Chapter 5

IP Addressing and Subnetting

 Outlines
 IP Addressing
 Types of IP Addresses
 Portion of IP Address
 Classes of IP Address
 Special IP addresses
 Subnetting
 Variable length subnet mask
2
 Supernetting
 What is an IP Address?
 An IP address is an address used in order to
uniquely identify a device on an IP network.
 The address is made up of 32 binary bits,
which can be divisible into a network portion
and host portion with the help of a subnet
mask.
 The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets
(1 octet=1 byte = 8 bits).
 The IP addresses are unique.
3
 What is an IP Address?
 IP Address works similar to the home address
by the identification of that anything reaches
to your house.
 To communicate in the network each
electronic device uses IP address.
 To identify the network size these IP address
is categorized into various classes.
 All these types of IP address is assigned to the
organizations, businesses or government
4 operations.
 Versions of IP Addresses
 IPV4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)
 IPv4 address is structured as 32 bits
 IPV4 is the most popular protocol in use today
 we are nearly out of the four billion addresses
available in IPv4
 IPV6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)
 IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length and are
made up of hexadecimal characters.
 IPv6 could be the solution to many problems
posed by IPv4
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 Versions of IP Addresses

6
 IP Configuration of an Interface

7
 IP Addressing

8
 IP Addressing Schemes.

There are two ways to represent the IP

Addresses:
 Binary Notation: Base 2
 Dotted-Decimal Notation: Base 10

9
 IP Addressing Schemes.
Binary Notation: Base 2
 In binary notation, an IPv4 address is
displayed as 32 bits.
 An IPv4 address referred to as a 32-bit
address, a 4-octet address (8 bits in
each).
 Example of an IPv4 address in binary
notation
01110101 10010101 00011101 11101010
10
 IP Addressing Schemes
Dotted-Decimal Notation: Base 10
 For us in the human network, a string of 32
bits is difficult to interpret and even more
difficult to remember.
 Therefore, IPv4 addresses are represented
using dotted decimal format.

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 IP Addressing Schemes

Because each byte (octet) is only 8 bits,

each number in the dotted- decimal
notation is between 0 and 255.
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 IP Addressing Schemes
 Change the following IP address from
binary notation to dotted-decimal notation.

10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

 Solution

129.11.11.239
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 IP Addressing Schemes
 Change the following IP address from
dotted-decimal notation to binary notation:
111.56.45.78
 Solution

01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110

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 IP Addressing Schemes
 Find the error in the following IP Address
111.56.045.78

 Solution

There are no leading zeroes in Dotted-

decimal notation (045)

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 IP Addressing Schemes
 Find the error in the following IP Address
75.45.301.14

 Solution

In decimal notation each number is <= 255

301 is out of the range

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 Address Space Rule

 The address space in a protocol that

uses n-bits to define an Address is:
𝟐𝒏
 The address space of IPv4 is
𝟐𝟑𝟐
or
4,294,967,296
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 Portion of an IP Address
 In classful IP addresses, there are two
fundamental parts:
 NETWORK PORTION/NetID
 HOST PORTION/HostID

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Network Address and Host Address
• The NETWORK PORTION, which
describes the physical wire the device is
attached to.The address by which we
refer to the network

• The HOST PORTION, which identifies the

host on that wire. The addresses assigned to
the end devices in the network

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 Portion of an IP Address
IP Address as a 32-Bit Binary Number

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 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
 At the Network layer, the packets of the
communication need to be identified with the
source and destination IP addresses of the two
end systems

