TISQAAD COLLEGE

ASSIGNMENT ONE

AUGUST 30, 2024

TISQAAD COLLEGE
Prepared by: MAHA YUSUF ABDILAHI
 TISQAAD COLLEGE

Assignment one
A computer; is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry out sequences of
arithmetic or logical operations (computation). Modern digital electronic computers can perform
generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a
wide range of tasks. The term computer system may refer to a nominally complete computer that
includes the hardware, operating system, software, and peripheral equipment needed and used
for full operation; or to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a
computer network or computer cluster.

A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control systems, including
simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, and factory devices
like industrial robots. Computers are at the core of general-purpose devices such as personal
computers and mobile devices such as smartphones. Computers power the Internet, which links
billions of computers and users.

Early computers were meant to be used only for calculations. Simple manual instruments like the
abacus have aided people in doing calculations since ancient times. Early in the Industrial
Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long, tedious tasks, such as guiding
patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in
the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during
World War II, both electromechanical and using thermionic valves. The first semiconductor
transistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and
monolithic integrated circuit chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor
and the microcomputer revolution in the 1970s. The speed, power, and versatility of computers
have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with transistor counts increasing at a rapid
pace (Moore's law noted that counts doubled every two years), leading to the Digital Revolution
during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a

central processing unit (CPU) in the form of a microprocessor, together with some type of
computer memory, typically semiconductor memory chips. The processing element carries out
arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of

1
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices include input devices
(keyboards, mice, joystick, etc.), output devices (monitor screens, printers, etc.), and input/output
devices that perform both functions (e.g., the 2000s-era touchscreen). Peripheral devices allow
information to be retrieved from an external source, and they enable the results of operations to
be saved and retrieved.

Definition of a computer
Computers are used in many fields like banking, medicine, finance and education with increased
preference. With the growth of artificial intelligence, computers will soon blur lines between
man and machine.

Under such circumstances, a rudimentary knowledge of computers is essential for everyday

work. For those who are not yet familiar with computers, now is the time to gain knowledge
about this field. As children will be living with this scenario in future, their employment
capability will be tested against computers. To make them future-ready, it is essential to prepare
them for this inevitability.

You may have been using your computer for ages without knowing what its essential
components, history, or even computer definition are. But now with your children ready to take
the next step into learning computers, you may be beset by various questions that you cannot
seem to answer.

This article is for those parents and their children who want to know what a computer is and
what its various components are?
While you may have seen and used a computer but you may still be unable to answer what is
computer correctly. There are many ways of defining a computer. The first and most standard
definition is that a computer is something which computes or calculates. It is a machine that
takes in raw data and performs some calculations on it and gives us the formed output in the
desired format.

2
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
Computer is also a device that stores as well as processes information electronically. Computers
usually come in different sizes and grades of functionalities.

Brief History of Computers

This journey of computers began in 1822 with Charles Babbage’s analytical engine, which was
used to compute the product of numbers. Lady Ada Lovelace, considered to be the world’s first
programmer, helped with the programming of the analytical engine.
Around a hundred years later, Alan Turing presented a concept of a universal machine which
could theoretically compute anything.
Then J.V. Atanasoff, from the University of Iowa, actually made the first attempt to build a
computer. But the first concrete effort came from two University of Pennsylvania professors who
built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) which filled an entire room
and had around 18,000 vacuum tubes.

Two years later, a green light for building UNIVAC came from the US government to make the
first computer for commercial and business applications. Then came a fundamental design
switch to transistors a year later when transistors replaced vacuum tubes. This paved the way for
integrated circuits which form the processor chip of modern computers.
In 1953, the first programming language COBOL was developed, and FORTRAN followed it up.
But the shift of computers beyond the scientific world came in 1964 when Douglas Engelbart
showed a computer prototype with a mouse and a Graphical User Interface. It made computers
user friendly and made them favourable for general use.
Following this, there was a parabolic rise in the development of computers with Bell
Laboratories, IBM and Apple Inc. They made significant headways into the development of
computers.
Apple announced the new personal computers that eventually took over the market in 1976. This
was followed up by Microsoft’s Windows. These two significant companies prove to be the
game changers in the personal computer field, and the rest is history.

