lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

AIM
To study the phenomenon of Electromagnetic
Induction
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

INTRODUCTION
ELECTROMAGNET:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the
magneticfield is produced by electric current.
The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned
off.
The process of generating current in a conductor by
placingthe conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
INDUCTION.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTON:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed
to a varying magnetic field.

Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic

fieldscauses molecules in another object to flow. Induction
can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals),
or waves (in radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to he phenomenon where an E.M.F is
induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor
change.

Magnetic flux is defined as the product of the magnetic

flux density and the area normal to the field through which
the field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit
is the weber (Wb)
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

PRINCIPLE
Electromagnetic Induction is the process by which a
changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force
(EMF) or voltage in a conductor. This phenomenon was
first discovered by Michael Faraday and is governed by
Faraday's Law of Induction, which states that the
induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux through a loop or coil.The key factors
affecting electromagnetic induction include the strength of
the magnetic field, the speed of the change in the
magnetic field, the area of the conductor, and the number
of coils in the conductor. This principle is widely used in
devices such as electric generators, transformers, and
induction cooktops. It forms the basis for converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy and for
transferring electrical energy between circuits.
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

THEORY
INVENSION
Michael faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the
work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. around 1830 to 1832,
Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish his
findings until later.

Induced E.M.F

Induced Electromotive Force (E.M.F.) is the voltage generated

in a conductor due to a change in the magnetic field around it.
This phenomenon is the core concept behind electromagnetic
induction, discovered by Michael Faraday.

The induced EMF is directly related to the rate of change of the

magnetic flux passing through a loop or coil of wire. If magnetic
flux through a coil is altered then E.M.F. will begenerated in the
coil. This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and
Faraday between 1825 and 1831.

How Induced EMF is Created

Induced EMF can be generated by:

1. Moving a conductor through a magnetic field (e.g., a

wire moving through a magnetic field).
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

Factors Affecting Induced EMF

 Rate of change of magnetic flux: A faster change in the

magnetic field increases the induced EMF.
 Strength of the magnetic field: A stronger magnetic field
results in a larger induced EMF.
 Area of the loop: A larger area of the conductor exposed to
the magnetic field increases the induced EMF.
 Number of turns in a coil: A coil with more turns will induce
a greater EMF because each turn experiences the changing
magnetic flux.

Factor Effect on Induced E.M.F.

Rate of change of magnetic flux (dΦ/dt) Directly proportional — faster change leads to
greater E.M.F.
Strength of the magnetic field (B) Directly proportional — stronger magnetic
field induces greater E.M.F.
Area of the conductor (A) Directly proportional — larger area leads to
higher E.M.F.
Number of turns in the coil (N) Directly proportional — more turns lead to
greater E.M.F.
Angle (θ) between magnetic field and E.M.F. is maximum at 90∘
conductor
Speed of motion (v) of the conductor Directly proportional — faster motion leads to
greater E.M.F.
Nature of the core material Higher permeability materials (e.g., iron)
increase E.M.F.
Direction of motion relative to the field Influences the rate of change in flux and the
direction of induced current
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

WORKING AND
CONSTRUCTION
Induced E.M.F.: Working and Construction
1. Working of Induced E.M.F.

Induced Electromotive Force (E.M.F.) is generated when there is a

change in the magnetic field around a conductor, typically through
motion or by varying the magnetic field itself. The process of
generating induced E.M.F. works based on Faraday’s Law of
Induction and Lenz's Law:

1. Movement of Conductor through Magnetic Field: When a

conductor (such as a wire) moves through a magnetic field, the
magnetic flux through the conductor changes, and this change
induces an E.M.F. in the conductor.
2. Change in Magnetic Field around the Conductor: If the
magnetic field around a stationary conductor changes (either in
strength or direction), it also causes a change in the magnetic
flux, thus inducing an E.M.F.
3. Lenz’s Law: The direction of the induced E.M.F. opposes the
change in magnetic flux, ensuring energy conservation.

2. Construction of Devices Using Induced E.M.F.

A. Simple Induction Coil

A basic setup to demonstrate induced E.M.F. involves a coil of wire

and a magnet. Here's how it’s constructed:

 Magnet: A strong bar magnet or an electromagnet that

provides a changing magnetic field.
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

 Coil (Wire Loop): A coil of wire is placed near the magnet or

within its magnetic field. The coil is typically made of copper
to minimize resistance.
 Galvanometer: A device to measure the induced current,
which shows the presence of the induced E.M.F.

Working: When the magnet is moved through the coil or the

magnetic field changes around the coil, an E.M.F. is induced in the
coil, and the galvanometer detects the current.

B. Generator (Using Induced E.M.F.)

A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy using the principle of induced E.M.F. It works
based on the relative motion between a coil and a magnetic field.

Construction:

 Magnetic Field: A permanent magnet or an electromagnet

to create a magnetic field.
 Armature (Coil): A coil of wire (usually copper) mounted on
a rotor or armature, which rotates within the magnetic field.
 Commutator (for DC Generators): A split ring that
reverses the direction of current, ensuring that the output
current flows in a consistent direction.
 Brushes: Conductive materials (carbon or graphite) that
maintain electrical contact with the rotating armature and the
commutator.