 All IP addresses are 32 bits long and are used in

the Source address and Destination address
fields of IP packets.
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 Classful IP Addressing
 The designers of the Internet created classes of
networks based on network size.
 Subdividing an IP address into a network and
host address is determined by the class
designation of one’s network.
 Every host on the Internet has an IP address,
which encodes its network number and host
number.
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 Classful Addressing
 The 32 bit IP address is divided into five sub-classes.
 These are:
Class A addresses
Class B addresses
Class C addresses
Class D addresses
Class E addresses
 IP addresses from the first three classes (A, B and C)can be
used for host addresses.
 The other two classes are used for other purposes – class D
for multicast and class E for experimental purposes.
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 Class A IP address
 For a large number of hosts, Class A IP addresses
are used.
 The first octet of this class ranges from 1 to 126.
 Most of the IP address comes in Class A IP address.
 Address begins with bit 0
 It ranges from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
 For the IP addresses from Class A,
 the first 8 bits (the first decimal number) represent
the network part, while the remaining 24 bits
represent the host part.
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 Class A Addresses
 The designers of the IP address scheme said that the first bit of the first
byte in a Class A network address must always be off, or 0.
 This means a Class A address must be between 0 and 127, inclusive.
First Octet Range in Binary= 00000000 - 01111111
Range in Decimal = 0-127
 Class A network is defined in the first octet between 0 and 127
 Network HOST HOST HOST
 Default Subnet mask 255.0.0.0
 The 24 bits of host ID are used to determine the host in any network.
 27-2= 128-2=126 network ID (Here 2 address is subtracted because
0.0.0.0 and 127.x.y.z are special address. )
 224 – 2 = 16,777,214 host ID
 IP addresses belonging to class A ranges from 1.x.x.x – 126.x.x.x
 Example of Class A address: 112.10.25.25
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 Class B IP address
 Generally for the medium size networks this network is
used.
 In the first octet of this class, IP range from 128 to 191
(128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255)
 Address begins with bits 10.
 The first 16 bits (the first two octets) represent the
network part, while the remaining 16 bits (the last two
octets) represent the host part.

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 Class B Addresses
 The first bit of the first byte must always be turned on, but the
second bit must always be turned off. (starts with 10)
 If you turn the other 6 bits all OFF and then all ON, you will find
the range for a Class B network:
First Octet 10
Range: 10000000 - 10111111
Range: 128-191
 A Class B network ranges from 128 to 191.
 Network Network HOST HOST
 Default Subnet mask 255.255.0.0
 214 = 16,384 network address
 216 – 2 = 65,534 host address
 Example of Class B address: 145.24. 53.107
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 Class C IP address
 For the smaller network this IP address class is used.
 In this class three octets are used to identify the
network.
 This IP ranges between 192 to 223 (range 192.0.0.0-
to-223.255.255.255).
 A local area network use Class C IP address to
connect with network.
 Address begins with bits 110.
 It has 24 bit network number and 8 bit host number.

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 Class C Addresses
 The first 2 bits of the first octet as always turned on, but
the third bit can never be on.
 Following the same process as the previous classes, convert
from binary to decimal to find the range.
First Octet
Range: 11000000 -11011111
Range: 192- 223
NETWORK NETWORK NETWORK HOST
Default Subnet 255.255.255.0
 221 = 2,097,152 network address
 28 – 2 = 254 host address
 Example of Class C address 195.24.53.107
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 Default mask
Class A 255.0.0.0 or (/8)
Class B 255.255.0.0 or (/16)
Class C 255.255.255.0 or (24)

/8, 8 bits are ON the network portion

11111111. 00000000.00000000.00000000

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 Class D IP address
 Class D addresses are used for multicasting;
 There is only one block in this class.
 Begins with 1110 in the first octet
 Multicast addresses (Class D):
(224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255)
 Class D ranges from (224–239) and is used
for multicast addresses

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 Class E IP address
 This type of IP address class is mostly used
for the experimental or future use.
 There is only one block in this class.
 Class E ranges from (240 to 255) for scientific
purposes
(240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255)
 Begins with 1111, unused

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  Show that Class A has

231 = 2,147,483,648 addresses

50% of the IP addresses are used by class A

 Calculate the total IP address generated in Class B

2n n=?

 Calculate the total IP address generated in Class C

2n n=?

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 Classful Addressing

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 Classes in binary notation

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 Example

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 Classes in Decimal notation

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 Example
 Find the class of the following addresses
158.223.1.108
227.13.14.88
 Solution
158.223.1.108
 1st byte = 158 (128<158<191) class B

227.13.14.88
 1st byte = 227 (224<227<239) class D

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 Netid and hostid

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 Hosts for Classes of IP Addresses

Class A (24 bits for hosts) 224 - 2* = 16,777,214 maximum hosts

Class B (16 bits for hosts) 216 - 2* = 65,534 maximum hosts
Class C (8 bits for hosts) 28 - 2* = 254 maximum hosts

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 IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers

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 Reserved IP addresses
 Expressed in dotted decimal format, the IPv4 address
range is from:
0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

 Not all of these addresses can be used as host

addresses for communication.