Types of Computers

3
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
Computers can be differentiated based on their modes of functioning as well as their size and
functionality. Here they have been divided into different types of computers without considering
any of these factors.
Analogue
These are old models of computers that work on the continuous analogue signals rather than
discrete signals. They are not very accurate but extremely fast.
Digital
Computers that use this binary system of counting using electrical pulses of ON and OFF are
known as digital computers. They function on discrete values and are generally more accurate.
Hybrid
Computers that have features of both digital and analogue computers are known as hybrid
computers. The analogue part of a computer handles very complicated mathematical
computations while digital components handle these numerical and logical systems.
Mainframe computers are computers that are accessed simultaneously by several thousands of
people at once. They are used in fields of banking and telecom where they have to handle
millions of requests together in minimal time.

Supercomputers
These massive computers are used in the fields of engineering and scientific computations. They
usually perform over a million instructions per second.
Servers
Servers are large repositories of information. They supply information to any computer that is on
the same network as them. Many people access servers at the same time so servers need to
handle large amounts of traffic.
Workstation
This type of computer that scientists and engineers may be familiar with is called the
workstation. It is generally used in scientific applications and has a faster microprocessor along
with a spacious memory.
Microcomputer

4
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
This last type of computer is a microcomputer which is nothing but a personal computer that you
use at home. These computers are built for light use such as listening to music, or playing movies
or accessing the internet.
This list concludes various types of computers that are available right now the world over.

Computer Input and Output Devices

The functioning of a computer system is based on the combined usage of both input and output
devices. Using an input device we can give instructions to the computer to perform an action and
the device reverts to our action through an output device.

In this article, we shall discuss the various input and output devices which can be connected to a
computer, along with their functions. Also, some sample questions based on this topic have been
given further below in this article.

This topic is not just important to have a basic awareness of how a computer device works but is
also equally important for competitive exam aspirants. This is because Computer Knowledge is a
part of the syllabus for major Government exams conducted in the country.

Let us first discuss the exact definition of an input and output device:
Input Device Definition: A piece of equipment/hardware which helps us enter data into a
computer is called an input device. For example keyboard, mouse, etc.
Output Device Definition: A piece of equipment/hardware which gives out the result of the
entered input, once it is processed (i.e. converts data from machine language to a human-
understandable language), is called an output device. For example printer, monitor, etc.

What is the Difference between Input and Output Devices?

5
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
An input device is connected to a computer that sends out data into the computer, while an
output device is connected to a computer that receives incoming data. The data that is sent by the
input device to the computer for processing is reproduced or displayed by the output device.
While most devices are only either input device or output device, some can accept input and
display output, as well. To know further difference between input and out devices, do look up
this table below.
I

Difference between Input and Output devices

In short, output devices are used to display or print the results of the computer’s processing. Here
are some examples of output devices along with their function:
Monitor: This output device displays text and images on the screen
Printer: This output device prints documents, photos, graphics, etc.
Speakers: This output device outputs audio.
Projector: This output device displays images or videos on a larger screen.
In layman’s terms, output devices are all the hardware the computer uses to provide information
or results of the task you requested. Output device allows you to see, hear or read the results of
the computer’s processing.

In short, input devices are used to input data or commands into the computer. Here are some
examples of input devices along with their function:
Microphone: This input device allows you to record audio.
Camera: This input device allows you to capture images and videos.
Scanner: This input device allows you to digitize documents or images.
Keyboard: This input device allows you to type letters, numbers, and symbols.
Mouse: This input device allows you to move a cursor on the screen and make selections.
In layman’s terms, input devices are all the hardware you can use to provide information to the
computer so that the computer can perform a specific task.

6
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
What is a supercomputer
A supercomputer is a type of computer with a high level of performance as compared to a
general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in
floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS).
Since 2017, supercomputers have existed which can perform over 1017 FLOPS (a hundred
quadrillion FLOPS, 100 peta FLOPS or 100 PFLOPS).[3] For comparison, a desktop computer
has performance in the range of hundreds of giga FLOPS (1011) to tens of tera FLOPS
(1013).[4][5] Since November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run on Linux-
based operating systems.[6] Additional research is being conducted in the United States, the
European Union, Taiwan, Japan, and China to build faster, more powerful and technologically
superior exascale supercomputers.[7]

Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and are used for a
wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics,
weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling (computing
the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and
crystals), and physical simulations (such as simulations of the early moments of the universe,
airplane and spacecraft aerodynamics, the detonation of nuclear weapons, and nuclear fusion).
They have been essential in the field of cryptanalysis.[8]

Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s, and for several decades the fastest was made by
Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), Cray Research and subsequent companies
bearing his name or monogram. The first such machines were highly tuned conventional designs
that ran more quickly than their more general-purpose contemporaries. Through the decade,
increasing amounts of parallelism were added, with one to four processors being typical. In the
1970s, vector processors operating on large arrays of data came to dominate. A notable example
is the highly successful Cray-1 of 1976. Vector computers remained the dominant design into the
1990s. From then until today, massively parallel supercomputers with tens of thousands of off-
the-shelf processors became the norm.

