THE

COMPLETE GUIDE TO PLC

PROGRAMMING
From the Ground Up A PLC Programming Bootcamp for Industrial
Automation Essentials

By
Furuta Kimiko
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK OVERVIEW 4
CURRENT , VOLTAGE AND RESISTANCE PART 1 7
CURRENT VOLTAGE AND RESISTANCE PART 2 9
AC VS DC 11
THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 14
MOTORS 17
POWER SUPPLIES 22
FUSES 24
CIRCUIT BREAKERS 26
RELAYS 30
CIRCUIT SIMULATION SOFTWARE INSTALLATION 34
SIMULATING A RELAY 36
CONTACTORS 38
SIMULATING A CONTACTOR 41
BE AWARE THIS IS VITAL 43
BUTTONS , SWITCHES AND INDICATORS 46
BUS BARS 49
TRIP CURVES 51
OVERLOADS AND OVERCURRENTS 55
WHAT TO CHOOSE 57
MCCB 59
ELCB-RCCB 64
CHOOSING THE MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER AND ITS CABLE 68
MOTOR CABLE SIZING 72
MOTOR DRIVING OVERVIEW 76
DIRECT DRIVING 78
DIRECT DRIVING DESIGN 81
SIMULATING DIRECT DRIVE 87
FW-BW 89
FW-BW MOTOR DRIVING DESIGN 93
SIMULATING FW-BW 95
STAR-DELTA MOTOR DRIVING 98
SIMULATING STAR-DELTA 104
VFD 111
ANALOG VS DIGITAL 115
VFD TERMINAL DRIVING 121
VFD DEMO 1 123
VFD DEMO 2 126
VFD DEMO 3 128
VFD DEMO 4 131
VFD DEMO 5 134
SOFT STARTERS 136
LIMIT SWITCHES 138
PROXIMITY SENSORS 140
LEVEL SENSORS 142
TEMPERATURE SENSORS 146
FLOW SENSORS 150
PRESSURE SENSORS 153
 QUICK OVERVIEW
We're going to learn and in this course I'm trying to teach you all the
important and necessary information that you would need in order to build
an industrial automation system. Let's start from the real basics. I will build
up till we can build that build see how my base systems were starting from
Wiregrass literally and ending with multiple programming languages. And I
show my simulation. I mean it's a really huge cock. I mean I would be
really happy if you would join me in this journey and I'm sure that you're
going to learn a lot of useful information. Let me go through what we're
going to learn quickly. This is an electrical panel and it has multiple parts
and we're going to talk about each of them individually. We have a b c we
have its modules we have the AC power supplies we have relays we have
overload and over Gorgons we have contactors we have different types of
MCS. We have motor drivers, we have main circuit breakers, bus bars, and
input cables. We have distribution cables, we have control cables. We have
a Chameides and all of these. I'm going to talk about them in detail so that
you can get a grasp of them even though this course is 16 hours whenever I
feel like if I write this it will be beneficial. I am adding it. So once you buy
this Gog's you will still be getting free content without paying for the first
section. Don't expect heavy information just to get you started. The sections
after it are going to get a little bit tricky. Now I'm going to teach you about
classic control simulations. Let's say you have built a circuit here.
How can you simulate that? How can you make sure that the function is
working? Let's say you have Bayles Stockdale's type of driving, backward
forward type of driving, direct driving or do you have some sort of a
complex control circuit. How can you simulate it without actually building
it? We're going to learn about that. I'm going to do some troubleshooting.
Let's say you have built your circuit and some parts are not working
properly. I'm going to give you possibilities about why they would not work
and what you should be checking first. How can you fix the problem in
order to get your system to work? I'm going to teach you about different
sensors that are used in industrial automation like this proximity sensor.
What this Beati hundred is what There's a flow sensor is what those locked
cells are going to give you a lot of the information about sensors that are
types there are low voltage standards and et cetera. You're going to see what
applications we use with the sensor. I'm going to teach you also for BBC
programming languages. We're going to use a platform called God that says
this is a really wonderful platform in order to learn and not only learn.
There are a lot of companies that are based on software up on ghauts. So
once you learn God says you will be able to handle like 70 percent of the
PCs exist in the industry. I'm also going to teach you how to wire appeal's
see how you can troubleshoot them. And all of this information and as I
said for programming languages is more than enough in order to get to the
grasp of a complex program. Now this still contains compiling projects and
they both contain a box for schematic drawing. They are going to teach you
about the software that you can use. It's an open source where you can do
all your. I'll teach you how to read the wire schematics which are very very
common. When you are dealing with contractors they're going to give you
this one wire diagram that tells you to bolt circuits on them and I'm going to
teach you how to interpret them. Next I'm going to teach you about the
visualization of how you can build a Chameides. I'm going to use Gazzetta
in a functional test in order to build cool at Chameides and I'll teach you
how to link it to the DLC. Finally Otis about 12 visualizations like how can
you make this be accessible by the Web, how can you see your server based
Akamai on your phone or browser remotely.
 CURRENT , VOLTAGE AND
RESISTANCE PART 1
I'm like come to this and you did dog the WAY we're going to learn about
the vault this garment and resistant these three concepts are going to be
repeated over and over and over again through all the scores. And we need
to have a good understanding about how things work. So let us assume the
following. We have two tanks and they have an output. This output is
different between the first tank and the second, in that one of them is wider.
One of them is not a word whatever. Both tanks have the same height.
They're using the same pressure and I got us over there. These two tanks are
really simple. We just press from a bow. We are going to get water spilled
from the output. Now that we press down the tank on the right hand side we
are going to inflect air pressure at the output of that in the area of the output
is much less than the area of the tank. Air resistance is going to be reflected
at the beginning of the output; this resistance will try to prevent water from
spilling out of the town. And the more resistance the more pressure we have
to apply in order to make the water spill out of the out.
Now a free press down on the tank on the left hand side we will see that we
will have less pressure that's due to the fact that the area of the output is
wider than the area of the hour of the first day. It means we will have less
resistance when we press the water out. Lesser resistance means less
pressure and we compress more easily. We can also see that the amount of
water being spilled back seconds will also vary between the two. Dan thinks
the tank on the right has a Nardo output which means high resistance we are
going to get less water coming out of the output per second. Going to have
the slow flowing now on the left hand side when we press the tank. We
have a wide output here. So we have a lower resistance as we mentioned.
Now since we have a low resistance we can have the water flow from the
output more easily. And the amount of water that is flowing per second will
be larger than the first. Now we can't simply tie the sconces with values fish
Gargano and resistance on the pressure we apply the voltage the water flow
is our Cargan and the tank resistance is our electrical resistance higher
resistance means we need higher pressure in order to get higher the flow
rate and relationships is given as voltage equals current times the resistance.
So it is an interconnected relationship that changing gwon paramita will
affect the other one.