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 Class D- Multicast Addresses
 A block addresses (Class D) is reserved for special
purposes (multicast address). It ranges from
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
 This address is reserved for link local addresses.
 These addresses are to be used for multicast groups
on a local network.
 A router connected to the local network should
never forward them.

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 Class E- Experimental Addresses
 Class E addresses are special address reserved for
experimental purposes
 It ranges from:
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254
 Currently, these addresses are listed as reserved for
future use.They cannot be used in IPv4 networks.
 These addresses could be used for research or
experimentation.

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 Special Addresses
 After accounting for the ranges reserved for
experimental addresses and multicast
addresses, this leaves an address range of
0.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 that could be
used for IPv4 hosts.
 However, within this range are many addresses
that are already reserved for special purposes.

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 Private Addresses
 Although most IPv4 host addresses are public
addresses designated for use in the Internet, there
are blocks of addresses that are used in networks that
require limited or no Internet access.
 These addresses are called private addresses.
 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 – Class A
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class B
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 Class C

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47
 Private Addresses
 Private addresses are set aside for use in private
networks.
 The use of these addresses need not be unique among
outside networks.
 Hosts that do not require access to the Internet at
large may make unrestricted use of private addresses.
 Private IP address of a system is the IP address that is
used to communicate within the same network.
 Using private IP data or information can be sent or
received within the same network.
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 Public Addresses
 The vast majority of the addresses in the IPv4
unicast host range are public addresses.
 Public IP address of a system is the IP address
which is used to communicate outside the
network.
 Public IP address is basically assigned by the ISP
(Internet Service Provider)
 These addresses are designed to be used in hosts
that are publicly accessible from the Internet.
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 Loopback / localhost

 One such reserved address is the IPv4 loopback

address 127.0.0.1.

 The loopback is a special address that hosts use to

direct traffic to themselves.

 You can also ping the loopback address to test the

configuration of TCP/IP on the local host.
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 Default Route
 0.0.0.0 is the IPv4 default route.
 The default route is used as a "catch all“
route when a more specific route is not
available.
 The use of this address also reserves all
addresses in the 0.0.0.0 - 0.255.255.255
 (0.0.0.0 /8) address block.
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 Types of addresses in an IPv4 network

The IPV4 network segment has

three address types
Network Address (NA)

Host Address (HA)

Broadcast Address (BA)

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 Network Addresses
 The network address is the first address in a
block.
 The network address defines the network to the
rest of the Internet.
 In classful addressing, the network address is
the one that is assigned to the
organization.
 Some portion of the high-order bits represents
the network address.
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 Network Address
 At Layer 3, a network is a group of hosts
that have identical bit patterns in the
network address portion of their
addresses.
 To represent the network address, all of
these host bits are '0’.

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 Network Addresses
 Given the network address, we can find the class of the
address, the block, and the range of the addresses in
the block
 Example: the network address is 132.21.0.0
 find:
 the class,
 the block, and
 the range of the addresses
 The 1st byte is between 128 and 191. Hence, Class B
 The block has a network address (Net-id) of 132.21.
 The addresses range from (132.21.0.0 -132.21.255.255)
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 Network Addresses
10.50.120.7 –this is a Class A address,
 the first number (10) represents the network part, while
the remainder of the address represents the host part
(50.120.7).
 This means that, in order for devices to be on the same
network, the first number of their IP addresses has to be
the same for both devices.
 In this case, a device with the IP address of 10.47.8.4 is on
the same network.
 The device with the IP address 11.5.4.3 is not on the
same network, because the first number of its IP address
is different.
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 Network Addresses
Consider the following IP addresses:
172.16.55.13 – this is a Class B address,
 The first two numbers (172.16) represent
the network part, while the remainder of the
address represents the host part (55.13).
 A device with the IP address of
172.16.254.3 is on the same network,
while a device with the IP address of
172.55.54.74 isn’t.

