Courses Opted for This Semester Research Done for RM II Work Done in Current Semester Plan for Next

Semester

Semester Progress Report: July to December 2024

Anjali Chaudhary
(S24SCSETP0007)

Research Area/Topic: Approximate Solutions of Fractional Differential Equations

School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology

Bennett University Noida, India

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 1 / 23
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RAC Members

Prof. (Dr.) Abhay Bansal

Chairman

Dr. Sumit Malik Dr. Vinay Shukla

Supervisor Co-Supervisor

Dr. Amit Tomar Dr. Monika Rani

Expert From Department Expert From Outside Department

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 1 / 23
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Table of Contents

1 Courses Opted for This Semester

2 Research Done for RM II

3 Work Done in Current Semester

4 Plan for Next Semester

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
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Courses Opted for This Semester and Their Results

Courses Credits Results

Advanced Real Analysis 3 Awaited

Data Science with Python 4 Awaited
Research Methodology I 3 Awaited
Research Methodology II 2 Awaited

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
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Literature Review Done for RM II

Fractional Differential Equations

Fractional differential equations (FDEs) are generalization of integer order differential

equations.
Integer order diffusion equation

∂u(x, t) ∂ 2 u(x, t)
=η . (1)
∂t ∂x2
Fractional order diffusion equation

∂ α u(x, t) ∂ β u(x, t)
=η , 0 < α ≤ 1, 1 < β ≤ 2, (2)
∂tα ∂xβ

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 4 / 23
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Fractional Derivatives

The Caputo1 fractional derivative w.r.t. t of order α > 0 for a function u(x, t) is given by
( ∂ n u(x,t)
C ∂tn
, α = n ∈ N,
Dtα u(x, t) = 1
Rt n−α−1 ∂ n u(x,z) (3)
Γ(n−α) 0 (t − z) ∂z n
dz, n − 1 < α < n.

The Atangana-Baleanu2 fractional derivative of order α,

n − 1 < α = (n − 1) + σ < n, n ∈ N the function u(x, t) w.r.t. t is given by
( ∂ n u(x,t)
AB α ∂tn
, α = n ∈ N,
Dt u(x, t) = B(σ) R t ∂ n u(x,z) (4)
(1−σ) 0 ∂z n
Eσ [λσ (t − z)σ ]dz, n − 1 < α < n.

P∞ xk σ
where Mittag-Leffler function Eσ (x) = k=0 Γ(kσ+1) , B(σ) = 1 − σ + Γ(σ)
and
−σ
λσ = 1−σ
.

1
Diethelm, Kai. ”General theory of Caputo-type fractional differential equations.” Handbook of Fractional
Calculus with Applications: Basic Theory 2 (2019): 1-20.
2
Atangana, Abdon, and Dumitru Baleanu. ”New fractional derivatives with nonlocal and non-singular kernel:
theory and application to heat transfer model.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.03408 (2016).
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 5 / 23
 Courses Opted for This Semester Research Done for RM II Work Done in Current Semester Plan for Next Semester

The Modified Atangana Baleanu Derivative3 (MAB) of order α,

(n − 1) < α = (n − 1) + σ < n, n ∈ N is given by
 ∂ n u(x,t)

 ∂tn , α = n,
 B(σ)  ∂ n−1 u(x,t)

σ ∂
n−1 u(x,0)
M α − E σ (λσ x )
Dt u(x, t) = (1−σ) ∂tn−1 ∂tn−1

(5)
n−1 u(x,z)

+λσ 0t (t − z)σ−1 Eσ,σ [λσ (t − z)σ ] ∂ n−1
 R
 dz , (n − 1) < α < n.
∂z

xk
P∞
where Eσ,σ (x) := k=0 Γ(kσ+σ) .

3
Al-Refai, M. and Baleanu, D., 2022. On an extension of the operator with Mittag-Leffler kernel. Fractals,
30(05), p.2240129.
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 6 / 23
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Methodology for Fractional ODEs

Consider the following multi-fractional-order differential equation

γ σ1 σk
Dx u(x) = f (x, u(x), Dx u(x), . . . , Dx u(x)), x ∈ (0, b], (6)
where 0 < σ1 < σ2 < . . . < σk < γ; n, k ∈ N with initial conditions
(i)
u (0) = ui , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n. (7)
Solution Process
1 Let us approximate u(x) using polynomials

p
X T
u(x) ≃ ck Pk (x = C Φp (x), (8)
k=0

T
Pp (x) T .


