Relation & Function

Types of Relation Equivalence Relations

Reflexive Relations (i) R is reflexive i.e. (a, a) ∈ R ∀ a ∈ A
If (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ R (ii) R is symmetric i.e. (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
(iii) R is transitive i.e. (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈
Symmetric Relation R
If(x, y) ∈ R ⇒ (y, x) ∈ R Types of Functions

Identity functions : If f(x) = x, ∀ x ∈ A

Anti Symmetric Relations
If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b
One-One Functions (Injective)
Transitive Relations f(a) = f(a’) ⇒ a = a’
If (a, b) ∈ R (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈
R
Identity Relations
If (a, b) ∈ R iff a = b

Onto Functions (Surjective)

Algebra of Functions
Iff f(A) = B
● (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x) Range = Codomain
● (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x)
● (f - g) (x) = f(x) . g(x)

●
Many to one Function Into Function
Where g(x) ≠ 0
 Important Formulae

If A and B are finite sets and O (A) = m, O (B)

If O(A) = m, O(B) = n, then total number = n, m n.Then number of injection

of mappings from A to B is nm (oneone) from A to B is

If f : A 🠆 B is injective (one-one), then If f : A 🠆 B is surjective (onto), then

O(A) ≤ O(B). O(A) ≥ O(B)

If f : A 🠆 B is bijective (one-one onto), Let f : A 🠆 B and O(A) = )(B), then f is

then O(A) = O(B). one-one ⇔ it is onto.
 Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions
 Domain & Range of Trigonometric Functions

Functions Domain Range

(i) sin R [-1, 1]
(ii) cos R [-1, 1]
R - {x : x = (2n + 1)
(iii) tan R
𝜋/2, n ∈ z}
(iv) cot R-{x : x n 𝜋, n ∈} R
R - {x : x = (2n + 1)
(v) sec R-[-1, 1]
𝜋/2} n ∈ Z
(vi) cosec R - {x : x = n 𝜋, n ∈ Z} R - [-1, 1]

Domain & Principal value branch of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Functions Domain Principal Value Branch

sin-1 [-1, 1] [-𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]
cos-1 [-1, 1] [0, 𝜋]
cosec-1 R-(-1, 1) [-𝜋/2, 𝜋/2] - {0}
sec-1 R-(-1, 1) [0, 𝜋] - {𝜋/2}
tan-1 R [-𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]
cot-1 R (0, 𝜋)
 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Property 1

Property 2 Property 3

Property 5
Property 4
● sin-1(cos θ) = 𝜋/2 - θ, if θ ∈ 0, 𝜋
● cos-1(sin θ) = 𝜋/2 - θ, if θ ∈ -𝜋/2, 𝜋/2
● tan-1(cot θ) = 𝜋/2 - θ, θ ∈ 0, 𝜋
● cot-1(tan θ) = 𝜋/2 - θ, θ ∈ -𝜋/2, 𝜋/2
● sec-1(cosec θ) = 𝜋/2 - θ, θ ∈ -𝜋/2, 0 ∪
0, 𝜋/2
● cosec-1(sec θ) = 𝜋/2 - θ, θ ∈ 0, 𝜋-{𝜋/2}
● sin-1(x) = cos-1√(1- x2), 0 ≤, x ≤ 1
Matrices
 Matrix
Properties of Multiplication of
a Matrix by a Scalar

(i) k(A +B) = k A + kB,

(ii) (k + l)A = k A + l A

(iii) k (A + B) = kA + kB

(iv) (k + l) A = ka + lA

Equality of Matrices Properties of Matrix Multiplication

Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to
be equal if
(i) they are of the same order (a) Associativity: (AB) C = A (BC)
(ii) each element of A is equal to the
corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij (b) Distributive: (i) A (B+C) = AB + AC
for all i and j. (ii) (A+B) C = AC + BC

Properties of Matrix addition (c) Multiplicative identity: IA = AI = A.

(i) Commutative A+B=B+A Properties of transpose of the

matrices
(A + B) + C
(ii) Associative
= A + (B + C) (i) (A′)′ = A,

(iii) Additive Identity A+O=O+A=A (ii) (kA)′ = kA′

A + (– A)
(iii) (A + B)′ = A′ + B′
(iv) Additive inverse = (– A) + A= O
(O is the zero matrix of
same order with A) (iv) (A B)′ = B′ A′
Symmetric Matrix & Skew-Symmetric
Matrix

Symmetric Matrix: A′ = A
Skew-Symmetric Matrix: 𝐀′ = −𝐀

Property:

Any Skew
Symmetrix
Square Symmetrix
matrix
matrix matrix

Invertible Matrices
AB = BA = I
(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
Determinants
 Determinant Minor & Cofactor

Determinant of Matrix of Order 2 Minor

● Minor of an element aij of a
determinant is the determinant
obtained by deleting its ith row and
jth column in which element aij
Determinant of Matrix of Order 3 lies.
● Minor of an element aij is denoted
by Mij.

