Chapter 2 – Using Objects

Big Java by Cay Horstmann

Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24
 Chapter Goals
• To learn about variables
• To understand the concepts of classes and objects
• To be able to call methods
• To learn about parameters and return values
• To be able to browse the API documentation
T To implement test programs
• To understand the difference between objects and object
references
G To write programs that display simple shapes

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Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24
 Types
• A type defines a set of values and the operations that can be
carried out on the values
• Examples:
• 13 has type int
• "Hello, World" has type String
• System.out has type PrintStream
• Java has separate types for integers and floating-point
numbers
• The double type denotes floating-point numbers
• A value such as 13 or 1.3 that occurs in a Java program is
called a number literal

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Number Literals

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Number Types

• A type defines a set of values and the operations that can be

carried out on the values
• Number types are primitive types
• Numbers are not objects

• Numbers can be combined by arithmetic operators such as +, -,

and *

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.1
What is the type of the values 0 and "0"?
Answer: int and String.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.2

Which number type would you use for storing the area of a circle?
Answer: double.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.3

Why is the expression 13.println() an error?

Answer: An int is not an object, and you cannot call a
method on it.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.4
Write an expression to compute the average of the values x and
y.
Answer: (x + y) * 0.5

Big Java by Cay Horstmann

Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Variables
• Use a variable to store a value that you want to use at a later
time
• A variable has a type, a name, and a value:
String greeting = "Hello, World!”
PrintStream printer = System.out;
int width = 13;

• Variables can be used in place of the values that they store:

printer.println(greeting);
// Same as System.out.println("Hello, World!”)
printer.println(width);
// Same asSystem.out.println(20)

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Variables

• It is an error to store a value whose type does not match the

type of the variable:
String greeting = 20; // ERROR: Types don’t match

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Variable Declarations

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Identifiers
• Identifier: name of a variable, method, or class
• Rules for identifiers in Java:
• Can be made up of letters, digits, and the underscore (_) and dollar sign
($) characters
• Cannot start with a digit
• Cannot use other symbols such as ? or %
• Spaces are not permitted inside identifiers
• You cannot use reserved words such as public
• They are case sensitive

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Identifiers
• By convention, variable names start with a lowercase letter
• “Camel case”: Capitalize the first letter of a word in a compound word
such as farewellMessage

• By convention, class names start with an uppercase letter

• Do not use the $ symbol in names — it is intended for names
that are automatically generated by tools

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Syntax 2.1 Variable Declaration

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Variable Names

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.5

Which of the following are legal identifiers?

Greeting1
g
void
101dalmatians
Hello, World
<greeting>
Answer: Only the first two are legal identifiers.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.6
Define a variable to hold your name. Use camel case in the
variable name.
Answer:
String myName = "John Q. Public";

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 The Assignment Operator

• Assignment operator: =
• Used to change the value of a variable:
int width= 10;
width = 20;

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Uninitialized Variables

• It is an error to use a variable that has never had a value

assigned to it:
int height;
width = height; // ERROR—uninitialized variable height

• Remedy: assign a value to the variable before you use it:

int height = 30;
width = height; // OK

• Even better, initialize the variable when you declare it:

int height = 30;
int width = height; // OK
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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Syntax 2.2 Assignment

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Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Assignment

• The right-hand side of the = symbol can be a mathematical

expression:
width = height + 10;

• Means:
1.compute the value of width + 10
2.store that value in the variable width

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Animation 2.1: Variable Initialization and Assignment

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.7

Is 12 = 12 a valid expression in the Java language?

Answer: No, the left-hand side of the = operator must be a
variable.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.8

How do you change the value of the greeting variable to

"Hello, Nina!"?
Answer:
greeting = "Hello, Nina!";

Note that
String greeting = "Hello, Nina!";

is not the right answer – that statement defines a new variable.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Objects and Classes
• Object: entity that you can manipulate in your programs (by
calling methods)
• Each object belongs to a class
• Example: System.out belongs to the class PrintStream

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Methods
• Method: sequence of instructions that accesses the data of an
object
• You manipulate objects by calling its methods
• Class: declares the methods that you can apply to its objects
• Class determines legal methods:
String greeting = "Hello";
greeting.println() // Error
greeting.length() // OK

• Public Interface: specifies what you can do with the objects of

a class

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Overloaded Method

• Overloaded method: when a class declares two methods with

the same name, but different parameters
• Example: the PrintStream class declares a second method,
also called println, as
public void println(int output)

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 A Representation of Two String Objects