 CURRENT VOLTAGE AND
RESISTANCE PART 2
This new project we are going to continue exploring the concept of voltage
current and resistance so let's look at this picture. What we have is a voltage
source and it is rated for 5 volts. Let's assume that it is pushing charges
throughout this close to the Palm device on the right hand side. Is there an
existing element? So while the Chargers are trying to flow through all this
gray root this resistance is going to make the movement of these charges
slower. So if we compare the potential energy of the charges before they hit
their resistance element and after they have their resisting element, we will
see that there is a potential difference. We call it voltage drop. Now the
amount of charges that are passing through this road bear time unit is called
Cargan the higher their resistance the less that current is going to be. It's
like the flow of the charge is decreasing. Now as we can see in this picture
the higher the voltage the more current We will have because I think with
me it is equal V or is the larger. There is going to be the logs if the
government is going to be though the charges are going to pass where
second. Now let's take an example by calculating the cargo and for both
circuits as we can see the resistance is the same for both circuits. They are
both a thousand ohms on one keelhaul. However the first circuit is larger. I
saw the second one. The first one is volts. The second one is 500. Now we
know that vehicle times are good or we can be in range to have equals V of.
So for the first one we will get 0.1 amps for the second one. We're going to
get 0.05 fans.
So here we have the same resistance but a different voltage source of
values. It means we will have different Gargan values. Now this will lead us
to another concept which is power. Power is the amount of energy
consumed big time Union the higher voltage and current is the higher the
power consumption is going to be in your circuit and power as a formula or
one of the formulas is the voltage times the in. Now let's take this example.
Usually power supplies are rated where their output voltage and the Cargan
they can supply. If you wanna know the power consumption of any power
supply all you need to do is to multiply the output of those by the current
that it can provide. This can be applied on any type of power supply from
industrial lands, your phone charger to whatever device that supplies power.
So this very basic example is given as a DC power supply with five amps
up with current and 24 volts output voltage. Now these ratings are very
common in industrial automation. You will see these power supplies
everywhere. They are used to supply the control units of the electrical panel
you're trying to design. So you will find the answers simply by multiplying
24 which is the vaulter's times 5 which the current will get under 21. It's
then SWAT's unit of power.
 AC VS DC
This new way to travel. Today we're going to talk about the difference
between AC and DC. AC and DC are going to determine the type of cardan
you will have in your electrical devices. Now let's start with the CDC's
stance for Dianic. It means that the current you have in your circuits will
flow in one direction from your positive terminal to your negative thermal.
There is no fluctuation. There is no going back and forth for the charge, just
electrons. Every electrical panel that is used to automate some kind of
machinery will contain a DC part. Most of the time your build sees your
etcher and all of your control units inside the panel will be operating on 24
volts DC so the industrial standard for DC power supply is rated at 24 volts
or 12. Some other devices might also operate on 12 volts DC and it's
preferable to choose one voltage rate for the DC 4 you were called by; the
second type is the alternating current. Now the way alternating current
operates is a little bit different than the direct common; the occupants are
Chargers are going to be fluctuating backwards and forwards to produce the
alternate carga frequencies are standardized all over the world. It's either 50
hertz or 60 or what that means is that your electrons are going to fluctuate
backwards and forwards 50 or 60 times per second.
Now let us check the waveform for both AC and DC current. Now if we
check the first wave 4 we will see that it's all consisting of a head line at
5:4. No matter how we proceed in time the voltage is constant at 5 volts and
there is no fluctuation. By the way you can say AC voltage sources and DC
voltage sources. It's not our property. That's only for current and since
current on voltage is related to each other. Now the second circuit breaker
takes on AC 220 volts at 60 and we can't see that electrons are fluctuating
backwards. I'm looking forward to the second circuit. It's operating on AC
220 volts at 16 or so and we can't see that electrons are fluctuating
backwards. I'm for now let's check the AC way because we can't see that
the voltage is increasing in time and then it's decreasing again. This is how
AC operates: it increases to its peak voltage value which in our case is 220
volts and it drops back to its lowest value which is minus 220 people. And
for this voltage source which is 60 hertz it takes one over 60 seconds to
complete this cycle and that's that period. If we take the inverse of period
we get frequency which is how we determine that it is 60 hertz which
means it's one of six days of a second to complete a full cycle. If you're still
not feeling comfortable with differences between this and AC. Don't worry
though because I'm sure that you'll get through because of it. Especially
after talking about three phases and how we design single and reverse
circuits. But for now all you need to understand is that DC is used only for
controlled circuits and AC is used to provide power to the heavy motors of
the machinery. So if you have a motor and you want to give it enough
power supply it with AC and if you cannot control that motor to turn on and
off you go to use DC. More on that. Let your lectures. There is no need to
argue about it.
 THREE PHASE SYSTEMS
You know, to tell you all, today we are going to learn about three base
systems and what are the ratings of the AC around the world. The AC
system is not tenderized to one rating. It depends if you are in Europe and
USA in Australia. The Middle East. It's different from a place to play. First
let's explain what a three phase system is. Then we are going to google
together to check the rating in your account. So our single file system
consisted of one phase line and one neutral line and the electrons were
fluctuating backwards and forwards over again a three phase system and as
the name States we have three phases and we may or may not have a neutral
line. Now let's take a look at the way we see the voltages. And we usually
label them with L L 2 and 3 corresponding to phase number one baseline
number two phase line number three However if we observe the first phase
line we see that it reaches the peak before the second and the third line.
Now if we take a closer look at this way, we will see that the three phase
line reaches the big voltage at different time instances so the phase line
reaches peak first after some time. The second one is that peak. After some
time the third one which is a B.
We call this difference in reaching their peak voltage value as the phase
difference. Now let's take a look at this voltage source which is AC rated
380 volts and 60 here will see that this system does contain a neutral line.
We labeled the Phase 1 2 and L3 and we live with the neutral as n. Now in
these systems we have dual voltage ratings. The first one is face to face
voltage rating so if we measure the voltage between any two phases of the
three phases we are going to get a certain value however measuring the
voltage between any of the three phases with the neutral line. We're going to
get a different voltage rate. We called the first one we mentioned face to
face Faldo's and we called the second one that we mentioned as the face to
blindfold. Now the values mentioned here are not constant everywhere. So
to make this clear let us go and see the voltage rating for three phase lines
in different counties. So let's write the USA EU with the phase ratings and
see what's going to come up. Let's check this first Lorenzo and see what it
contains. OK so this site seems to have different ratings of three phase
equipment for different countries. But this is awesome. They seem to show
every single country in the world that they're showing their voltage ratings.
They use it. So this is in Canada and they seem to use multiple voltage
types so you need to check if your equipment is matched with the voltage
source you are using. Otherwise there is a serious problem that may come
up. This is in England and they seem to be using 400 15 volts so if you look
at them most try to call them you will see how many lines are being used. If
it's a three it means three phase without neutral if it's four it means three
phase with neutral. This is a news alert. It's 400 volts through the phase line.