7
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
A supercomputer refers to a high-performance mainframe computer. It is a powerful, highly
accurate machine known for processing massive sets of data and complex calculations at rapid
speeds.
What makes a supercomputer “super” is its ability to interlink multiple processors within one
system. This allows it to split up a task and distribute it in parts, then execute the parts of the task
concurrently, in a method known as parallel processing.
Supercomputer Definition
Supercomputers are high-performing mainframe systems that solve complex computations. They
split tasks into multiple parts and work on them in parallel, as if there were many computers
acting as one collective machine.
Originally developed for nuclear weapon design and code-cracking, supercomputers are used
today by scientists and engineers to test simulations that help predict climate changes and
weather forecasts, explore cosmological evolution and discover new chemical compounds for
pharmaceuticals.

How Do Supercomputers Work?

Unlike our everyday devices, supercomputers can perform multiple operations at once in parallel
thanks to a multitude of built-in processors.
How it works: An operation is split into smaller parts, where each piece is sent to a CPU to
solve. These multi-core processors are located within a node, alongside a memory block. In
collaboration, these individual units — as many as tens of thousands — communicate through
inter-node channels called interconnects to enable concurrent computation. Interconnects also
interact with I/O systems, which manage disk storage and networking.
How’s that different from regular old computers? Picture this: On your home computer, once
you strike the ‘return’ key on a search engine query, that information is input into a computer’s
system, stored, then processed to produce an output value. In other words, one task is solved at a
time. This process works great for everyday applications, such as sending a text message or
mapping a route via GPS. But for more data-intensive projects, like calculating a missile’s

8
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
ballistic orbit or cryptanalysis, researchers rely on more sophisticated systems that can execute
many tasks at once.
“You have to use parallel computing to really take advantage of the power of the
supercomputer,” Caitlin Joann Ross, a research and development engineer at Kitware who
studied extreme-scale systems during her residency at Argonne Leadership Computing Facility,
told Built In. “There are certain computations that might take weeks or months to run on your
laptop, but if you can parallelize it efficiently to run on a supercomputer, it might only take a
day.”

What Are Supercomputers Used For?

Supercomputing’s chief contribution to science has been its ability to simulate reality. This
capability helps humans make better performance predictions and design better products in fields
from manufacturing and oil to pharmaceutical and military. Jack Dongarra, a Turing Award
recipient and emeritus professor at the University of Tennessee, likened that ability to having a
crystal ball.
“Say I want to understand what happens when two galaxies collide,” Dongarra said. “I can’t
really do that experiment. I can’t take two galaxies and collide them — so I have to build a
model and run it on a computer.”
Back in the day, when testing new car models, companies would literally crash them into a wall
to better understand how they withstand certain thresholds of impact — an expensive and time
consuming trial, he noted.
“Today, we don’t do that very often,” Dongarra said. “[Now] we build a computer model with all
the physics [calculations] and crash it into a simulated wall to understand where the weak points
are.”
This concept carries over into various use cases and fields of study enlisting the help of high-
performance computing.

Weather Forecasting and Climate Research

When you feed a supercomputer with numerical modeling data — gathered via satellites, buoys,
radar and weather balloons — field experts become better informed on how atmospheric

9
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
conditions affect us and. They become better equipped to advise the public on weather-related
topics, like whether you should bring a jacket and what to do in the event of a thunderstorm.
Derecho, a petascale supercomputer, is being used to explore the effects of solar geoengineering,
a method that would theoretically cool the planet by redirecting sunrays, and how releasing
aerosols influence rainfall patterns.

Genomic Sequencing
Genomic sequencing — a type of molecular modeling — is a tactic scientists use to get a closer
look at a virus’ DNA sequence. This helps them diagnose diseases, develop tailor-made
treatments and track viral mutations. Originally, this time-intensive process took a team of
researchers 13 years to complete. But with the help of supercomputers, complete DNA
sequencing is now a matter of hours. Most recently, researchers at the Stanford University scored
the Guinness World Records title for fastest genomic sequencing technique using a “mega-
machine” method that runs a single patient’s genome across all 48 flow cells simultaneously.