where C = c0 c1 c2 ... cp and Φp (x) = P0 (x) P1 (x) P2 (x) ...
2 A martix ∆γ
x of order (p + 1) × (p + 1) such that Dt Φp (x = γ
∆γ
t Φp (x) is known as
operational matrix of Dt γ .
γ T γ σj T σ
Dx u(x) ≃ C ∆x Φp (x), Dx u(x) ≃ C ∆xj Φp (x), j = 1, 2, 3, .., k. (9)
3 Now collocating the residue of proposed problem (6),
T γ T T σ T σ
R(x) = C ∆t Φp (x) − f (x, C Φp (x), C ∆x1 Φp (x), . . . , C ∆xk Φp (x)), (10)
(b−0)l
at the points xl = p−n+1 for l = 1, 2, 3, ..., p − n + 1 with
T i
C ∆ Φp (0) ≃ ui , i = 0, 1, 2, .., n − 1, (11)
a set of (p + 1) equations is obtained. Solving these equations, the equation (8) yields
numerical solutions for the model (6) with initial conditions (7).
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 7 / 23
 Courses Opted for This Semester Research Done for RM II Work Done in Current Semester Plan for Next Semester

Reviewed Paper 1:

The authors4 have solved the following multi-fractional-order differential equation

AB γ σ1 σk
Dx u(x) = f (x, u(x), AB Dx u(x), . . . , AB Dx u(x)), (12)

where 0 < σ1 < σ2 < . . . < σk < γ; n, k ∈ N with initial conditions

u(i) (0) = ui , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n. (13)

1 Used Genochhi polynomials to approximate the solution.

2 Formulated an operational matrix for the AB-fractional derivative in the framework of
Genochhi polynomials.
3 Applied this operational matrix for transforming the problem into system of algebraic
equations.
4 Then, using the collocation technique, the approximate solutions are obtained for special
cases of (17).

4
Sadeghi, S., Jafari, H. and Nemati, S., 2020. Operational matrix for AtanganaâBaleanu derivative based on
Genocchi polynomials for solving FDEs. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 135, 109736.
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 8 / 23
 Courses Opted for This Semester Research Done for RM II Work Done in Current Semester Plan for Next Semester

Reviewed Paper 2:

The authors5 have solved the following fractional differential equation

d2 u(x) β
ω1 + ω2 C Dx u(x) + ω3 u(x) = f (x), (14)
dx2
where ωi , i = 1, 2, 3 are constants and given conditions are

u(0) = g1 , u′ (0) = g2 . (15)

1 Used Morgan-Voyce polynomials defined as

p 
X p + k + 1
Pp (x) = xk , x ∈ [a, b], b > a. (16)
k=0
p−k

P0 (x) = 1, P1 (x) = 2 + x, P2 (x) = 3 + 4x + x2 , P3 (x) = 4 + 10x + 6x2 + x3 .

2 Construct an operational matrix for the Caputo fractional derivative.
3 Transform into system of algebraic equations.
4 Using the collocation technique the approximate solutions are achieved for (14).
5
Srivastava, Hari Mohan, et al. Solving some physics problems involving fractional-order differential equations
with the Morgan-Voyce polynomials. Fractal and Fractional 7.4 (2023): 301.
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 9 / 23
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Work Done based on RM II in Current Semester

1 Established a new operational matrix.

2 That provides exact representation of fractional derivative rather than approximate

representation as available in the literature67 .

3 Presented the above results with entitled “Numerical Estimation of Fractional

Differential Equations Using Morgan Voyce Polynomials” in the conference Annual
Conference of Indian Society for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation
(ISMMACS) and International Conference on Differential Equations: Theory,
Computation and Applications from 29 Nov - 1 Dec 2024 organized by Department of
Mathematics, South Asian University, New Delhi, India.

6
Srivastava, Hari Mohan, et al. Solving some physics problems involving fractional-order differential equations
with the Morgan-Voyce polynomials. Fractal and Fractional 7.4 (2023): 301.
7
Sadeghi, S., Jafari, H. and Nemati, S., 2020. Operational matrix for AtanganaâBaleanu derivative based on
Genocchi polynomials for solving FDEs. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 135, 109736.
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 10 / 23
 Courses Opted for This Semester Research Done for RM II Work Done in Current Semester Plan for Next Semester

Proposed Problem

This study evaluates effectiveness of the proposed technique on the following

multi-fractional-order differential equation
M γ σ σ
Dx u(x) = f (x, u(x), M Dx1 u(x), . . . , M Dxk u(x)), (n − 1) < γ ≤ n, (17)

with initial conditions

u(i) (0) = ui , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1. (18)

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 11 / 23
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Example

