MATLAB Syntax and Commands

Basic MATLAB Syntax and Commands

1. **Defining Vectors and Matrices**

```matlab

n = 0:9;

t = 0:0.001:10;

t_new = 0:1/fs_new:T;

```

- **Explanation**: Defines a vector `n` with values from 0 to 9. Defines a vector `t` with values from 0 to 10 in steps of

0.001. Defines a vector `t_new` with values from 0 to `T` (duration) in steps of `1/fs_new`.

2. **Generating Signals**

```matlab

y = heaviside(n);

y = A * pulstran(t,0:T:10,@rectpuls,dutyCycle*T/100);

y = A * pulstran(t,0:T:10,@tripuls,T/2);

y = sin(2*pi*f*n + beta*sin(2*pi*f_mod*n));

y = exp(a * n) .* exp(-damping_factor * n);

pulse = gauspuls(t, 5, 0.5);

```

- **Explanation**: Generates different signals: `heaviside` for unit step, `pulstran` with `rectpuls` for rectangular

signals, `tripuls` for triangle signals, sinusoidal signals with frequency modulation, damped exponential signals, and
 MATLAB Syntax and Commands

`gauspuls` for Gaussian pulses.

3. **Plotting Signals**

```matlab

stem(n, y, 'filled');

plot(t, y);

```

- **Explanation**: `stem` creates a stem plot, and `plot` creates a 2D line plot. The `'filled'` option for `stem` fills the

markers.

4. **Labeling and Titling Plots**

```matlab

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

title('Unit Step Function');

grid on;

```

- **Explanation**: Adds labels to the x-axis and y-axis, sets the plot title, and turns on the grid.

5. **Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)**

```matlab

freq_domain = fftshift(fft(pulse));

```
 MATLAB Syntax and Commands

- **Explanation**: Computes the FFT of `pulse` and shifts zero-frequency components to the center of the spectrum.

6. **Defining Frequencies**

```matlab

fs = 1/0.001;

f = linspace(-fs/2, fs/2, length(freq_domain));

```

- **Explanation**: Defines the sampling rate `fs` and creates a frequency vector `f`.

7. **Amplitude Modulation**

```matlab

s_t = (1 + m_t) .* c_t;

```

- **Explanation**: Modulates the carrier signal `c_t` with the message signal `m_t`.

8. **Hilbert Transform**

```matlab

analytic_signal = hilbert(s_t);

envelope = abs(analytic_signal);

```

- **Explanation**: Computes the analytic signal using the Hilbert transform and extracts its envelope.
 MATLAB Syntax and Commands

9. **Phase Locked Loop (PLL)**

```matlab

pll = comm.PhaseLockedLoop('NormalizedLoopBandwidth', 0.01, 'DampingFactor', 0.7, 'DetectorGain', 1);

demodulated_signal = pll(s_t');

```

- **Explanation**: Uses a Phase Locked Loop for FM demodulation with specified parameters.

10. **Interpolation**

```matlab

reconstructed_signal = interp1(t_new, sampled_signal, t, 'linear');

```

- **Explanation**: Reconstructs the signal using linear interpolation.

11. **Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)**

```matlab

multiplexed_signal = reshape(channels, 1, N*length(t));

demultiplexed_signals = reshape(multiplexed_signal, N, length(t));

```

- **Explanation**: Reshapes the matrix `channels` into a single row for multiplexing and back for demultiplexing.

12. **Non-uniform Quantization (mu-law)**

```matlab

x_quantized = sign(x_sampled) .* log(1 + mu * abs(x_sampled)) / log(1 + mu);

```

- **Explanation**: Applies mu-law compression for non-uniform quantization.

13. **Binary Encoding**

```matlab

x_encoded = de2bi(x_quantized_integer, bits, 'left-msb');

```

- **Explanation**: Converts decimal integers to binary vectors with specified bit-length using left-most significant bit

ordering.

14. **FFT Spectrum Calculation**

```matlab

M_f = fftshift(fft(m_t)) / length(m_t);

```

- **Explanation**: Computes and normalizes the FFT of the message signal.

Detailed Explanations of Selected Syntaxes

1. **heaviside(n)**

- Generates a unit step function.

2. **pulstran(t,d,func,width)**

- Generates a pulse train where `func` specifies the pulse shape and `width` specifies the pulse width.

3. **tripuls(t,width)**

- Generates a triangular pulse.

4. **gauspuls(t,fc,bw)**

- Generates a Gaussian-modulated sinusoidal pulse with center frequency `fc` and bandwidth `bw`.

5. **fftshift(x)**

- Shifts the zero-frequency component to the center of the spectrum.

6. **hilbert(x)**

- Computes the analytic signal using the Hilbert transform.

7. **comm.PhaseLockedLoop**

- Creates a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) object for demodulating frequency-modulated signals.

8. **interp1(x,v,xq,method)**
 MATLAB Syntax and Commands

- Interpolates the data `v` at the points `x` using the specified interpolation method (`linear` in this case).

9. **reshape(A,m,n)**

- Reshapes the matrix `A` into an `m`-by-`n` matrix.

10. **de2bi(d,n,msbflag)**

- Converts decimal integers to binary vectors with specified number of bits `n` and most significant bit order `msbflag`.

This comprehensive list covers the syntaxes and functions used in the MATLAB programs, providing both basic and

advanced signal processing techniques.