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 String Methods

• length: counts the number of characters in a string:

String greeting = "Hello, World!";
int n = greeting.length(); // sets n to 13

• toUpperCase: creates another String object that contains the

characters of the original string, with lowercase letters converted
to uppercase:
String river = "Mississippi";
String bigRiver = river.toUpperCase();
// sets bigRiver to "MISSISSIPPI"

• When applying a method to an object, make sure method is

defined in the appropriate class:
System.out.length(); // This method call is an error

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.9
How can you compute the length of the string "Mississippi"?
Answer: river.length() or "Mississippi".length()

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.10

How can you print out the uppercase version of

"Hello, World!"?
Answer:
System.out.println(greeting.toUpperCase());

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.11

Is it legal to call river.println()? Why or why not?

Answer: It is not legal. The variable river has type String.
The println method is not a method of the String class.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Parameters

• Parameter: an input to a method

• Implicit parameter: the object on which a method is invoked:
System.out.println(greeting)

• Explicit parameters: all parameters except the implicit

parameter:
System.out.println(greeting)

• Not all methods have explicit parameters:

greeting.length() // has no explicit parameter

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Passing a Parameter

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Return Values

• Return value: a result that the method has computed for use by
the code that called it:
int n = greeting.length(); // return value stored in n

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Passing Return Values

• You can also use the return value as a parameter of another

method:
System.out.println(greeting.length());

• Not all methods return values. Example: println

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 A More Complex Call

• String method replace carries out a search-and-replace

operation:
river.replace("issipp", "our”)
// constructs a new string ("Missouri")

• This method call has

• one implicit parameter: the string "Mississippi"
• two explicit parameters: the strings "issipp" and "our"
• a return value: the string "Missouri" Big Java by Cay Horstmann
Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Animation 2.2: Parameter Passing

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.12

What are the implicit parameters, explicit parameters, and return

values in the method call river.length()?
Answer: The implicit parameter is river. There is no explicit
parameter. The return value is 11.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.13

What is the result of the call river.replace("p", "s")?

Answer: "Missississi".

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.14

What is the result of the call

greeting.replace("World", "Dave").length()?

Answer: 12.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.15

How is the toUpperCase method defined in the String class?

Answer: As public String toUpperCase(), with no
explicit parameter and return type String.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Rectangular Shapes and Rectangle Objects

• Objects of type Rectangle describe rectangular shapes:

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 Rectangular Shapes and Rectangle Objects

• A Rectangle object isn’t a rectangular shape – it is an object

that contains a set of numbers that describe the rectangle:

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Constructing Objects

new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30)

• Detail:
1. The new operator makes a Rectangle object
2. It uses the parameters (in this case, 5, 10, 20, and 30) to
initialize the data of the object
3. It returns the object
• Usually the output of the new operator is stored in a variable:
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Constructing Objects

• Construction: the process of creating a new object

• The four values 5, 10, 20, and 30 are called the construction
parameters
• Some classes let you construct objects in multiple ways:
new Rectangle()
// constructs a rectangle with its top-left corner
// at the origin (0, 0), width 0, and height 0

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Syntax 2.3 Object Construction

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.16
How do you construct a square with center (100, 100) and side
length 20?
Answer:
new Rectangle(90, 90, 20, 20)

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.17

The getWidth method returns the width of a Rectangle

object. What does the following statement print?
System.out.println(new
Rectangle().getWidth()); Answer:

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Accessor and Mutator Methods

• Accessor method: does not change the state of its implicit

parameter:
double width = box.getWidth();

• Mutator method: changes the state of its implicit parameter:

box.translate(15, 25);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.18
Is the toUpperCase method of the String class an accessor or
a mutator?
Answer: An accessor – it doesn’t modify the original string but
returns a new string with uppercase letters.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.19

Which call to translate is needed to move the box rectangle so

that its top-left corner is the origin (0, 0)?
Answer: box.translate(-5, -10), provided the method
is called immediately after storing the new rectangle into box.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 The API Documentation

• API: Application Programming Interface

• API documentation: lists classes and methods in the Java
library
• http://java.sun.com/javase/7/docs/api/index.html

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 The API Documentation of the Standard Java Library

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 The API Documentation for the Rectangle Class

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Method Summary

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 Detailed Method Description

The detailed description of a method shows:

• The action that the method carries out
• The parameters that the method receives
• The value that it returns (or the reserved word void if the method
doesn’t return any value)