Working: As the armature (the coil of wire) rotates within the

magnetic field, the magnetic flux through the coil changes,
inducing an E.M.F. This induced voltage is then output as electrical
current.
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

C. Transformer (Using Induced E.M.F.)

A transformer is a device used to increase or decrease the voltage

of an alternating current (AC) using the principle of
electromagnetic induction.

Construction:

 Primary Coil: A coil connected to the input voltage (AC

supply).
 Secondary Coil: A coil located near the primary coil, where
the induced E.M.F. is generated.
 Core: A soft iron core that enhances the magnetic flux
between the two coils.

Working: When AC flows through the primary coil, it creates a

changing magnetic field around it. This changing magnetic field
induces an E.M.F. in the secondary coil, according to Faraday's
Law. The number of turns in the secondary coil determines
whether the voltage is increased or decreased.

Key Points

 Induced E.M.F. occurs due to a change in magnetic flux

either by moving a conductor through a magnetic field or
changing the magnetic field around a conductor.
 Devices like generators, transformers, and induction
coils utilize the principle of induced E.M.F. for energy
conversion or transmission.
 The construction of these devices involves using coils of
wire, magnetic fields, and mechanical or electrical
components to facilitate the generation of induced voltage.
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

LENZ’s LAW:
Lenz's Law: Explanation and Applications

Lenz's Law is a fundamental principle in electromagnetism that

describes the direction of the induced current (or electromotive
force, E.M.F.) in a conductor when it experiences a change in
magnetic flux. It is a consequence of Faraday’s Law of
Induction, and it helps determine the direction of the induced
current, ensuring the conservation of energy.

Statement of Lenz's Law

Lenz's Law states:

"The direction of the induced current (or E.M.F.) in a closed

circuit is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux
that caused it."

In simple terms, the induced current will always oppose the

change in the magnetic field that created it. This law is a
consequence of the conservation of energy, as it ensures that
the system behaves in a way that prevents the creation of energy
from nothing
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

Applications of electromagnetic induction:

Electrical generator:

An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical

energy into electrical energy using the principle of
electromagnetic induction. It operates on Faraday’s Law of
Induction, which states that a changing magnetic field
through a conductor induces an electromotive force (E.M.F.)
or voltage in the conductor.

Working Principle of an Electrical Generator

The basic working principle of an electrical generator is based

on electromagnetic induction, where the mechanical energy
(usually from a rotating shaft) is used to move a conductor
(usually a coil of wire) through a magnetic field, inducing an
E.M.F. in the conductor.

Steps in the Working of an Electrical Generator:

1. Mechanical Energy Input: The generator is driven by an

external mechanical force (like a turbine, engine, or hand
crank) that rotates a coil of wire or armature within a
magnetic field.

2.Motion in Magnetic Field: As the coil rotates, it cuts through

the magnetic field lines. This motion changes the magnetic
flux through the coil, which induces an E.M.F. (voltage)
according to Faraday’s Law of Induction.
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

3. Induced Current: The induced E.M.F. causes current to flow

through the coil if it is part of a closed circuit. The direction of
the current depends on the direction of motion and the
magnetic fieldas described by Lenz's Law.

4. Output of Electrical Energy: The current generated can be

used to power electrical devices or be stored in batteries.
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

Electrical transformer:
Electrical Transformer: Working and Construction

A transformer is an electrical device used to increase or

decrease the voltage in an alternating current (AC) circuit. It
works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The main
purpose of a transformer is to transfer electrical energy between
two circuits while changing the voltage and current values,
without changing the frequency.

Working Principle of a Transformer

The working of a transformer is based on Faraday's Law of

Electromagnetic Induction, which states that a changing
magnetic field will induce an electromotive force (E.M.F.) in a
nearby conductor. A transformer typically operates with
alternating current (AC) because AC creates a continuously
changing magnetic field, which is essential for inducing voltage in
the secondary coil.

Basic Steps of Transformer Operation:

1. Alternating Current in the Primary Coil: When an AC

voltage is applied to the primary coil, it creates a time-
varying magnetic field around the coil.
2. Magnetic Flux and Core: The magnetic field produced by
the primary coil is directed through the core (usually made of
soft iron) and links with the secondary coil. The core serves to
concentrate and guide the magnetic flux.
3. Induced Voltage in the Secondary Coil: According to
Faraday's Law, the changing magnetic flux induces an
electromotive force (E.M.F.) in the secondary coil. The
magnitude of this induced voltage depends on the rate of
change of the magnetic flux and the number of turns in the
secondary coil.
4. Output Voltage: The voltage induced in the secondary coil
depends on the ratio of the number of turns in the primary
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil. This is

known as the turns ratio.
.
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

OBSERVATION

• Magnet is moved at certain rate andcertain voltage

is produced.

• Magnet is moved at faster rate sandcreating a

greater induced voltage.

• Magnet is moved at same speed through coil that

has greater numberof turn and greater voltage is
induced.
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

CONCLUSION
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction’ first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic concept.
Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it relates an
induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic
field. This concept has manyfar-reaching ramifications that
touch our livesin many ways: from the shining of sun , to the
convenience of mobile communications, to electricity to
power our homes. We can al appreciate the profound impact
Faraday’s law on us.

MICHAEL FARADAY
 lOMoAR cPSD| 50259338

APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

IN REAL LIFE

The principles of electromagnetic inductionare

applied in many devices and systems, including:

• Electrical generators
• Induction motors
• Induction sealing
• Inductive charging
• Transformers
• Wireless energy transfer
• Wireless charge