Cofactor
● Cij = (-1)1+j Mij

Adjoint of a Matrix
Area of a Triangle
Area of Triangle with vertices
(x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is

Properties of Adjoint Matrix

(i) A. (Adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) . A

(ii) |adj A | = | A |n–1

Condition for Collinearity of 3
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
Points
Area of the triangle = 0 (iv) (adj A)T = adj (AT)

(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A)

(vi) Adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1

 Inverse of a Matrix Consistent / Inconsistency of system of
Equations
(a) For a non-homogeneous system of
equation AX ≠ 0
(i) If |A| ≠ 0 🠆 unique solution
Properties of Inverse Matrices (ii) If |A| = O, and (ad A) B ≠ 0 🠆 system of
equation of inconsistent
(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0 🠆 system
has infinitely many solutions
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1
(b) For a homogeneous system of equation
(iii) (A–1)–1 = A AX ≠ 0
(i) If |A| ≠ 0 🠆 solution is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
(ii) If |A| = O 🠆 system has infinitely many
(iv) solutions

(v)
Continuity and
Differentiability
 Differentiability

Common Derivatives Chain Rule and Other Examples

 Continuity and Differentiability
DERIVATIVE DEFINITION
Continuity of function, f(x) at
a point a

BASIC PROPERTIES
(cf(x))’ = c(f’(x))
f(x) ± g(x))’ = f’(x) ± g’(x)

Continuity of function, f(x) in MEAN VALUE THEOREM

an interval [a, b] If f is differentiable on the interval (a, b) and
continuous at the end points there exists a c in
(a, b) such that

PRODUCT RULE
(f(x) g(x))’ = f(x)’ g(x) + f(x) g(x)’

QUOTIENT RULE
Algebra of continuous
functions
If f and g are two continuous
functions at a point c, then POWER RULE
1. f ± g is continuous at c
2. f.g is continuous at c
CHAIN RULE
4. gof is continuous at c
Integrals
 Indefinite Integration

Properties of Indefinite Integration

Integration by Parts

ILATE Rule

Note: Priority is from top to bottom

 Integration by using standard formulae

1. 11.

2. 12.

3. 13.

4. 14.

5. 15.

6. 16.

17.
7.

8. 18.

9. 19.

10. 20.
 Integration by using standard formulae

21. Integration by Substitution

22.

23.

24.

25.

Some Important Substitution

26. Function Substitutions

27.

28.
 Partial Integration

S.No. Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Definite Integration Leibnitz’s Rule

 General Properties of Definite Integrals

Sl. No Property

Prop. I

Prop. II

Prop.III

Prop.IV

Prop.V

Prop.VI

Prop.VII

Prop.VIII
Applications of
Integrals
 Area Under Simple Curves

1. 2.

3. 4.
Differential
equations
 Differential Equation

Order & Degree of a differential Equation Linear differential Equations

Step - 1 :
Obtain P & Q
Equations in variable separable form
Step - 2 :
Find I.F 🠆

Step - 3 :
Test: Multiply both sides of
equation above by I.F.
Solution: Separate and integrate on both sides.

Step - 4 :
Homogeneous Differential Equation
Required Solution is

Solution: Reduce to variable separable using:

Vector Algebra
 Vector Addition of Vectors

Vector Joining two points Triangle law

Position vector

Parallelogram law
Component of a Vector

Section Formula

Mid - point Formula Properties of vector

addition
 Product of Two Vectors

Scalar (or dot) product Vector (or cross) product

Important Properties & Formulas Important Properties & Formulas

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
11.

11.
12.
13.
Three dimensional
geometry
 3D Geometry

Distance Formula Direction cosines and Direction Ratios

Section Formula
(i) Internal Division

Angle between Two Lines

(ii) External Division

● The lines will be perpendicular if

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

(iii) Midpoint
● The lines will be parallel if

(iv) Center of Triangle

Equation of a Line

↔
Shortest distance between the two
parallel lines
↔

Shortest distance between two skew

lines
Probability
 Probability

Probability Independent Events

(i) Events E and F are independent if
P (E ∩ F) = P (E) . P (F)

(ii) P(E/F) = P(E) 🠆 E is independent

Conditional Probability
(iii) P(F/E) = P(F) 🠆 F is independent

Multiplication Theorem on Probability

P(E ∩ F) = P(E) . P(F|E)
= P(F) . P(E|F)
Properties
provided P(E) ≠ 0 and P(F) ≠ 0.
(i) P(S/F) = P(F/F) = 1
S 🠆 sample space Theorem of total probability
F 🠆 F is an event of s such that P(F) ≠ 0,
P(A) = P(E1) P(A/E1) + P(E2)P(A|E2) +...+
P(En) P(A|En)
(ii) (A ∪ B/F) = P(A/F) + P(B/F) - P(A ∩ B/F) =
If A and B are disjoint event then
P(A ∪ B/F) = P(A/F) + P(B/F)
Bayes' Theorem

(iii) P(E/F) = 1 - P(E/F) or P(E’/F)

= 1 - P(E/F)