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Packages

• Package: a collection of classes with a related purpose

• Import library classes by specifying the package and class
name:
import java.awt.Rectangle;

• You don’t need to import classes in the java.lang package

such as String and System

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Syntax 2.4 Importing a Class from a Package

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.20

Look at the API documentation of the String class. Which

method would you use to obtain the string "hello, world!"
from the string "Hello, World!"?
Answer: toLowerCase

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.21

In the API documentation of the String class, look at the

description of the trim method. What is the result of applying trim
to the string " Hello, Space ! "? (Note the spaces in the
string.)
Answer: "Hello, Space !" – only the leading and trailing
spaces are trimmed.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.22

The Random class is defined in the java.util package. What

do you need to do in order to use that class in your program?
Answer: Add the statement
import java.util.Random;

at the top of your program.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Implementing a Test Program
1. Provide a tester class.
2. Supply a main method.
3. Inside the main method, construct one or more objects.
4. Apply methods to the objects.
5. Display the results of the method calls.
6. Display the values that you expect to get.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/rectangle/MoveTester.java
1 import java.awt.Rectangle;
2
3 public class MoveTester
4 {
5 public static void main(String[] args)
6 {
7 Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
8
9 // Move the rectangle
10 box.translate(15, 25);
11
12 // Print information about the moved rectangle
13 System.out.print("x: ");
14 System.out.println(box.getX());
15 System.out.println("Expected: 20");
16
17 System.out.print("y: ");
18 System.out.println(box.getY());
19 System.out.println("Expected: 35");
20 }
21 }

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 ch02/rectangle/MoveTester.java (cont.)

Program Run:
x: 20
Expected: 20
y: 35
Expected: 35

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.23

Suppose we had called box.translate(25, 15) instead of

box.translate(15, 25). What are the expected outputs?
Answer:
x: 30, y: 25

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.24

Why doesn’t the MoveTester program print the width and

height of the rectangle?
Answer: Because the translate method doesn’t modify the
shape of the rectangle.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Testing Classes in an Interactive Environment

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 Object References

• Object reference: describes the location of an object

• The new operator returns a reference to a new object:
Rectangle box = new Rectangle();

• Multiple object variables can refer to the same object:

Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
Rectangle box2 = box;
box2.translate(15, 25);

• Primitive type variables ≠ object variables

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Object Variables and Number Variables

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Object Variables and Number Variables

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 Copying Numbers
int luckyNumber = 13;

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Copying Numbers (cont.)
int luckyNumber = 13;
int luckyNumber2 = luckyNumber;

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Copying Numbers (cont.)

int luckyNumber = 13;

int luckyNumber2 = luckyNumber;
luckyNumber2 = 12;

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Copying Object References
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Copying Object References (cont.)
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
Rectangle box2 = box;

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Copying Object References (cont.)
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
Rectangle box2 = box;
Box2.translate(15, 25);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.25

What is the effect of the assignment greeting2 = greeting?

Answer: Now greeting and greeting2 both refer to the
same String object.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.26
After calling greeting2.toUpperCase(), what are the
contents of greeting and greeting2?
Answer: Both variables still refer to the same string, and the
string has not been modified. Recall that the toUpperCase
method constructs a new string that contains uppercase
characters, leaving the original string unchanged.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Mainframes – When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Graphical Applications and Frame Windows

To show a frame:
1. Construct an object of the JFrame class:
JFrame frame = new JFrame();

2. Set the size of the frame:

frame.setSize(300, 400);

3. If you’d like, set the title of the frame:

frame.setTitle("An Empty Frame");

4. Set the “default close operation”:

frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

5. Make the frame visible:

frame.setVisible(true);
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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 A Frame Window

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/emptyframe/EmptyFrameViewer.java
1 import javax.swing.JFrame;
2
3 public class EmptyFrameViewer
4 {
5 public static void main(String[] args)
6 {
7 JFrame frame = new JFrame();
8
9 frame.setSize(300, 400);
10 frame.setTitle("An Empty Frame");
11 frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
12
13 frame.setVisible(true);
14 }
15 }

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.27

How do you display a square frame with a title bar that reads
"Hello, World!”?
Answer: Modify the EmptyFrameViewer program as
follows:
frame.setSize(300, 300);
frame.setTitle("Hello, World!");

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.28

How can a program display two frames at once?