Let us consider the following fractional order Bagley Trovik equation governed by
MABC-fractional derivative
d2 u(x) M 0.5
+ Dx u(x) + u(x) = f (x), (19)
dx2
u(0) = 0, u′ (0) = −1. (20)

8
Arqub, O.A. and Al-Smadi, M., 2018. Atangan-Baleanu fractional approach to the solutions of Bagley-Torvik
and Painleve equations in Hilbert space. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 117, pp.161-167.
9
Sadeghi, S., Jafari, H. and Nemati, S., 2020. Operational matrix for Atangana-Baleanu derivative based on
Genocchi polynomials for solving FDEs. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 135, p.109736.
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 12 / 23
 Courses Opted for This Semester Research Done for RM II Work Done in Current Semester Plan for Next Semester

Example

Let us consider the following fractional order Bagley Trovik equation governed by
MABC-fractional derivative
d2 u(x) M 0.5
+ Dx u(x) + u(x) = f (x), (19)
dx2
u(0) = 0, u′ (0) = −1. (20)

The function f (x) is evaluated such that the solution is u(x) = x2 − x.

Table 1 presents a comparison with existing findings for AB-fractional derivative w.r.t.
absolute error ϵ.

Table 1: Comparison between obtained results and available results

x Exact Solution Approx. Sol. ϵ with ABFD8 ϵ with ABFD9 ϵ at p = 3
0.2 -0.1600 -0.1600 5.7350e-4 9.5867e-6 1.3532e-58
0.4 -0.2400 -0.2400 3.7431e-4 2.0211e-5 1.0825e-57
0.6 -0.2400 -0.2400 2.4157e-4 2.9572e-5 3.6536e-57
0.8 -0.1600 -0.1600 1.8833e-4 3.6091e-5 8.6603e-57
8
Arqub, O.A. and Al-Smadi, M., 2018. Atangan-Baleanu fractional approach to the solutions of Bagley-Torvik
and Painleve equations in Hilbert space. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 117, pp.161-167.
9
Sadeghi, S., Jafari, H. and Nemati, S., 2020. Operational matrix for Atangana-Baleanu derivative based on
Genocchi polynomials for solving FDEs. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 135, p.109736.
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 12 / 23
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Figure 1 exhibits exact and computed solutions, along with the absolute error.
u(x) Abs. Error

0.00

1.5×10-56
-0.05 Approximate Solution (SA )
Exact Solution (SE )

-0.10
1.×10-56

-0.15

5.×10-57
-0.20

-0.25
x x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

(a) Exact and Approximate solutions (b) Absolute error

Figure 1: Depiction of solution profile for the Example at p = 3.

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

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India)
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Plan for Next Semester

Review of the literature of upcoming papers.

To extend the conference paper for the modified Atangana Baleanu fractional derivative
in the frameworke of generalized Morgan Voyce polynomials.
▶ Over a finite interval [a, b], b > a > 0, the generalized Morgan-Voyce polynomials10 are
defined as
p 
k
X p + n + 1 kn
Pp (x) = x , k ∈ (0, 1]. (21)
n=0
p−n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
P02 (x) = 1, P12 (x) = 2 + x 2 , P22 (x) = 3 + 4x 2 + x, P32 (x) = 4 + 10x 2 + 6x + x 2 .

10
Kumar, S., Singh, V. and Kumar, U., 2024. Solvability of fractional differential equations with applications of
Morgan Voyce polynomials. Physica Scripta, doi 10.1088/1402-4896/ad5385.
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
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Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 15 / 23
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We choose fractional derivatives over integer-order derivative

Capturing Memory and Hereditary Effects

▶ Why integer-order derivatives fail: Integer-order derivatives only describe local
interactions; they assume that the future evolution of a system depends solely on its
present state, with no consideration of its history.
▶ Why fractional derivatives work: Fractional derivatives inherently incorporate
memory. For example, the Caputo and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives consider
the entire history of a function, making them ideal for processes where the current state
depends on past states.
▶ Example: Viscoelastic materials, where stress depends on the entire deformation history.

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Modeling Anomalous Diffusion.

▶ Why integer-order derivatives fail: Classical diffusion equations assume that
diffusion is linear and memoryless (Markovian), which works well for normal diffusion but
fails for anomalous diffusion (subdiffusion or superdiffusion).
▶ Why fractional derivatives work: Fractional diffusion equations allow us to model
subdiffusion and superdiffusion
c α c β
D t u(x, t) = η D x u(x, t), 0 < α ≤ 1, (22)
c β
the fractional spatial derivative D u(x, t) signifies anomalous subdiffusive and super
diffusive behaviour (where the spatial spread of the quantity u(x, t) is slower than normal
diffusion or higher), as 1 < β < 2 or 2 < β < 3.
▶ Example: Drug delivery in complex biological tissues.