The USA also uses multiple ratings so you need to check before you start to
design.
 MOTORS
This new project from this lecture until the end of this section we are going
to learn about the different equipment that are used in industrial design.
This introductory section is going to be really important for you in order to
understand how individual automation parts were like motors parts
supplies, fuses circuit breakers, relays contactors and fumoir. So in this
lecture we are going to talk about Matar's type and what are the important
characteristics that we will need while we are designing an industrial
system. So mortars come in different sizes and the size depends on how
much stock you need in order to operate their sort of machine. But from an
electrical point of view we look at the power consumption of each motor.
They start from a few hundred watts to a few hundred kilowatt sections and
for each freighting we need to choose the correct equipment in order to
protect that matter. There's thermal protection and magnetic protection
which we will talk about later. Now let's see the types of motor Matar's may
operate on AC DC but for heavy machinery control usually AC motors
argues and like any AC system there exists two types. A single phase motor
and a three phase motor. And that question is where to use each of these
types in any big factory. Most of the time you're going to see three phase
motors. The base Motors operate really small earthly compared to single
phase motors. Also they drove less garden which means they consume
much less power than the single phase.
Now there is a really important advantage for the three phase motors which
is you can easily change their station direction. All we need to do is to
change the faces or if we're in a single phase motor we will have to get their
special equipment and connected to our motor in order to reverse the
direction. But when it comes to our manufacturing machines we will see
most of the time three phases. More so we might see it in the washing
machines and dishwashers or any home appliances and we don't see single
phase motors a lot in factories or in heavy machinery. Now let's talk about
the most important characteristics that you will see in a similarity, maybe
the most important one is the engine ashcan. So when you deliver the power
to your motor there is an excessive amount of Gargan that is going to be
drawn. So typically this motor is going to last until your motor reaches its
full speed. And we can approximate this in a current to be in between three
to six times the nominal current. Your motor is usually going to drill this
current is going to last for a few seconds or a few milliseconds. It depends
on the type of the motor. And also it depends on how large your motor is so
if your motto is usually duros you might see well up or down in the first
few seconds before it goes back to that too. That is usually drooling so we
can use this information to watch Gaga in choosing that thermal and the
magnetic protection for the motor which we will talk about later.
It's also important in choosing the correct actuator for that motor. There is
an important Bahrami that we need to calculate while we are trying to
design a motor driving system which is the current consumption Bersani.
We need to know what the power consumption of a three phase motor is.
Their relationship is given as we multiply the voltage by the Cargan by
cosigned Q or fita times 1.7 three. While we are designing, usually the
current is the unknown parameter that we need to calculate the voltage here.
It could be 380 volts, it could be 220 volts. You'll need to check the power
rating for three phases of that motor. Now the power factor is going to
determine how much of the energy you are giving to that motor is being
used in reality. So your expectation is that it should use all the power you
are giving it and there is no loss. But that's not the case. All the motors have
some losses and this loss is going to be represented in this consigned to the
value of cosigned. Does he want to be between 0 and 1? And here is
something. If the motor is not loaded and it's not connected to any
machinery parts the parking factor is going to be in between 0.2 and 0.4 and
also to be connected to a low power factor is going to be between zero point
seven zero point eighty two point nine. It depends. The logic behind this is
that if the motor is not loaded it will not use all the power it does not need
all that power so it will use only a fraction of it. That's why we'll have a
really low power factor but once the machine is loaded the motor is loaded
with the machine while the motor is going to consume much more power
and the power factor is going to be improved. Usually in our calculations
we use a power factor in between 0.6 to 0.7. Here we are going to go with
0.7 this 1.7 three is because we have a 3 phase motor which is the square
root of 3. If you want to look at the math behind this I strongly advise you
to check some articles about the three phases and the math behind them.
Now let's have an example. We have a 1.5 kilowatts motor and we need to
calculate the current consumption of that motor. So we really arrange that
for me given both to calculate the current. We simply take the power and
divide it by the voltage times 1.7 three times the power factor which is
Grinstein. Our power is 1.5 kilowatts which is 1500 watts over our voltage
is 180 volts here and we have the power factory of 0.7 and we multiplied by
the 1.7 three to get 3.2 5 amperes and note that this is not the rush Gergen.
This is the nominal current and current that is motter used during the
normal operation to know what is our current. We can't check the datasheet
or we can take the nominal current and multiply it by six times to get the
approximate that Rush got it. Now the final time that we will talk about is
the servo motor. When we don't have a continuous rotation of machinery
and we need to accurately drive the machine to a certain point in space we
use servo motors. So it's usually used in motion control where you can
know exactly how many rotations the motor rotated and you can't tell the
exact machine position.
 POWER SUPPLIES
We are going to talk about DC power supply. So a power supply has one
input and one output and once we supply the input with AC power we aren't
going to get an output with a DC power though most of the industrial
control equipment from digital sensor actuators will operate either on 12
volt DC or 24 volt DC so it's standardized to these two voltage rating. Now
this doesn't mean that the control systems cannot operate on AC voltages.
There are some control systems like APL C and Chimay that operate
directly on one other 10 volts or two other 20 volts AC. However for
protection purposes it's recommended that all of these devices are combined
in one circuitry that is operating on a certain DC voltage. Now the question
is, how do we choose a DC power supply? Every power supply has an
outboard rating. Which determines what is the maximum current that this
power supply can deliver to your equipment. In our example here we have a
farm supply with an output of 24 volt the C N life amperes as a maximum
current that can be delivered. So to know the exact current rating we add up
all of our ADC devices Gargan ratings and we multiply that by 1.2 five
which means we add a margin of 25 percent to that current rating which
was our power supply according to.
Now why do we care about the current rating of our device? Every device
needs a certain power in order to operate. If we deliver less power that it
needs then that the device will malfunction and it won't operate properly.
Now since we are providing a fixed DC voltage from our power supply the
only variable left to determine that total power is how much current We
provide. If we deliver less Gargan the device will be underpowered and it
won't operate. That's why the power supply should be able to deliver
enough power for that device. And since any device will consume more
Gaga in the first few milliseconds or a few hundred milliseconds of its
operation we need to put that margin that this power supply can handle
without the device failing at startup. And usually the nominal value that we
choose is an additional 25 percent of the total cargo that we need. Now here
is an important note. You can choose a park supply with a higher current
rating that you need. It's not OK to choose a higher voltage rating. Then you
mean but it's OK for that gallon because the device that you are connecting
this power supply into is going to take only that car and it needs to operate
and it will not consume higher current values however choosing a higher
voltage rating will probably damage your device. Those voltages should be
matched to the exact rating and the Cargan could be equal or more than the
device rate it is going in. Because in the current term the device will only
take what's necessary for it to operate.