Answer: Construct two JFrame objects, set each of their
sizes, and call setVisible(true) on each of them.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Drawing on a Component

• In order to display a drawing in a frame, define a class that

extends the JComponent class
• Place drawing instructions inside the paintComponent method.
That method is called whenever the component needs to be
repainted:
public class RectangleComponent extends JComponent
{
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{
Drawing instructions go here
}
}

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Classes Graphics and Graphics2D

• Graphics class lets you manipulate the graphics state (such

as current color)
• Graphics2D class has methods to draw shape objects
• Use a cast to recover the Graphics2D object from the
Graphics parameter:

public class RectangleComponent extends JComponent

{
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{
// Recover Graphics2D
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
. . .
}
}
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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Classes Graphics and Graphics2D

• Call method draw of the Graphics2D class to draw shapes,

such as rectangles, ellipses, line segments, polygons, and arcs:

public class RectangleComponent extends JComponent

{
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{
. . .
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
g2.draw(box);
. . .
}
}

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Drawing Rectangles

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/rectangles/RectangleComponent.java
1 import java.awt.Graphics;
2 import java.awt.Graphics2D;
3 import java.awt.Rectangle;
4 import javax.swing.JComponent;
5
6 /**
7 A component that draws two rectangles.
8 */
9 public class RectangleComponent extends JComponent
10 {
11 public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
12 {
13 // Recover Graphics2D
14 Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
15
16 // Construct a rectangle and draw it
17 Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
18 g2.draw(box);
19

Continued

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/rectangles/RectangleComponent.java (cont.)
20 // Move rectangle 15 units to the right and 25 units down
21 box.translate(15, 25);
22
23 // Draw moved rectangle
24 g2.draw(box);
25 }
26 }

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Using a Component

1. Construct a frame.
2. Construct an object of your component class:
RectangleComponent component = new RectangleComponent();

3. Add the component to the frame:

frame.add(component);

4. Make the frame visible.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/rectangles/RectangleViewer.java
1 import javax.swing.JFrame;
2
3 public class RectangleViewer
4 {
5 public static void main(String[] args)
6 {
7 JFrame frame = new JFrame();
8
9 frame.setSize(300, 400);
10 frame.setTitle("Two rectangles");
11 frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
12
13 RectangleComponent component = new RectangleComponent();
14 frame.add(component);
15
16 frame.setVisible(true);
17 }
18 }

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.29
How do you modify the program to draw two squares?
Answer:
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 20);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.30
How do you modify the program to draw one rectangle and one
square?
Answer: Replace the call to box.translate(15, 25) with
box = new Rectangle(20, 35, 20, 20);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.31

What happens if you call g.draw(box) instead of

g2.draw(box)?
Answer: The compiler complains that g doesn’t have a draw
method.

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Applets
• Applet: program that runs inside a web browser
• To implement an applet, use this code outline:
public class MyApplet extends JApplet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
// Recover Graphics2D
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
// Drawing instructions go here
. . .
}
}

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Applets

• This is almost the same outline as for a component, with two

minor differences:
1. You extend JApplet, not JComponent
2. You place the drawing code inside the paint method, not inside
paintComponent

• To run an applet, you need an HTML file with the applet tag
• An HTML file can have multiple applets; add a separate
applet tag for each applet
• You view applets with the applet viewer or a Java enabled
browser:
appletviewer RectangleApplet.html

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/applet/RectangleApplet.java
1 import java.awt.Graphics;
2 import java.awt.Graphics2D;
3 import java.awt.Rectangle;
4 import javax.swing.JApplet;
5
6 /**
7 An applet that draws two rectangles.
8 */
9 public class RectangleApplet extends JApplet
10 {
11 public void paint(Graphics g)
12 {
13 // Prepare for extended graphics
14 Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
15
16 // Construct a rectangle and draw it
17 Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
18 g2.draw(box);
19

Continued

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/applet/RectangleApplet.java (cont.)
20 // Move rectangle 15 units to the right and 25 units down
21 box.translate(15, 25);
22
23 // Draw moved rectangle
24 g2.draw(box);
25 }
26 }
27

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/applet/RectangleApplet.html
1 <applet code="RectangleApplet.class" width="300" height="400">
2 </applet>

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/applet/RectangleAppletExplained.html
1 <html>
2 <head>
3 <title>Two rectangles</title>
4 </head>
5 <body>
6 <p>Here is my <i>first applet</i>:</p>
7 <applet code="RectangleApplet.class" width="300" height="400">
8 </applet>
9 </body>
10 </html>

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Applets

Big Java by Cay Horstmann

Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Ellipses
• Ellipse2D.Double describes an ellipse
• This class is an inner class – doesn’t matter to us except for
the
import statement:
import java.awt.geom.Ellipse2D; // no .Double