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 17 / 23
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Sugar Dissolution in Water

Imagine you drop a cube of sugar into a glass of still water. The concentration of sugar
u(x, t) at a time t and position x can be described by the equation (22). As it dissolves:
The sugar molecules spread evenly over time due to the concentration gradient, might be
described by α = 1 and β = 2.
Now imagine the water contains many obstacles or traps-like a gel or a sponge-like
structure. As the sugar dissolves with slower rate and might be described by 0 < α ≤ 1
and 1 < β < 2.
The sugar molecules being ”boosted” by some external force, like heat or a turbulent
flow. As the sugar dissolves higher rate and might be described by 0 < α ≤ 1 and
2 < β < 3.

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 18 / 23
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Operational Matrices

Applying the kth order derivative, we get

dk dk
T
k
Ψp (x) = U k 1 x x2 . . . xp
dx dx
 k T
= U dk1 dk dk 2 dk p
dx dx k x dx k x . . . dx k x
 T
Γ(1+1) Γ(2+1) Γ(p+1)
= U 0 Γ(1−k+1) x1−k Γ(2−k+1) x2−k . . . Γ(p−k+1)
xp−k
0 0 0 ... 0
 
0 Γ(1+1)x−k  1
 
 Γ(1−k+1)
0 ... 0  x 
Γ(2+1)x−k
  
0 0 . . . 0   x2 
=U Γ(2−k+1)  
 . 
. . . . ..  . 
 .. .. .. .. .  .
xp
 
Γ(p+1)x−k
0 0 0 ... Γ(p−k+1)
−1
= U Dk U Ψp (x). (23)

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
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Similarly, applying MABC- derivative of order γ ∈ (n − 1, n), we get

γ
M
D Ψp (x) = U Rγ U −1 Ψp (x), (24)

where
a0,0 0 0 ... 0
 
 0 a1,1 0 ... 0 
0 0 a2,2 ... 0
 
γ
R = (25)
 
.. .. .. ..

 .. 
 . . . . . 
0 0 0 ... ap,p


 0    i = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , ⌊γ⌋ − 1,

 B(µ)Γ(i+1) x1−n x1−n

− Eµ (πµ xµ )
ai,i = (1−µ) Γ(i−n+2) Γ(i−n+2)
x=0
(26)

 
+πµ xµ+1−n Eµ,µ+i−n+2 (πµ xµ ) i = ⌊γ⌋, . . . , p.



(
U Dk U −1 γ = n,
The matrix ∆γ = is the operational matrix for
U Rγ U −1 γ ∈ (n − 1, n).
MABC-fractional derivatives.

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

Semester
India)
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11
11
Sadeghi, S., Jafari, H. and Nemati, S., 2020. Operational matrix for Atangana-Baleanu derivative based on
Genocchi polynomials for solving FDEs. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 135, p.109736.
Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,
Semester
India)
Progress Report: July to December 2024 21 / 23
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Model 1: Oscillations Influenced by an Electric Field: In this scenario, we model the

chaotic firing of neurons (e.g., in epilepsy) under the influence of an external electric field.
The chaotic behaviour arises from the interplay between:
Nonlinearity in the neuron’s membrane potential.
Memory effects due to synaptic plasticity or long-term potentiation.
External forcing from a periodic electric field (e.g., applied during transcranial electrical
stimulation).
The membrane potential of the neuron (or a group of neurons) ω(τ ) may be described by the
fractional-order Painleve-II equation

M β
D ω(τ ) − 2ω 3 (τ ) − τ ω(τ ) − δ = g(τ ), 1 < β ≤ 2, (27)
ω(0) = 0, ω(1) = 0, (28)

where δ represents the resting membrane potential or baseline activity.

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ω(τ) ω(τ)
β=2.00
0.002 Abs. Error β=1.95
0.02
-138 β=1.90
1.2×10
β=1.85
0.001 0.01 β=1.80
1.×10-138
β=1.75

-139 β=1.70
8.×10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
τ

τ
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
6.×10-139 -0.01

Exact membrane potential (ω e (τ)) 4.×10-139

-0.001 -0.02
Approximate membrane potential (ω a (τ))
2.×10-139
-0.03

τ
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(a) Membrane potential (c) MP profiles with
(MP) profiles (b) Absolute error g(τ ) = cos(20τ )
Figure 2: Graphical analysis of membrane potential (MP) profiles for the Model 1.

Anjali Chaudhary (Bennett University Noida,

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