the internal workings of the code.
The tester needs to have a look inside the source code and find out which unit/chunk of the
code is behaving inappropriately.

6.1.3. SYSTEM TESTING

System testing tests the system as a whole. Once all the components are integrated, the
application as a whole is tested rigorously to see that it meets the specified Quality Standards.
This type of testing is performed by a specialized testing team.

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6.1.4. FUNCTIONAL TESTING

We performed functional testing to verify that a software application performs and

functions correctly according to design specifications. During functionality testing we check
the core application functions, text input, menu functions and installation and setup on localized
machines, etc.

The testing involves checking of UI, APIs, Database, Security, Client/ Server
application and functionality of the application under the testing. This testing process can be
done by two ways manual testing and automation testing.

The main objective the functional testing is to check the functionalities of the
application or the software system. Finding mainline function, accessibility, error conditions
are the main concentric of functional testing.

6.1.5. ALPHA TESTING

This test is the first stage of testing and will be performed amongst the teams (developer
and QA teams). Unit testing, integration testing and system testing when combined together
are known as alpha testing. During this phase, the following aspects will be tested in the
application:

• Spelling Mistakes
• Broken Links Cloudy Directions: The Application will be tested on machines with the
lowest specification to test loading times and any latency problems.

6.1.6. BETA TESTING

This test is performed after alpha testing has been successfully performed. In beta
testing, a sample of the intended audience tests the application. Beta testing is also known as
pre-release testing.

Beta test versions of software are ideally distributed to a wide audience on the Web,
partly to give the program a "real world" test and partly to provide a preview of the next release.

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6.2. TEST CASES

Table 6.1 Unit Test Case 1

Name of the Test Different types of Login test

Test Description A test to check different types of logins

Sample Input Executing the case 1

Expected Output Successful login

Actual Result As Expected

Passed (?) Successful

Table 6.2 Unit Test Case 2

Name of the Test Test case for Generation of Invoice

Test Description A test to filing and generating the invoice

Sample Input Executing the case 2

Expected Output Pdf generated invoice

Actual Result As Expected

Passed (?) Successful

Table 6.2 Unit Test Case 3

Name of the Test Test case for Report Generation

Test Description A test to get final inventory report

Sample Input Executing the case 3

Expected Output Word, Excel generated report

Actual Result As Expected

Passed (?) Successful

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CHAPTER 7

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

a) Login Page for Admin and Employee

Fig. 7.1. Login Page for Admin and Employee

The above figure 7.1 describes the login for the admin and all different types of
employees and authentication of the employee of the company and admin.

b) Client-side Dashboard

Fig. 7.2. Client-Side Dashboard

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The practise of tracking your items across your whole supply chain, from purchasing to
manufacture to final sales, is known as inventory management. It dictates how your company
handles inventory management.

The Client-side dashboard include metrics that show the state of your inventory such
as inventory approaching out of stock or inventory with excess quantity. The metrics are based
on thresholds that are set for each specific SKU. The dashboard helps you determine where to
focus your attention.

c) Client-Side Login

Fig. 7.3. Client-Side Login

Client-side authentication is when authentication checks are performed completely at

users' side. The idea is that the authentication procedures, methods, or codes are delivered to
the client, where they are executed to determine whether a user has access.

The act of following your things across your entire production network, from buying to
fabricate to definite deals, is known as stock administration. It directs how your organization
handles stock administration.

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d)Invoice Management

Fig. 7.4. Invoice Management

We can maintain track of the finer points of invoice management so that we can
organise information in a single table. Every one of the subtle aspects can be discovered by the
company's owner in a single view page design. All of the stock sections should be maintained
in this manner, so that they can be replenished as needed. The printing module can print the
invoice design. It can be converted into a PDF file and used to generate an invoice for the client
to decide the correct level of inventory to order at any given time.

e) Inventory Dashboard

Fig. 7.5. Inventory Dashboard

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The practise of tracking your items across your whole supply chain, from purchasing
to manufacture to final sales, is known as inventory management. It dictates how your company
handles inventory management.