• Must construct and draw the shape:

Ellipse2D.Double ellipse =
new Ellipse2D.Double(x, y, width, height);
g2.draw(ellipse);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 An Ellipse

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Drawing Lines

• To draw a line:
Line2D.Double segment =
new Line2D.Double(x1, y1, x2, y2);
g2.draw(segment);

or,

Point2D.Double from = new Point2D.Double(x1, y1);

Point2D.Double to = new Point2D.Double(x2, y2);
Line2D.Double segment = new Line2D.Double(from, to);
g2.draw(segment);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Drawing Text

g2.drawString("Message", 50, 100);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Colors
• Standard colors Color.BLUE, Color.RED, Color.PINK, etc.
• Specify red, green, blue between 0 and 255:
Color magenta = new Color(255, 0, 255);

• Set color in graphics context:

g2.setColor(magenta);

• Color is used when drawing and filling shapes:

g2.fill(rectangle); // filled with current color

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Predefined Colors and Their RGB Values

Color RGB Value

Color.BLACK 0, 0, 0

Color.BLUE 0, 0, 255

Color.CYAN 0, 255, 255

Color.GRAY 128, 128, 128

Color.DARKGRAY 64, 64, 64

Color.LIGHTGRAY 192, 192, 192

Color.GREEN 0, 255, 0

Color.MAGENTA 255, 0, 255

Color.ORANGE 255, 200, 0

Color.PINK 255, 175, 175

Color.RED 255, 0, 0

Color.WHITE 255, 255, 255

Color.YELLOW 255, 255, 0

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Alien Face

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/face/FaceComponent.java
1 import java.awt.Color;
2 import java.awt.Graphics;
3 import java.awt.Graphics2D;
4 import java.awt.Rectangle;
5 import java.awt.geom.Ellipse2D;
6 import java.awt.geom.Line2D;
7 import javax.swing.JComponent;
8
9 /**
10 A component that draws an alien face
11 */
12 public class FaceComponent extends JComponent
13 {
14 public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
15 {
16 // Recover Graphics2D
17 Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
18

Continued

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/face/FaceComponent.java (cont.)
19 // Draw the head
20 Ellipse2D.Double head = new Ellipse2D.Double(5, 10, 100, 150);
21 g2.draw(head);
22
23 // Draw the eyes
24 g2.setColor(Color.GREEN);
25 Rectangle eye = new Rectangle(25, 70, 15, 15);
26 g2.fill(eye);
27 eye.translate(50, 0);
28 g2.fill(eye);
29
30 // Draw the mouth
31 Line2D.Double mouth = new Line2D.Double(30, 110, 80, 110);
32 g2.setColor(Color.RED);
33 g2.draw(mouth);
34
35 // Draw the greeting
36 g2.setColor(Color.BLUE);
37 g2.drawString("Hello, World!", 5, 175);
38 }
39 }

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 ch02/face/FaceViewer.java
1 import javax.swing.JFrame;
2
3 public class FaceViewer
4 {
5 public static void main(String[] args)
6 {
7 JFrame frame = new JFrame();
8 frame.setSize(150, 250);
9 frame.setTitle("An Alien Face");
10 frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
11
12 FaceComponent component = new FaceComponent();
13 frame.add(component);
14
15 frame.setVisible(true);
16 }
17 }

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.32
Give instructions to draw a circle with center (100, 100) and
radius 25.
Answer:
g2.draw(new Ellipse2D.Double(75, 75, 50, 50));

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.33

Give instructions to draw a letter "V" by drawing two line

segments.
Answer:
Line2D.Double segment1 = new Line2D.Double(0, 0, 10, 30);
g2.draw(segment1);
Line2D.Double segment2 = new Line2D.Double(10, 30, 20, 0);
g2.draw(segment2);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.34
Give instructions to draw a string consisting of the letter "V”.
Answer:
g2.drawString("V", 0, 30);

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.35

What are the RGB color values of Color.BLUE?

Answer: 0, 0, and 255

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Self Check 2.36

How do you draw a yellow square on a red background?

Answer: First fill a big red square, then fill a small yellow
square inside:
g2.setColor(Color.RED);
g2.fill(new Rectangle(0, 0, 200, 200));
g2.setColor(Color.YELLOW);
g2.fill(new Rectangle(50, 50, 100, 100));

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Jeff Staruch Tuesday, May 5, 2015 at 1:59:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time 34:15:9e:2f:35:24 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.