 FUSES
You all are going to talk about fuses that use AGA defense lines against the
overcurrent and they are used in electrical equipment and in electronics
equipment fuses are connected in series with the device you are trying to
protect from over Cargan. So if over Caer Gwent passes through the line to
that device the fuse will blow up and it will cause the current path to that
device. So here is a scenario that might happen on your device. Assume an
electronic component inside your device got burned out somehow and
started malfunctioning causing a short circuit inside your device. Now a
short circuit means an excessive amount of current is going to pass through
your device. Within a few milliseconds with that excessive current and your
device will be burned out a fuse is going to protect you against this
exceeded Gargan that's caused by this short circuit in your device. So let's
look at this schematic. We have a power supply and we have the fuses in the
middle and we help our b c d n b c is our programmable logic controller
which we will talk about in depth later.
Now assume within our field a short circuit happens and it says if
Caergwent is going to be with Dragon from the power supply area if our
power supply does not have short circuit protection an excessive current is
going to cure. Burning our PLCC and maybe our Parlow supply all together
to prevent all of that from happening. A fuse is connected in series like in
this schematic door B and C so that the fuses will be burned down before it
will be at c get damaged now. How do we choose these fuses and what are
the characteristics that are important to us in our industrial design? There
are only towbar ammeters which are rated voltage and rated carbon in our
case right here. We have a power supply of 24 volts and the BLT also
operates on 24 volts. So it makes perfect sense that our fuses would have
created voltage of 24 volts DC the current of the fuse should match our BLT
maximum Cargan mentioned in the datasheet with a little bit additional
margins So usually what we do is that we take the maximum Cargan that
LC can handle and we divide it by 0.75. This is roughly around 40 percent
and margin in order to compensate for the startup current. We don't want
our refused to blow up from the start up Gargan that the device is going to
go up which is higher than the normal cogging. Now getting back to our
schematic I knew that be c of 7 x rated content. We divide 7 by 0.75 to get
9.3. But there are no 9.3 abs fuses. So we are down to 2-9 abs. So in this
case it was a 9 and a fuse to protect our bills.
 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Well we'll be talking about the different types of circuit breakers now circuit
breakers as they're really deep topics. And in this course throughout all the
interest in just circuit breakers used in the industrial domain. And not a
circuit breaker to be used in both distribution and power systems. So here
we're focusing on three types of circuit breakers which are widely and
commonly used in every single industrial automation control panel; these
dives are MCP MECC and the LCB circuit breakers. And in this lecture I
will briefly explain the differences and application between the three types.
Let's just start with MZB and I'm sure that you've seen these types of circuit
breakers at your home. NCB is Watts used in order to protect your home
appliances and it's also used in industrial automation control. There are too
many brands for circuit breakers. I'm just baking a few of them right. We
have Schneider 80 the Seamen's. Why go? And a lot more. Now what does
MCP stand for in the first place? NCBI starts as a miniature circuit breaker.
They can take up to a hundred ants and they are used in overcurrent
protection over heat protection and in switching. So what does all of that
mean? Imagine an excessive current passing through your cable. Your cable
diameter is small let's say and there is a huge amount of Gargan passing.
This cable eventually is going to heat up and it will cause a fire making this
cable flaming up. So to protect against heating we use overheated properties
of the circuit breaker to prevent that from happening. And the overheating
reaction is slow. So it needs a few minutes or a few seconds to take every
action. We'll talk about all of that later in this Gog's in more day over
Cargan is when you're short circuit current or curious the circuit breaker
will get shut down and it will trigger it preventing this of the car. So think
about it like a fuse except that a fuse will blow up immediately while the
circuit breaker will trip and all you have to do is turn it on again. Now
switching is as that term says just switching on and off a device so you can
get a circuit breaker to the input of the device in series. So if you want to
shut down that device you just turn off the circuit breaker it's going to turn
it on you just turn on the circuit breaker now and CBS come in three times
single dipole or 3PL The difference is how many Gable's you can connect at
once to that circuit breaker.

If we have a single system we use a single ball where we connect this single
pole to the phase of the equipment we're trying to control or protect parks
which if you're interested in cutting off the face and then you're a troll of a
single phase system. We use a dipole and if we have a three phase system
we use the 3PL. Now we should never go on next. So these single balls
together in order to protect a three phase system that's because the single
ball if any problem happened at only one of the phases and that single ball
that tripped that device will be connected to only two phases. And this will
cause problems with some equipment. However using that three ball a
circuit breaker of the three balls will turn on and off at the same time. That's
the advantage here. Take a look here how all the balls turn on and off
together. There is no chance of one of the balls thrown in golf before the
other two do. Now let us talk about MC sibi. They stand for the circuit
breaker. Their rating on it is much higher than the MC B ones and they are
rated up and tell a thousand am and they are usually used at the main input
of your Electrico panel. Now the most important characteristic here is that
usually these circuit breakers come with a pre adjusted Barga meters fog.
When should this circuit breaker trip? However an MC. You can adjust the
spark. I might say I want my circuit breaker to trip at 10 am. So you just
have a knob and Yogo dated and you adjusted to 10 or 20 jobs depending on
the type of the circuit breaker the manufacturer. And we will talk more in-
depth about this stuff later in this is now our third and last time is that the
LCB circuit breaker which stands for earthly circuit breaker and as the
name States whenever there is a leakage from the circuit to the ground this
circuit breaker is going to trip cutting that BOBIK So it's use at the input of
any electrical panel. Now usually it's not used in the intimation panel but in
that panel that is distributing power to your automation panel because in
factories you might have a couple automation panels and it's important that
you protect the factory as a whole and not just a box. So they use it at the
main electrical impulse of this factor. What it does is it monitors their three
phases and it monitors Kaga going back to their source of the well then
neutral. So what's important for you at this moment is to understand that
LCB are used against electrical shocks. So if somebody touches the face
line by mistake let's say leakage current is going to pass through from that
phase line to that ground causing this LCB to detect that there is a leakage
and dripping Ghatak of the power to prevent serious hazards and the
reaction and the reaction of the LCB is so fast that it is literally within
milliseconds. It can cut the power off if there is a serious hazard situation.