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 Broadcast Address
 Broadcast address is a special address for each network that
allows communication to all the hosts in that network.
 To send data to all hosts in a network, a host can send a
single packet that is addressed to the broadcast address of
the network.
 The broadcast address uses the highest address in the
network range. This is the address in which the bits in the
host portion are all 1s.
 For the network 10.0.0.0 with network bits, the broadcast
address would be 10.255.255.255. This address is also
referred to as the directed broadcast.
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 Host Addresses
 Every end device requires a unique address to
deliver a packet to a host.
 In IPv4 addresses, we assign the host address
values between the network address and the
broadcast address to the devices in that network.
 All 32 bits define the IPv4 address, there are a
variable number of bits that are called the host
portion of the address.
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 Network Prefixes
 When we express an IPv4 network address, we
add a prefix length to the network address.
 The prefix length is the number of bits in the
address that gives us the network portion.
 For example, in 172.16.4.0 /24, the /24 is the
prefix length - it tells us that the first 24 bits are
the network address. This leaves the remaining 8
bits, the last octet, as the host portion
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 Network Prefixes
 The Subnet masks in 172.16.4.0 /24 can also be
represented as 255.255.255.0 or
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
which is equivalent to /24
 Network prefix specifies the network portion of an
IPv4 address to the network devices.
 172.16.4.0 /16 is the same as 255.255.0.0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
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 Calculating
Network, Host, and Broadcast addresses
 Given the address 172.16.20.25. calculate the
NA, HA, and BA addresses
 Network address: 172.16.0.0

 First host: 172.16.0.1

 Last host address: 172.16.255.254

 Broadcast address: 172.16.255.255

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 Cont’d
 How many hosts can be represented in a
network /24?
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

28-2 =254 hosts

 The minus two is because one is for the
network address and the other is for the
broadcast address.
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 Classless IP Addressing

64
 Classless IP Addressing
 Classless addressing is an improved IP Addressing
system.
 It makes the allocation of IP addresses more efficient.
 It replaces the older classful addressing system based on
classes.
 It is also known as Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)
 The number of bits used for the network
portion of an IP address became variable
instead of fixed.
65
 Subnet Mask
 Subnet mask determines which part of an IP address is
the Network Field and which part is the Host Field
 Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask:
1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary
form.
2. Replace the network and subnet portion of
the address with all 1s and the host portion of
the address with all 0s.
3. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-
decimal notation.
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 Subnet Mask

Subnet mask in decimal = 255.255.240.0

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 Subnet Mask
• A subnet mask is a 32-bit binary number.
• The subnet mask is ANDed with an IP address to get
the block address (Network address)
Mask And IP address = Block Address

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 AND operation

69
 Default Mask and Subnet Mask

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 Finding the Subnet Address
What is the subnetwork address if the destination
address is 200.45.34.56 and the subnet mask is
255.255.240.0?

 11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000

 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000

The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0

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 Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)
• Used to allocate an amount of IP address space
to a given entity (company, home, customer,
etc).
Example: 192.168.10.32/28
• The slash notation (/) means how many bits are
turned ON (1s) and tells you what your subnet
mask is.

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 Calculating Network, Host and
Broadcast addresses
Given the address 172.16.20.0 /25
Network address:
10101100 00010000 00010100 00000000 thus 172.16.20.0
First host:
10101100 00010000 00010100 00000001 thus 172.16.20.1
Last host address
10101100 00010000 00010100 01111110 thus 172.16.20.126
Broadcast address:
10101100 00010000 00010100 01111111 thus 172.16.20.127

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74
 Calculating Network, Host and
Broadcast addresses
1. Given the address 191.30.168.213/29
calculate the BA, NA, HA, and number of hosts
represented.
2. 192.168.1.25/27
Calculate NA, HA and BA