Aviation Engineering
Supercomputing systems in aviation have been used to detect solar flares, predict turbulence and
approximate aeroelasticity (how aerodynamic loads affect a plane) to build better aircrafts. In
fact, the world’s fastest supercomputer to date, Frontier, has been recruited by GE Aerospace to
test open fan engine architecture designed for the next-generation of commercial aircrafts, which
could help reduce carbon-dioxide emissions by more than 20 percent.

Space Exploration
Supercomputers can take the massive amounts of data collected by a various set of sensor-laden
devices — satellites, probes, robots and telescopes — and use it to simulate outer space
conditions earthside. These machines can create artificial environments that match patches of the
universe and, with advanced generative algorithms, even reproduce it.
Over at NASA, a petascale supercomputer named Aitken is the latest addition to the Ames
Research Center that is used to create high-resolution simulations in preparation for upcoming
Artemis missions, which aim to establish long-term human presence on the moon. A better

10
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
understanding of how aerodynamic loads will affect the launch vehicle, mobile launcher, tower
structure and flame trench reduces risk and creates safer conditions.
Nuclear Fusion Research
Two of the world’s highest-performing supercomputers — Frontier and Summit — will be
creating simulations to predict energy loss and optimize performance in plasma. The project’s
objective, led by scientists at General Atomics, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the
University of California, San Diego, is to help develop next-generation technology for fusion
energy reactors. Emulating energy generation processes of the sun, nuclear fusion is a candidate
in the search for abundant, long-term energy resources free of carbon emissions and radioactive
waste.

What Are The Advantages Of Computers?

The computer has become a necessity in our lives. It is the best way to communicate with people
all around the world. We can easily access information from anywhere at any time. The
computer also helps us to learn new things. Below listed are the major advantages of computers.

1. High Speed
One of the reasons for the improvement in the quality of life is the personal computer's speed.
The modern computer offers great speed, helping us to do our tasks within a matter of seconds.
Let's say you want to watch a video. You'll just go to YouTube and find the required video
within seconds.

11
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
2. Accuracy
Humans make errors. Hence, while performing complex calculations, we check once with the
calculator. The fact that computers are extremely accurate makes them quite reliable. You'll trust
the information or answers that a calculator gives just due to its accuracy.

3. Automation
A lot of tasks can be automated, saving a lot of time. For example, instead of manually
calculating some values like the mean or median of a large dataset, we just use Excel. This saves
a lot of time, ensuring 100% accuracy.

4. Storage
The storage capacity of computers is usually in Giga-Bytes (GBs) or more. We can store videos,
images, games, etc., on our computers and access them easily after downloading them.

5. Ease of Access
Let's say we have to search for a book in a library, and we don't know anything except the name
of the book. It would be an arduous task. But, on a computer, just type the name of the file, and
voila! This ease of access provided by our personal computer contributes towards saving our
time and efforts.

6. Multitasking
Multitasking means working on multiple tasks simultaneously. Suppose you read an article
online and you need to write down the meanings of the words that are unfamiliar. You can search
on Google, note down the meaning on a Word file, and continue reading the article. This is one
example of multitasking offered by computers.

7. Better understanding of data

A computer supports a lot of tools for data analysis and mining. Organizations make use of the
benefit of computers to support data analysis and visualization helpful for decision making.

12
 TISQAAD COLLEGE

8. Reduced Cost for Online Ventures

Affordable computers and laptops with internet connectivity are a boon for start-ups that
function online. It lowers the cost by reducing infrastructure, inventory, and rent expenses. All
that they need is a team with laptops and internet connectivity, along with a software license
relevant to their industry.

What are the Disadvantages Of Computers?

Computers are great tools, but they have their disadvantages too. They can be slow, unreliable,
and expensive. They also require constant maintenance and upgrades.

1. Online Cyber-Crimes
As with any device, cyber crimes occur on computers. Data stealing is one of the major threats in
the world of computers. It may occur online or via an offline removable device like a USB.

13
 TISQAAD COLLEGE

2. Health-Issues
Prolonged use of personal computers results in many health-related issues. Eye strain, headache,
back pain, etc. are some of them.

3. Fake News
Computers enable a wide array of data-sharing options. But, this becomes a medium for the
spread of spurious news. Many cases are there when fake news is shared among people using
messaging apps.

4. E-waste
The use of computers is nothing but a form of e-waste. They contribute negatively by releasing
harmful toxic materials. Additionally, computers are not easy to dispose of.