 RELAYS
We're talking about triolet relays. It plays a huge role in the industrial
automation panels because all of the control systems used to be using
relays. Now in these modern days we use Chelsea's deceases to create
algorithms and to control the different equipment that are in the factory or
in the machine. However relays are still used and they have their own
application within our panel. So at least for now these design relays are
used as a buffer between the actual actuator and the DLC. So to protect that
b c from different hazards that may be caused from the equipment in the
machinery we use relays as a buffer and that protection layer or a really
useful application is when we have a side of the electrical panel that is
specified for BUTTON control and switches controls. So it's not all the time
you want to use that DLC. Sometimes if the appeal is down you still need to
control your equipment. So there is a part in the electrical panel that is
sometimes designed which is called MECC that fulfills this job. It was a
great place to do this controlled operation. Now relays are mechanical parts
that are operating on the principles of electromagnetic. Now the purpose of
Frito-Lay is to control the equipment. It consists of two pockets. The first
part as we can see is a coil wrapped around our metallic part. Now the
second part and the first part are isolated from each other. The second part
only contains contact. It has three terminals which are labeled and have no
meanings. Normally open and see meaning's normally close and call them
meaning common. So let's take the scenario on the one and a to go with
terminals. There is no voltage applied here. The moment we apply a voltage
on A1 and A2 terminals and the electromagnetic field is going to be
generated on this coin, go whizzing that contact to switch between one
terminal to the other. You to them actually have a zation effect. So with this
small signal applied on the coil we can control a large device with large
power consumption without affecting the driver because they are two
isolated circuits.
Now let's take a real example: assume that we have a control or that is
controlling this coil that it is energizing this going when it wants the law to
be connected. And the energizing gets when the load should be
disconnected. And the purpose of this circuit is that the controller was
talking on the coil which in turn is going to make the other side of their
relay get connected and make that device power up. Now on the other side
of the circuit we have a device that is operating on 24 vald DC. Now let's
follow the circuit from the positive terminal of the power supply the
positive terminal was giving to that come. And if we follow that, we will
see that it's connected to that N C portion of the relay and the NC portion is
floating and not connected to anything. Now the end of abortion is also free
on the first site and on the second side it's connected to a device which is
created at 24 volt DC and this device is connected to the negative terminal
of the power supply. Now as you can see that device is all connected to the
negative terminal. Now if we short circuit from the positive terminal to that
and so we are going to get the full. Right. So any device we just go on to
the positive to it and the negative and it will operate. If it's a DC low.
What's missing here is the positive terminal and that's all of their relay here.
Now once we energize this coil from the controller the comm will be
connected to the N O instead of the N C and the circuit on that device we
have will be complete and the device will start operating. If we disconnect
the coil then the device will also disconnect here. Over work the device it's
connected to the end see well without energizing the coil the device will be
operating. And once we energize the coil the device will be not operating so
connecting the load to N C will reverse this operation. Now there is another
type for this relay which is the timer. The relay timer relays are operating on
this principle. You energize the coil and after some time the load will be
connected this amount of time is adjustable beforehand. The way it delays
the output is using electronics which are designed within this relay. So we
adjust the time that the relay is going to take till it latches the output then
we energize the coin. And after this time elapsed the contact is going to
latch. Now there are a few types of relays and they all depend on the rating.
So you can have an AC coil and a DC contact or an AC coil and then AC
counter or DC coil AC contactor DC coil DC on. So no matter what the
conflagration you have in your control circuit there is always a relay that
can control and can and can fulfill your needs. And please note here that
when you are mentioning 220 involved it could be 110 volts AC. So it
depends on the country you are living in.
 CIRCUIT SIMULATION
SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
Now I'm going to install some simulation software that you can use to
simulate all of these circuits that you are going to learn about. This software
is really awesome. It's all open source so it's for free and it can simulate all
kinds of classical control circuits from waylays contactors you can add
buttons or switches you can add anything that you might need in order to
simulate that classical control circuit. So go to Google and type E K T S
circuits and go to this result from that but don't call come click on it. Ted
download aka Yes. It's a very small program for me. And here we are
downloading okay now.

Click on Open at double click that sets up being sexy. Yes it next Choose
your directory. And here we are installing black clothes and if you type e k t
s in the Start menu. Well you're going to find the shortcut for that. Click on
it. And here the software right here. Now in some computers that might not
work. I mean you might get that message that you need. NET Framework
2.0 or 1.1 or 3.5. All you need to do is in that same download page. Scroll
down to all requirements and you'll find these four option stocks with Net
Framework version 1.1. Download it and install it. If it didn't work go to
2.0. Also install it and eventually you will get the software up and running.
 SIMULATING A RELAY
Let's do that in the library window we will see all the components that we
will need. I'm going to open up our supplies and I'm going to get L-1 if you
double click on any of the symbols you are going to get like that. Then you
can drag it and drop it together. Now I'm going to move this library here.
And the way this software is designed is that you create circuits that are
horizontal and you are going to see later why it's better to create
oversampled circuits with this software. So let's say they do this at 70
degrees. And do we have our face right? This is the first phase. Now what
else I'm going to get is a neutral if I double click and here's my neutral
right. OK let's sort dated by 90. OK. And here is all neutral. Now what
we're going to do is to get a button and a free press relay with a latch and it
will activate a lamp as simple as that. I mean in this first section I will just
get you ready to do some very very simple circuits. But the moment we get
into the motor driving section stuff is going to get a little bit more
complicated. So in this section we're going to stick just to the simple stuff
so that you get used to it. Now go to components and you will see contactor.
There is no egalite Durm here but there is something like the coil Durm
OK. So here it's just a coil and we can use it in order to simulate our goods
like DoubleClick and you'll see that it 's great . This is our relay coil and
here it is. Now I'm going to add a button. So I'll just double click on the
Start button. Here we go, let's get some space. Now in order to wire. When
you go to the edge and you know the simple he'll get there a red dot just
derogate and you'll get a blue dot at the target end. So if we release it we go
let's do the same thing here and then connect this to neutral. All right now
let's continue. I'm going to get what Lem looked like. I think we've got a
limit switch deleted lamp and we go now. I'm going to connect the lamp to
the neutral as you can see the lamp has a neutral lower right now and also
I'm going to add the normally open contacts right. If I go to a normally open
contact double click it's like this. And then Nick these two and then I'm
going to connect that to the face. OK. So what do we have now? The
moment I press this button this relay will latch. This will close if this closes
what's going to happen. The power will flow from the face to the lamp to
the neutral but there is one missing I think we need to put labels on the
contact those are the coils so click on these three buttons and just call the
relay one actually we can not type one so just type Adlard And here you
will get this field where you can select two which coil does this normally
open contact belong. So this is one way. If you hit on this huge green
triangle you'll start a simulation. Now click on this. And as you can see the
goalie latched onto one is latching and the lamp is on.

Release it and this will happen. Now if you have the left click and you
release the bottom will also really see. But if you use the right click it will
latch here. It's acting as a push button or like a switch. You know the switch
sticks on a certain state as we will see in the upcoming lectures. And the
push button. It's like a breast conduct power release. Disconnect the power.
So here I'm using left like this is right. Anyways this was a very very simple
experiment. I will get to more complex stuff later.