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 Subnetting
 The process of splitting a network into smaller
networks is called subnetting.
 The smaller networks formed are known as
subnets
 If you break a major network (Class A, B, or C)
into smaller subnetworks, it allows you to
create a network of interconnecting
subnetworks.
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 Subnetting
 In order to subnet a network, extend the subnet mask
using some of the bits from the host ID portion of
the address to create a subnetwork ID (address).
 Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical
networks (subnets) that exist within a single Class A,
B, or C network.
 If you do not subnet, you are only able to use one
network from your Class A, B, or C network, which is
unrealistic.
 What happens if you wanted to take one
network address and create six networks from
it?
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 Subnetting
 Subnets are connected to the rest of the network
through address-resolving devices called routers.
 NAT (network address translation) is a way to map
multiple local private addresses to a public one before
transferring the information.
 Subnets can be freely assigned within the
organization
 Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks
 Subnet structure is not visible outside the
organization
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 Advantages of Subnetting
 Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not consuming
an entire address space for each physical network.
 Reduces router complexity. Since external routers do
not know about subnetting, the complexity of routing
tables at external routers is reduced.
 Reduced network traffic
 Optimized network performance
 This is a result of reduced network traffic.
 Simplified management
 It’s easier to identify and isolate network problems in
a group of smaller connected networks than within
one gigantic network
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 How to create subnets
 To create a subnet address, a network administrator
should borrow bits from the original host portion
and designates them as the subnet field.
 A network with no subnets will have one of these
default subnet mask values depending upon its class
address.
 However, when subnetting is implemented, the actual
subnet mask value is calculated to determine valid IP
addresses for hosts on a subnet.
80
 Basic Idea of Subnetting
 Split the host number portion of an IP address into a
subnet number and host number.
 Result is a 3-layer hierarchy

network prefix host number

network prefix subnet number host number

extended network prefix

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 Subnetting Example
193.16.4.0 /24 divide it into four networks

First Subnet
 00 000000 = 0 The network address (do this first)
 00 000001 = 1 The first valid host
 00 111110 = 62 The last valid host
 00 111111 = 63 The broadcast address (do this second)

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 Second Subnet
 01 000000 = 64 The network
 01 000001 = 65 The first valid host
 01 111110 = 126 The last valid host
 01 111111 = 127 The broadcast address

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 Third Subnet
 10 000000 = 128 The subnet address
 10 000001 = 129 The first valid host
 10 111110 = 190 The last valid host
 10 111111 = 191 The broadcast address

84
 Fourth Subnet
 11 000000 = 192 The subnet address
 11 000001 = 193 The first valid host
 11 111110 = 254 The last valid host
 11 111111 = 255 The broadcast address

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 Subnets Network Address Range Broadcast Address
(First Address) (Valid Host) (Last Address)
Subnet 1

Subnet 2

Subnet 3

Subnet 4

Subnet 5

Subnet 6

.
.
86
 Exercises

87
 1. You have a network that needs 29 subnets while
maximizing the number of host addresses available on
each subnet. How many bits must you borrow from
the host field to provide the correct subnet mask?
2. You have the following address: 192.16.5.133/29,
How many total bits are being used to identify the
network, and how many total bits identify the host?
3. What is the full subnet mask for address
172.16.5.10/28?
4. Write the IP address 222.1.1.20 mask
255.255.255.192 in CIDR notation.

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 5. A company is granted the site address 201.70.64.0
(class C). The subnet mask is 255.255.255.224.

a. How many subnets?

b. How many total hosts in each subnet?
c. What are the Network address for each subnet?
d. What are the range of valid hosts in each subnet?
e. What are the Broadcast address for each subnet?
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 6. 172.16.0.0
255.255.255.224
a. 1. how many subnets?
b. 2. how many hosts?
c. 3. what are the network address of each subnet?
d. 4. what are the broadcast address for each subnet?
e. 5. what are the valid hosts?

90
 7. If an Ethernet port on a router were assigned an IP
address of 172.16.112.1/25, what would be the valid
subnet address of this host?

A.172.16.112.0
B.172.16.0.0
C.172.16.96.0
D.172.16.255.0

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 8. A company would like to break its Class B private IP
address 172.16.0.0 into as many subnets as possible
provided that they can get at least 300 clients per
subnet. Find ranges of IP addresses for each subnet
and new mask.

9. A company is granted the site address 181.56.0.0

(class B). The company needs 1000 subnets. Design the
subnets.

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