5. Lack of Concentration and Irritation

Multitasking makes our lives easier, but it comes with its disadvantages. We try to focus on
multiple tasks and notifications. This leads to a decrease in attention span and a lack of
concentration on one particular task. Also, addictive games played on the computer contribute to
irritability when not allowed to play.

What is a sever computer?

A server is a computer that provides information to other computers called "clients" on computer
network.[1] This architecture is called the client–server model. Servers can provide various
functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients
or performing computations for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single
client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect over
a network to a server on a different device.[2] Typical servers are database servers, file servers,
mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers.[3]

14
 TISQAAD COLLEGE

Client–server systems are usually most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the
request–response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and
sends a response back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgment. Designating a
computer as "server-class hardware" implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This
often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers, but
alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable
server components.

History
The use of the word server in computing comes from queueing theory,[4] where it dates to the
mid 20th century, being notably used in Kendall (1953) (along with "service"), the paper that
introduced Kendall's notation. In earlier papers, such as the Erlang (1909), more concrete terms
such as "[telephone] operators" are used.

In computing, "server" dates at least to RFC 5 (1969),[5] one of the earliest documents
describing ARPANET (the predecessor of Internet), and is contrasted with "user", distinguishing
two types of host: "server-host" and "user-host". The use of "serving" also dates to early
documents, such as RFC 4,[6] contrasting "serving-host" with "using-host".

The Jargon File defines server in the common sense of a process performing service for requests,
usually remote,[7] with the 1981 version reading:[8]

SERVER n. A kind of DAEMON which performs a service for the requester, which often runs
on a computer other than the one on which the server runs.

The average utilization of a server in the early 2000s was 5 to 15%, but with the adoption of
virtualization this figure started to increase to reduce the number of servers needed.

15
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
A server is a computer program or equipment that offers a service to another computer program
and its users, referred to collectively as the clients. The physical system that a server program
runs on is sometimes referred to as a server in a data center. That machine may be a dedicated
server, or it could be utilized for anything else. In a client/server programming architecture, a
server program waits for requests from client programs, which could be running on the same
machine or on a different one. One program on a computer can act as both a client and a server
when other programs ask for its services. The usage of servers may be defined as providing data
to users. Servers can be used to manage a network, share files or programs, host databases, and
host web pages and e-mail.

The server is similar to personal computers. Its components are the processor (CPU), memory
(RAM), and hard disk. Servers contain hardware and programs that are tailored to their intended
function. As a result, the target server type is determined by the intended purpose.

In this article, we will outline the most prevalent types of servers used today. The most widely
used types of servers are as follows:

Web Server
Database Server
Email Server
Web Proxy Server
DNS Server
FTP Server
File Server
DHCP Server
Cloud Server
Application Server
Print Server

16
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
NTP Server
Radius Server
Syslog Server
Physical Server

1. Web Server
The server that is in charge of publishing a website on the internet is known as a web server. A
server that provides hosting, also called "hosting", over the internet protocol is called a web
server. The renting of space required to publish Web pages on the Internet is referred to as
"hosting". Hosting means putting pages, images, or documents meant for a website on a
computer that internet users use to access them. Apache, Microsoft's Internet Information Server
(IIS), and Nginx are the most popular web servers on the Internet.

The data for each site you see on the internet is stored on another host, and software called Web
Server. Web Server is used to efficiently use this computer. Web servers are typically made up of
numerous software packages. Each of these software packages aids in the control of various
functions. For example, the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) package that comes with web server
software helps the server do FTP tasks. Similarly, numerous packages are available to perform a
variety of tasks, such as serving emails, fulfilling download requests, and publishing web pages
over HTTP.

The most common web servers are as follows:

Apache HTTP Server: The Apache Software Foundation created the world's most popular web
server. Apache is an open-source web server that can be installed on Linux, Unix, Windows,
FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and many other operating systems. The Apache Web Server is used by
over 60% of web server computers.

17
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
Internet Information Services: Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is a high-
performance Web server.

Nginx: Nginx Web Server is a critical component in the client-server computing environment,
providing business-critical information to client systems. Like Lighttpd, it is an open-source web
server that is known for being fast and needing few resources and time to set up. It is mostly used
for caching, streaming media, load balancing, managing static files, auto-indexing, and other
similar tasks. Nginx handles requests on a single thread, employing an asynchronous technique
rather than generating new processes for each request made by the user.