 CONTACTORS
We are going to talk about contact or contactors operating the same
principle that triolets operate. However they are actuators for motors so
they are designed to handle large low. So it contains a coil and by
energizing and energizing it we can turn on and off a whole motor. So here
is the coil on the left hand side and on the right hand side we have the three
contacts in order to control a three phase motor So here we're energizing it
and the contacts are latching. And here we're already energizing and the
contacts are Lachine and here for example that TLC is going to energize
their relay. The relay is going to energize the contactor. And by that we can
turn on their motor and all of that is with a small signal of a 24 volt DC. Or
it could be 220 volt or 110 volts AC. Now how do we choose these
contactors? I mean what are the rules required for us to know in order to
choose a matching contact or with our motor or reload in general. The first
one is the AC one which is used in three phase heat loads. Say you are
trying to heat your stank so we use three phase heaters. And the way we
connect and disconnect them is using a contactor. Now if we use the AC
three type this is detat that we usually use for motors and pumps. So before
we all buy a contactor check what's your load and either buy AC 1 or AC 3
depending on your.
Second we need to check what is the maximum Goggin that these contacts
can handle when you're choosing this barometer. You need to take into
account the interaction Goggin that your motor is consuming. So if your
inrush current is on all the hundred amps you can not take 90 or 80 amps
rated contactors. Now the third type is the Goyle energizing type as in
relays we had AC and DC and it's the same thing for the contactors. Now
the fourth barometer is the auxiliary contact. Remember in that area they
were studying. We had an NC signal, Dancy's signal, that was working as
opposed to the end of the singing. Now contractors may not come with this
sign and you can buy it additionally and attach it to your contractor so that
you can have an interest. Now let's take an example. We have a motor
which is a great dad 1.5 kilo approximation of its Sparke consumption is
going to be a point to fight back. And we're using a control circuit. That is, I
think the contactor at 24 volt DC is a three phase or the contactor is also a
three phase and it is rated at three hundred eighty four. Now how do we
choose the correct contactor for this motor? Since it's a motor we need an
AC3 type of contactor and since we have the current We need to check what
is the inrush current. Fuck this motor we will multiply this current with
their worst case scenario which is six folds. So the nominal content of the
motor which is three point to five amperes multiplied by six fold which will
yield nineteen point five amperes but the contactors contacts should at least
with a stand down 20 amperes off guard in a guy taking the Rush card and
into. Because Dana Bash garment is even though it lasts for a few seconds
we shouldn't take that risk and we should take it into account while
choosing to contact or you know really choose our contactor within that
criteria.
 SIMULATING A
CONTACTOR
Let's do it. Let's get three faces that don't look like we're going to get out
right. Now what we're going to do in this circuit as to simulate a motor is
simply this motor is connected to a switch not the Bush spotter just a switch
for this stage. Once this switch is on the motor will turn on when once the
switch is off the motor will turn off the motor will be 3 phase motor. So let's
continue go to induction motors and you're going to see multiple times what
we're interested in is the induction motor DoubleClick. And here is our
three phase induction motor. Now what else do I need. Remember I contact
or has a coil and three contacts. Let's get it going. The coil will be got from
here on Daxter DoubleClick. This is my goal. I also need the normally open
contacts and you will get it from here. Normally opposed to triple contact.
When we do that we will get free contact two next to each other rotated by
90 degrees. As you can see the label gets in the way. This is why I don't like
like using back Tichel schematic with this software. But anyway let's keep
it like that. All right. Now let's go on this one now. Now we have connected
the power supply to the first side of the conductor. Now let's go to the
second site directly to our motor 1 to 3. OK. Now let me call this one. K-1
and I'm going to click on the label here. It was K-1 and we are almost ready
now. I'm going to get a button here is my button. I'll connect the coil to this
button. Now remember we need Wildside to be connected to neutral. The
other side need to be connected to this phase so we need a neutral look like
that's my natural. Just leave it like that. That's fine. OK. Man I don't like
how it looks like Saw. I'm just going to rotate it. That's much better. Much
much better. No I'm going to connect one of the faces to the bottom. So if I
do this I'll get a connection.
It's not a good idea to add a phase because in any real system in a factory or
anywhere you will see three phases. You won't get a fourth phase right. Just.
Then you're going to distribute from those you're going to see all of this
later. Also the distribution of the faces. But for now this is pretty good. Now
if I hit a simulation and you can't see the motor is off. The moment I press
this the motor will start rotating. If I release it it will stop. If I had tried to
click now it's running this is acting as a tall girl. If I really said it would
stop.
 BE AWARE THIS IS VITAL
I just wanted to grab your attention about a very important concept. It's very
vital for you as a student and for me as an instructor rating is very important
to keep this course at all. I am here to help you out. Unlike other courses I
don't abandon my student on my course after it's released and up to its
Berkshires I'm here to help you out. To answer your questions even if they
are not really directly related to the materials but to their field of industrial
automation in general I'll try to help you out by giving you some guidance
by giving you some Centerpoint that you can use in order to solve your
problem. I mean we're here to work together in order to develop your skills
and make it stop. That's my purpose. There are four important points that
you need to pay attention to. This course is updated on a regular basis. I add
content for free even though the discourse is around 16 or 17 hours.
Whenever I find a new section that I think it's suitable for you I do it and I
add it free of charge. I will also hear you out if you think that the U.S. could
be helpful for you. You can tell me about it and if I find it suitable I will add
no problems. You can always ask me at any time any of your questions. I
mean I'm here really to help you out to develop this skill. All I need is that
you support me with your reviews.
That's all. Don't make the Skok sink like the way you do my rating work.
When you give four stars it means this is just an average score of 4.5. It
means a good course. Five It means an excellent course. Anything below
four means that the Course is really really bad. That's your standard. I mean
think about yourself when you are buying because when you see a course
with like four stars or the 8.5 you want to buy it. Be careful not to let this
scarce thing happen. My whole point is I have put a lot of effort on now still
putting a lot of effort in order to make this course add up so that you can be
at. And I cannot do that. The rating of the car drops for many reasons and
I'm really selling it for nothing. The price is really ridiculous compared to
the effort put here. So all I need is your support. We're going to work
together as a team in order to make this course a top priority. And you're
going to benefit a lot from that. I mean I mean you can check the Gorst
landing page every 20 days or a month. I had something new for you. You
can see the demonstration over there and all of our students are there . We
all know this as a fact that we always add new stuff that you can benefit
from for free.
 BUTTONS , SWITCHES
AND INDICATORS
We are going to talk about Bartons which is an indicator of buttons and
switches are the most basic element in order to turn on certain devices or
just some Barga meters manually while indicators are used to it's hurt in the
state of your. Like if the motor is running or gets in a stop mode or it is in
busy mode. Now these elements, especially buttons and switches, are very
basic though all they contain is a contact that if you press it it's going to
latch and if you release it it's going to land. Now here we are looking at
different types of switches and buttons and if you remember inlays they
contain the same type of contacts and terminals like the N O N C and D.