Basic MATLAB Syntax and Commands

1. **Defining Vectors and Matrices**

```matlab

n = 0:9;

t = 0:0.01:10;

t_new = 0:1/fs_new:T;

```

- **Explanation**: Defines a vector `n` with values from 0 to 9. Defines a vector `t` with values from 0 to 10 in steps of

0.01. Defines a vector `t_new` with values from 0 to `T` (duration) in steps of `1/fs_new`.

2. **Generating Signals**

```matlab

y = ones(1, 10);

y = A * square(2*pi/T * t, 30);

y = A * sawtooth(2*pi/T * t, 0.5);

y = sin(2*pi*f*n);

y = exp(a * n);

pulse = pulse_amplitude * (abs(t) <= pulse_width/2);

m_t = Am * sin(2*pi*fm*t);

c_t = Ac * sin(2*pi*fc*t);

s_t = (1 + m_t) .* c_t;

s_t = fmmod(m_t, fc, Fs, kf*Am);

low_pass_signal = sin(2)

- **Explanation**: Generates various signals including unit step, rectangular, triangular, sinusoidal, exponential,

rectangular pulse, message and carrier signals, amplitude modulated signal, frequency modulated signal, and low-pass

signal.

3. **Plotting Signals**

```matlab

figure;

stem(n, y, 'filled');

plot(t, y);

subplot(3,1,1);

```

- **Explanation**: `figure` creates a new figure window. `stem` creates a stem plot, `plot` creates a 2D line plot, and

`subplot` creates subplots within a figure window.

4. **Labeling and Titling Plots**

```matlab

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

title('Unit Step Function');

grid on;

```

- **Explanation**: Adds labels to the x-axis and y-axis, sets the plot title, and turns on the grid.
 MATLAB Syntax and Commands

5. **Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)**

```matlab

freq_domain = fftshift(fft(pulse));

magnitude_spectrum = abs(freq_domain);

```

- **Explanation**: Computes the FFT of `pulse`, shifts zero-frequency components to the center of the spectrum, and

calculates the magnitude spectrum.

6. **Defining Frequencies**

```matlab

fs = 1/0.01;

f = linspace(-fs/2, fs/2, length(freq_domain));

```

- **Explanation**: Defines the sampling rate `fs` and creates a frequency vector `f`.

7. **Amplitude Modulation**

```matlab

s_t = (1 + m_t) .* c_t;

```

- **Explanation**: Modulates the carrier signal `c_t` with the message signal `m_t`.
 MATLAB Syntax and Commands

8. **Hilbert Transform**

```matlab

s_env = abs(hilbert(s_t));

```

- **Explanation**: Computes the analytic signal using the Hilbert transform and extracts its envelope.

9. **Frequency Modulation and Demodulation**

```matlab

s_t = fmmod(m_t, fc, Fs, kf*Am);

demodulated_signal = fmdemod(s_t, fc, Fs, kf*Am);

```

- **Explanation**: Performs frequency modulation and demodulation using `fmmod` and `fmdemod` functions.

10. **Sampling and Reconstruction**

```matlab

x_sampled = sin(2*pi*f_signal*t_new);

reconstructed_signal = interp1(t_new, sampled_signal, t, 'previous');

```

- **Explanation**: Samples the signal at a new sampling rate and reconstructs it using zero-order hold interpolation.

11. **Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)**

```matlab
 MATLAB Syntax and Commands

multiplexed_signal = reshape(channels, 1, N*length(t));

demultiplexed_signals = reshape(multiplexed_signal, N, length(t));

```

- **Explanation**: Reshapes the matrix `channels` into a single row for multiplexing and back for demultiplexing.

12. **Quantization and Encoding**

```matlab

x_quantized = round((x_sampled + 1) * (levels - 1) / 2) / ((levels - 1) / 2) - 1;

x_encoded = de2bi(x_quantized_integer, bits, 'left-msb');

```

- **Explanation**: Quantizes the sampled signal and converts the quantized signal to binary vectors with specified

bit-length using left-most significant bit ordering.

Detailed Explanations of Selected Syntaxes

1. **ones(n, m)**

- Creates an `n`-by-`m` matrix of ones.

2. **square(t, duty)**

- Generates a square wave with period `T` and duty cycle `duty`.

3. **sawtooth(t, width)**

- Generates a sawtooth wave with period `T` and width `width`.

4. **fftshift(x)**

- Shifts the zero-frequency component to the center of the spectrum.

5. **hilbert(x)**

- Computes the analytic signal using the Hilbert transform.

6. **fmmod(x, fc, fs, kf)**

- Frequency modulates the message signal `x` with carrier frequency `fc`, sampling frequency `fs`, and modulation

index `kf`.

7. **fmdemod(y, fc, fs, kf)**

- Frequency demodulates the signal `y` with carrier frequency `fc`, sampling frequency `fs`, and modulation index `kf`.
 MATLAB Syntax and Commands

8. **interp1(x,v,xq,method)**

- Interpolates the data `v` at the points `x` using the specified interpolation method (`previous` for zero-order hold).

9. **reshape(A, m, n)**

- Reshapes the matrix `A` into an `m`-by-`n` matrix.

10. **round(x)**

- Rounds each element of `x` to the nearest integer.

11. **de2bi(d, n, msbflag)**

- Converts decimal integers `d` to binary vectors with `n` bits and specified most significant bit order `msbflag`.

This comprehensive list covers the syntaxes and functions used in the MATLAB programs, providing both basic and

advanced signal processing techniques.