Sun Java System Web Server: Sun Microsystems' web server is designed for medium and large
websites. The server is free, but it is not open source. It, on the other hand, runs on Windows,
Linux, and Unix platforms. The Sun Java System web server supports a wide range of Web 2.0
languages, scripts, and technologies, including JSP, Java Servlets, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby on
Rails, ASP, and Coldfusion.

2. Database Server
A database server manages a database and provides database services to clients. The server
manages data access and retrieval as well as the completion of client requests. A database server
is a computer that runs database software and is dedicated to providing database services. A
database server is made up of hardware and software that is used to run a database.

Database servers have a variety of applications. Among them are:

Dealing with large amounts of data regularly. Database servers shine in client-server
architectures where clients process data frequently.

18
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
Managing the DBMS's (database management system) recovery and security. Database servers
enforce the constraints specified in the DBMS. The server manages and controls all clients
connected to it, as well as all database access and control requests.

Concurrent access control is provided. Database servers provide a multi-user environment in

which multiple users can access the database at the same time while maintaining security and
concealing the DBMS from clients.

Application and non-database file storage Database servers are a much more efficient solution
for some organizations than file servers.

Most database servers use the client-server model. They get requests from client devices and
their users and then send back the response that was asked for. Database servers are powerful
machines that can connect to multiple databases and serve resources to clients, sometimes with
the help of application servers and web servers that act as middlemen. Databases, for example,
can provide resources to clients in the absence of a web or application server (usually on-
premises).

What are the Database Server Examples?

Here are a few well-known examples of database servers.

Oracle: Oracle is the most commonly used database for object-relational database administration,
and the most recent version is 12c (12 Cloud Computing). It supports various Linux, Windows,
and UNIX versions.

IBM DB2: IBM DB2 was designed in C, C++, and Assembly and was initially released in 1983.
Its setup and installation procedures are straightforward, as is data access. As a result, it aids in
the storing of large volumes of data, up to petabytes.

19
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
Microsoft SQL Server: This server was first introduced in 1989. It is written in several
languages, including Assembly, C, Linux, and C++. It can run Linux and Windows. It enables
multiple users to use the same database at the same time.

MySQL: MySQL is becoming more popular for many web-based applications. It is available as
both a freeware and a premium edition.

SAP HANA: It was created by SAP SE and can manage both SAP and non-SAP data. It is
capable of supporting OLTP, OLAP, and SQL. It can communicate with a wide range of
different apps.

MS Access: It is only compatible with Microsoft Windows. Because this database management
system is inexpensive, it is commonly used for e-commerce websites.

3. Email Server
A mail server, also known as an email server, is a computer system that sends and receives
emails. When you send an email, it passes through several servers before arriving at its
destination. While this process is quick and efficient, there is a significant amount of complexity
involved in sending and receiving emails.

For a computer to work as a mail server, mail server software must be installed on it. The system
administrator then uses this software to create and manage email accounts for any of the domains
hosted on the server. Aside from that, you have protocols. Protocols are network software rules
that enable computers to connect to networks from anywhere, allowing you to shop online, send
emails, and so on.

Mail servers are classified into two types: outgoing mail servers and incoming mail servers.
SMTP, or Simple Messages Transfer Protocol, servers handle outgoing mail. Incoming mail
servers are classified into two groups. Messages are kept on the server while using IMAP. When

20
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
using POP3, messages are often stored on a device, such as your computer or mobile phone.
IMAP, in general, is more complicated and adaptable than POP3.

SMTP: The SMTP protocol handles all incoming mail and sends emails. SMTP stands for
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and refers to the outgoing mail server. Consider SMTP to be the
transport of your email across networks. Your emails would be useless without them.

IMAP / POP: There are two types of incoming mail servers-POP3 and IMAP. Post Office
Protocol version 3 (POP3) servers are well-known for getting your computer's Inbox contents.
IMAP servers, which stand for Internet Message Access Protocol, are used for one-way mailbox
synchronization. IMAP is used as an additional protocol retrieval application on a mail server.
And, while there are newer POP versions with more functionality, the recommended protocol
remains POP3 since it is straightforward, has a high success rate, and gets the job done with the
fewest problems. You can even download your emails and read them offline. Your email would
not reach your machine if one of these protocols was not functioning properly.

What is a search engine ?

A search engine is a software system that provides hyperlinks to web pages and other relevant
information on the Web in response to a user's query. The user inputs a query within a web
browser or a mobile app, and the search results are often a list of hyperlinks, accompanied by
textual summaries and images. Users also have the option of limiting the search to a specific type
of results, such as images, videos, or news.