Come on. So we can't simply think about it as a relay. But without that coil
and instead of factorial we just depress the latch and the latch. Now let's just
start from the left hand side. We have a rotary switch there which has a
common contact one on contact too. Now when you go on a date it has to
be position one connects scum with see one which is contact one and
position to connect Scammon with C2 which is Contac to. This one is used
for on and off switching and it has an advantage that it can maintain its
sustain if you know what I did to the right. It will stay on the right the same
as on the left. Some switches will not be maintained these days. So if you
know what they did to their right. Once you release it it will turn to the left
automatically. Now let's take the one in the middle. We have a normally
close button or as we call it in the relays and see this one is normally close.
So if you press it it will open the circuit. Why would we need such a batter?
Well it's used mostly in emergency control. If there is an emergency
situation and you will not cut the circuit you would just address the
emergency stop button which will open the circuit.
It's also used in the start to stop manoël motor control which we will talk
about in the next section. Now the one on the right hand side we have a
normally open button. This one is normally in the off state. And when we
press it it will go on the stage. However, this kind of button loses its state
after releasing. So when you press it, it will connect the circuit you release
it to, it will disconnect the circuit. It is used to generate pulses or a
launching motor start stop circuit. So for now just keep in mind that once
you press it it will come back then once you release it it will discuss. Now
since this equipment are used in control they operate on either AC DC.
They cannot handle a huge amount of current or voltages. That's why they
are not connected directly to the load. However they are connected to
current doctors or relays so that they can give a small controlled signal door
on the end of the machine equipment. Now let's talk about indicators.
Gators are really simple devices they contain and they have two terminals.
So it depends on the rating if it's an AC. You can take Vai's and a neutral to
it and it will turn on. If it's a DC you can take the positive and the negative
to it and it will turn on. So let's check a basic example we have on the left
hand side a relay which is not energized. And we have two terminals as we
know the end and the end see we have connected the lamp to the end o so
that it's normally not on top. Now let's say we have a field C and we are
running a motor and on our panel we have mounted an indicator to check if
the motor is running Garage not. So the PLCC with power all this indicator
and we will know that the motor is running on the right hand side. That said
they be LC give the signal to the relay relay latch and the indicator turns on.
So this is it for this section guys in the next section we will be talking about
protection methods. We will learn about overloads and overcurrent and you
will go deeper into a circuit breaker though.
 BUS BARS
We are going to talk about bus bombs now busbars are used to distribute
power to your electrical panel. They act as a joint Boynes where you can
extend your cables to your electrical equipment. Now let's say that you have
a power supply rated at 24 Volle DC and you need a way to distribute the
positive and negative terminal to the different equipment you have. You
cannot really tell you a cable from the power supply to your equipment
every single time. It will overcome your power supply and for sure they
won't be at capacity for all of these Gable's to go into one hole, take the
negative terminal and connect it to another conductive bar separated from
the previous one and then start connecting cables from that bar to your
equipment. Usually they are bus bars and boxes consisting of several
conductive bars separated from each other and they have screws that you
can plug the cables in. It looks something like this. It's conductive all over
again. And you can extend your cable from anywhere on it. Now this is the
small size that comes in that box for large loads.
And if you have a large electrical panel you would use a much much thicker
box so that they can handle like 400 or 500 amps if you have a lot of rated
lows. So let's take a look at this configuration: you have a circuit breaker.
We're feeding the three phases coming from the main power supply like
from the transformer or from the energy company and the output of the
circuit breaker. We have connected to three bars directly at it like we put
screws on the terminal to attach it with those bars and then bolts on this bar
from every bolt we connect one thick cable and extend that to our
equipment say here we have a motor driver rated that 135 kilowatts which
is a very large load here. Now maybe for one load it's not worth it to put
bargas. But let's say that you have multiple of these hundred thirty five
kilowatts. So the current at the output of the circuit breaker will be really
large. That cable is not a good idea to use over there but instead a bus
would be much more convenient because it can handle much much larger
current and you distribute it from that busbar to all your equipment.
 TRIP CURVES
This news section will be all about circuit protection and the first thing we
are going to talk about is our trip. As you may know it's May of cure and
your electrical panel at any time a device might malfunction and cause a
short circuit. The main power source may have a problem and it will send
all voltages to your equipment. Rotating motor might get stuck and it might
be with a Mark Gargan then it needs and it will end up burned. So there are
a number of situations where we need to protect our panel circuitry against
our trip curve. You will see this dirham in every datasheet of protection
equipment from circuit breakers to overload to offer Coggins. You will see
a graph like this one with a curve sketched on it. Now in the Siggraph we're
seeing a relationship between time and Skogen and it explains how long a
circuit breaker takes at a certain current to trip. So let's say you bought a
circuit breaker and it's rated at 10 am. Now this then doesn't mean that it
will immediately cut the power when it reaches that 10. And this is a really
huge misconception that I see everywhere. You see the guy designing the
gold panel and he buys a circuit breaker rated at 10 am. Expecting that
moment that circuit breaker will undergo it then abscond. It's going to trip
immediately but that's not the case. Circuit breakers mostly are thermal
devices. So when it reaches a certain amount of current it will take a certain
amount of time until it trips. And it's not an immediate reaction. Now some
circuit breakers have the functionality of magnetic protection on a short
circuit here and because it passes the circuit breaker it's going to cut off and
trip immediately and this current usually is in between six and 10 times
larger than the rate that the current of that circuit breaker. This is the only
case that will cause an immediate dripping. So if you have a 10 x rated
circuit breaker with magnetic protection equipped with it it will trip only if
the current passing through with is between 60 and the hundred abs
depending on the manufacturer so far all or 10 amp circuit breaker in this
graph. We have a curve and this curve is representing again. Our circuit
breaker will trip though damn multiples of that rate and often EMS. So here
at the Dan It means that Honda Doubs it will take 0.7 seconds to trim. Now
let's study this graph in more detail. I assume that our circuit breaker has
both thermal and magnetic properties. The left hand side of this IGRA is
representing that thermal response which is this low portion and there either
side contains the short circuit response or the magnetic response which is
almost an immediate dripping characteristic. And you might ask why do we
need a delay in thermal protection. Let's take an example of the inrush
currents in Alaska against last for use seconds or a few hundred
milliseconds. The circuit breaker is going to give a chance for that inrush
current to pass without getting the power going to do it. Now if there is a
problem in the water and then you wash currents lasted more than it should
be. Well the circuit breaker is going to cut the power off because the cables
will be heated enough and it would take the motor from damages. Now if
there is a short circuit breaker in the motor a huge amount of government is
going to pass through this circuit breaker because of that concern. And it's
usually more than 10 times the rate that the current this will cause the
circuit breaker with magnetic properties to trip immediately.

And as we see in this graph for the green portion it's a maximum of 0.5
seconds. Now trip curves are standardized and they have multiple types
which are a b c d k and Z. And the difference between them is the time
response and they defined the magnetic properties of the circuit breakers.