The Inventory dashboard include metrics that show the state of your inventory such as
inventory approaching out of stock or inventory with excess quantity. The metrics are based
on thresholds that are set for each specific SKU. The dashboard helps you determine where to
focus your attention.

f) Attendance Management Dashboard

Fig. 7.6. Attendance Management Dashboard

An attendance management system refers to an organization's approach to tracking

employee time and attendance information. An accurate attendance and time tracking system
helps you save time and effort in calculating your employees' working hours.

Employee working hours are tracked using this module. It keeps accurate time records
for your employee's attendance, breaks, time off, and clock in and out. It safeguards a record
against any form of error.

It improves the precision and efficiency of your attendance management. The

smartphone app allows employees to log their time and attendance. Because the programme
automates attendance management, the information should be provided in real time to the HR
department so that accurate payroll can be made, and your employees can be rewarded for their
time.

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g) Report Generation Module

Fig. 7.7. Report Generation Module

In this, the owner of this business can see a single tab detail of all the customers who
have purchased items over the course of a day, week, or month in order to count the items and
determine which items are required for the customer, as well as bookkeeping so that they can
determine markdowns and other special offers.

Report generation refers to the process of extracting the data that you need from the
database and then organizing and exporting them into reports. It provides decision-makers with
informative insights and supportive references.

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

The system was mainly designed to reduce the manual work of updating and tracking
and also make it easier for the user. It also provides flexible and powerful reports regarding
customer details, issue details and stock details. Thus, inventory system was implemented
successfully.

Now to delay software aging, we recommend several quick mitigating actions as follows:

1. Characterize the changes that are likely to occur over the lifetime of a software product,
and the way to achieve this characterization is by applying principles such as object
orientation
2. Design and develop the software code in a way that changes can be carried out; to achieve
this concise and clear documentation is the key
3. Reviewing and getting a second opinion on the design and documentation of a product
helps in prolonging the lifetime of a software product.

When the aging has already occurred, there are things we could do to treat it such as:

1. Prevent the aging process to get worse by introducing and creating structures whenever
changes are made to the product
2. As changes are introduced to a product a review and update of the documentation is often
a very effective step in slowing the aging process
3. Understanding and applying the principle of modularization is a good way to ease the future
maintenance of a product
4. Combining different versions of similar functions into one system can increase efficiency
of a software product and reduce the size of its code which is one the causes of software
aging.

There is always a room for improvement in any software package, however good and
efficient it may be. But the improvement thing is that the system should be flexible enough for
further modifications. Considering this important factor, the system is designed in such a way
that provisions can be given for further enhancement without affecting the system presently
developed.

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For further research work to be carried out, author hereby suggest the following:
• Load balancing server.
• Proxy server for better security.
• Multiple servers with copy of app for maximizing the server uptime.
• Multiple database server for data replication and using master slave architecture.

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REFERENCES

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[3] Utkarsha Mendhe, Ankita Lohave, Aayush Sah, Varun Paliwal, Prof. Nutan Sonwane.
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[4] K. Ohmori. “An Internet Accounting System”. Proceedings Fifth International

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[9] A. Narayanan and V. Shmatikov, “Fast Dictionary Attacks on Passwords Using Time-
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[10] C. Castelluccia, A. Chaabane, M. Durmuth, D. Perito, "Omen: An improved password

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[16] Moskowitz, Robert. "Using Your Computer for Inventory Control". Excision Retrieved
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[17] Lu, Clara (March 27, 2014). "Recent Study Shows that 66% of Warehouses Plan to
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[18] Lockard, Robert (29 November 2010). "3 Advantages of Using Inventory Management
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[19] EGA Futura. “Inventory Management Software". Retrieved 23 November 2012.

[20] Lu, Clara "Integrations and Apps for Online Inventory Management Software Trade
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[21] Lesonsky, Rieva(1998). "Tracking Inventory". Entrepreneur Magazine.

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APPENDIX A

INDUSTRIAL CERTIFICATE

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APPENDIX B

CONFERENCE CERTIFICATE

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