For a search provider, its engine is part of a distributed computing system that can encompass
many data centers throughout the world. The speed and accuracy of an engine's response to a
query is based on a complex system of indexing that is continuously updated by automated web
crawlers. This can include data mining the files and databases stored on web servers, but some
content is not accessible to crawlers.

21
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
There have been many search engines since the dawn of the Web in the 1990s, but Google
Search became the dominant one in the 2000s and has remained so. It currently has a 91% global
market share.[1][2] The business of websites improving their visibility in search results, known
as marketing and optimization, has thus largely focused on Google.

Search engines are able to return results quickly—even with millions of websites online—by
scanning the Internet continuously and indexing every page they find.
When a user enters a search term, the search engine looks at the website page titles, contents and
keywords it has indexed and uses algorithms (step-by-step operations) to produce a list of sites—
with the most relevant websites at the top of the list.
Companies use search engine optimization (SEO) to help search engines recognize their websites
as highly relevant to particular searches. Popular search engines include Google, Bing and
Yahoo.

How search engines crawl the web

Crawling is the first step in finding what users need. Search engines use web crawlers, or spiders,
which are programs that visit websites across the internet to collect information that will later be
indexed.

Indexing process
After a page is crawled, the information on it is processed and stored in a database called an
index. When a query is made, the search engine looks through this index to provide the most
relevant information.

(The querying process, also called a search, is where the magic happens. When you enter search
terms, the engine sifts through the indexed data to return relevant results. This step is crucial for
delivering the precise information users seek quickly and efficiently.)

22
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
How search engines rank results
Introduction to algorithms
Search engines use formulas called algorithms to decide how important a website or page is.
They do this by looking at data collected while crawling the web.

Role of keywords
Keywords are terms that users enter into search engines and are critical to the algorithms for
matching a user's search with relevant webpages.

PageRank and link analysis

PageRank is a system for ranking web pages developed by Google founders Larry Page and
Sergey Brin at Stanford University. It assigns a score to each page based on the number and
quality of links to determine how important the website is.

Search intent and content relevance

Understanding the user's intent is crucial for delivering the most relevant and useful search
results. Search engines analyze the nuances of the keywords used to improve the match against
their indexed information.

Advanced search engine features

Semantic search capabilities
Semantic search capabilities help search engines understand the context behind your keywords,
not just the words themselves. This advanced understanding means you get results that are more
relevant and finely tuned to what you're actually looking for. It's like having a conversation
where the search engine reads between the lines, delivering information that hits closer to home.

Local SEO and personalization

23
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
Local SEO (search engine optimization) is all about customizing search results to fit the user's
specific location along with their search history and device type. This personalized approach
ensures that the information provided is relevant and matches the user's location. This makes the
search experience tailored to their specific needs.
The impact of AI on search engines
Artificial intelligence, particularly through machine learning algorithms, has revolutionized the
capabilities of search engines by boosting both their efficiency and accuracy. These technologies
help search engines analyze large amounts of data. This helps them improve their algorithms.

As a result, they can better understand user intent. This leads to more accurate search results for
users. Additionally, AI helps create new features like [predictive search]
(https://www.getguru.com/reference/what-is-enterprise-search-definition-and-examples)and
voice recognition, making it easier for users to interact with technology.

Examples of Different search engines

Google
Undoubtedly the most popular search engine globally, known for its powerful algorithms and
broad data indexing. (There's a good change you performed a Google search to reach this page.)

Good for: Virtually everyone; it’s the most comprehensive search engine with robust search
capabilities across text, images, videos, and scholarly articles. Google's vast index and
sophisticated algorithms make it ideal for both general and highly specific searches.

Source: Google

Bing
Microsoft's answer to Google, Bing is integrated with other Microsoft services and offers
rewards for using its search services.

24
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
Good for: Users deeply embedded in the Microsoft ecosystem (Windows, Office); Bing is
integrated with Microsoft's products and rewards users with points for searches that can be
redeemed for gift cards and other rewards.

Source: Bing

Yahoo
Once a dominant name in digital services, Yahoo! Search is known for its web portal and variety
of other services like Yahoo! Finance and Yahoo! News.

Good for: Users looking for a blend of search results and topical news. Yahoo’s integration with
services like Yahoo Mail, Finance, and News provides a well-rounded user experience.

Source: Yahoo

DuckDuckGo
Popular for those concerned with privacy, DuckDuckGo promises to not track its users' search
activity.

Good for: Privacy-conscious users who prefer not to have their search or browsing history
tracked. DuckDuckGo does not profile its users or tailor search results based on past behavior.

Source: DuckDuckGo

25
 TISQAAD COLLEGE

What Are The Types Of Search Engines In the Internet World

Search engines are what drives the Internet. Their job is to provide searchers with a way to find
information that meets their needs as quickly and efficiently as possible.

Types Of Search Engines In The Internet World

The last type of search engine is the metasearch engine, which pulls results from multiple
sources.

There are seven types of search engines: general, vertical, hybrid, metasearch, web search, image
search, and video search engines.

1. General Search Engines: A general-purpose search engine is a search engine that indexes
and ranks web pages based on their content for a wide range of topics. The most popular general-
purpose search engines are Google, Yahoo, and Bing.

2. Vertical Search Engine: A vertical search engine is a search engine that specializes in a
particular type of content. Vertical search engines are often used to find specific types of
information, such as images, videos, news, or product reviews. Some popular vertical search
engines include Google Images, YouTube, and Amazon.

3. Hybrid Search Engine: A hybrid search engine is a search engine that uses more than one
search algorithm to find results. This means that the search engine can use different techniques to
find the best results for a query.

The advantage of using a hybrid search engine is that it can find results that other search engines
may miss. For example, if one search engine only looks at websites and the other only looks at
images, a hybrid search engine can look at both to find the best results.

26
 TISQAAD COLLEGE

Hybrid search engines usually have two parts: a crawler and an indexer. The crawler finds new
content, while the indexer keeps track of all the content that has been found. Together, these two
parts ensure that the hybrid search engine has the most up-to-date information possible.

4. Meta Search Engine: A meta search engine is a search engine that aggregates results from
multiple other search engines and presents them to the user in a single list. Metasearch engines
are often used to compare results from different general-purpose or vertical search engines. Some
popular metasearch engines include Dogpile and MetaCrawler.

5. Web Search Engines: Web search engines are the most common type of search engine. They
allow users to search for websites by keyword or phrase. The results of a web search are
typically a list of websites that match the user’s query.

6. Image Search Engines: Image search engines allow users to search for images by keyword or
phrase. The results of an image search are typically a list of images that match the user’s query.

7. Video Search Engines: Video search engines allow users to search for videos by keyword or
phrase. The results of a video search are typically a list of videos that match the user’s query.

However, it’s essential to remember that not all metasearch engines are created equal, and some
may only include results from sources that pay to be included.

Which One Should You Use?

The answer to this question depends on what you’re looking for. A general search engine like
Google is your best bet to find some available information. However, a vertical search engine
may be better if you have a specific industry or niche in mind.

27
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
Finally, a metasearch engine can be a good choice if you want various perspectives on a topic.
Just be sure to research any metasearch engine before using it to ensure it’s reputable and
includes results from reliable sources.

Most Popular Search Engines

Search engines are the backbone of the Internet, providing users with a way to find the
information they need. There are many popular search engines, each with unique algorithms and
features. The most popular search engines are Google, Bing, and Yahoo.

Google is the largest and most popular search engine, handling over 3 billion daily searches. The
company uses a complex algorithm called PageRank to determine which websites should rank
for each query. Google offers other features beyond traditional web searches, such as Google
Maps and Gmail.

Bing is Microsoft’s search engine, handling around 2.5 billion daily searches. Bing uses a similar
algorithm to Google but includes features such as social media integration and video results.

Yahoo is the third largest search engine, handling around 1 billion daily searches. The company
has been working hard to improve its algorithms and catch up to Google and Bing. In addition to
web search, Yahoo offers various other services such as news, weather, and sports.

Many other search engines are available, but these three make up the vast majority of the market.

What Are The Different Uses For Search Engines?

A few different types of search engines can be used in online business. The most popular ones
are Google, Yahoo, and Bing. However, there are also many other options, such as Dogpile and
DuckDuckGo.

28
 TISQAAD COLLEGE
Each search engine has its unique features and benefits. For example, Google is the most widely
used search engine and has the most significant website database. Yahoo is known for its user-
friendly interface, while Bing is known for its accurate search results.

Conclusion
This article helped clear up some of the confusion surrounding search engines in the Internet
world. As you can see, there are various search engines, each with its benefits and drawbacks.

The best way to figure out which type of search engine is right for your needs is to experiment
with each one and see which produces the best results for your business.

THE END

29