Now let's take a neophyte example for all of the symbols. Let's say we have
a circuit breaker rated at 20 this circuit breaker we will buy you one from
B-type C type D type K type and Z. But all of them are rated at 1am. Now
let's speak up hope B-type rated at 1. If in between 3 and 5 is as bad as
following it, it's going to cut off immediately. However, affecting current in
between 1 and 2 spouses through it well then it will take some time before it
trips and it depends on the characteristics of the curve mentioned in the
datasheet. Now for the seat II with one Ampara the Cargan it will take in
between 5 and 10 amps to make it drip immediately and using less than that
will take a delay time. The same thing goes for the day ends. Now let me
show you a real datasheet for a one off Schnieder circuit breaker. They
manufacture 5 types of the same series and the types are the same as we
were mentioning before. B C D K and Z. Now we will not partition a
curved portion on the upper side of every curve and desaturate the vertical
line on the lower portion of every graph here. That curved air Yogya
presents determines the response and the vertical line to represent the
magnetic response or the short circuit response. And as you can see passing
the rate that current by only a few hundred Smillie amps will take a really
long time for the circuit breaker to trip. And as we can't see the numbers it
might take Antilla hundred or a thousand seconds for our tripping response.
Now if you still think that drip curves are a little bit hard to digest please
wait until our next lecture will give real examples on how to choose your
circuit breaker according to law.
 OVERLOADS AND
OVERCURRENTS
We are going to talk about the devices and equipment used to protect
Motors and what we use is over it's all over Lote's or a device which is
overcut and slashed low. This is what an overload slash current looks like.
You connect it to three phases to the input. You take the three faders from
the output and you are directly connected to the three phase motor. It's like a
circuit breaker but this one is just designed for motors. You have the knob
on the left which is used to adjust the rate at current, though they have an
advantage over circuit breakers in that their response is a little bit faster
than that. So if you adjust your rate at current to 10 and 11 amps spaces,
sort it and this elephant amps last for three or four seconds it will cut off the
power trip immediately. So they are more sensitive than circuit breakers and
you might ask if this is a fast response to magnetic or thermal
characteristics. Well here it is due to the thermal characteristics and the
thermal go upstairs states that are sensitive in this case.
However this one also has magnetic protection and as a circuit breaker it's
rated at between 6 and 10 times the rate it goes into. So now we can link
what's written on this title with what we learned before going in. There is
actually nothing about magnetic protection and overload is nothing but the
term " characteristics protection. So there are two phases for the same coin.
And the only difference here is a little bit faster response in terms of
thermal correctors than these circuit breakers. Now let's take an example
and try to choose a protection for this motor. The rating is two point two
kilowatts and set three phase and we will assume that it's running on three
hundred eighty or a C. First we need to calculate the current consumption of
this motor and we're going to assume that the power factor for this motor is
0.8 and from the formula we learn before we get four point eighteen amps.
Now we can't simply choose an overload slash Garren by choosing one with
the rating in between this range. So since they are adjustable, recombining
an overload slash current in between four and six times. And we then just
adjusted to four point eighteen because we don't want Motors to fit all Mark
cars and then there are nominals. Otherwise the windings of these smaller
railbirds now. And because of the thermal characteristics we have
accounted for the ash current because that's where the character Arcturian
sticks. As we mentioned they are gone for three or five seconds to take an
action which is enough time for They're going to pass. So we need to adjust
that exactly at the motor rated current.
 WHAT TO CHOOSE
We will learn when to use which device. So far all of this Garst we learned
about fuzes circuit breakers at overloads Lashkar Gah. And here we will
decide once and for all which protection method you will use to protect
your equipment. First of all, fuses are very sensitive and they're garden
rated. And their main advantage is that once they're blown you'll need to
replace it and buy a new one. It's used on every sensitive device you have in
your electrical panel like or C Chimay some parts of electronic parts that
you might be using. So all of these needs fuse with 2nd Circuit breakers.
They're used for switching for thermal protection and they might have some
magnetic properties which will protect against short circuits.

But let's talk practical and I'll tell you exactly how I use it in my project. I
use circuit breakers to protect the cables from overheating and causing fires.
I used circuit breakers to switch on and off some of the devices in my panel
and there was a special type of circuit breaker which we talked about. And
we will talk about later which is the LCB and it's used against liquorish
guardians in general three of a lot of slabs of a car which argues for
motorist protection. So they have both dermal and magnetic properties and
you'll see it in almost every single electrical panel unless they're using
different filters for motor driving like Venus. But relive that for later.
 MCCB
We are going to talk about MC Seabee now as we mentioned before. MC C-
B is used to protect your control panel as a whole. So you get the main
cable link of three phase. You get it from the transformer or the from after
source and you connect it to your panel. But first it should go through a wan
MC CB circuit breaker the circuit breaker will serve two functionalities
one. It will cut the power in your control panel and second it is going to
provide a thermal protection so that if the cables got to heat it up it will
protect your panel from any hazards and do a short circuit of protection so
that if the main power supply supplying your panel got shocked that
somehow the circuit breaker will trip and protect your equipment. Now here
we dont use an MC B because MC Seabees are rated at a maximum of
around hundred amps and usually if we have a large electrical panel we
might be having 300 250 amps or even more than that. So an FCB cannot
handle such high Kaga Another advantage is that MECC because you can
adjust the characteristics you want for the tripping. So unlike the empty
beetle comes we fix that or circulating the MC C-B is adjustable at the
rating. You feel that this will work best for you. Just think C.P. is not the
same for all circuit breakers different manufacturer. We all have different
ways to adjust the rating. But let's take Schneider here for example. Let's
say we bought this circuit breaker MCCB and it's rated at a thousand times.
Now we will give the orated garden a symbol of the end. You will see this
in NMCC data sheet. It will give you I n is the rated content and it will give
you another example which is you are which will represent a percentage of
this rate cut and you will use this are in order to define your tripping
characteristics. If you look at any be on its side you're going to see two or
three screws that are attainable. Now one of the screws is going to be Iraq
which is again a percentage of the yen. You can't take a percentage between
70 percent and 100 percent. So if your system is rated at a thousand times
you can adjust the Iraq to 700 800 900 or 1000. Now the dripping curve
will not be constant since the rating is changing according to our needs. The
Creeping growth will also change so in order to know when our circuit
breaker trips we need to plot the values that we have adjusted. Now let's
apply a graph of Gaga versus time which is that tripping graph here so I
can't take any value from that horizontal space over here. Now there is
another screw that will define the long time delay. The long time delay is
going to be a line that will define how long it will take for a certain card and
for a circuit breaker to trip. However to plug this line we need dewpoints
like in geometry to plot and the line you need to point to the manufactured
datasheet.

Well define one of the points for you. Now to plot a point you need an x and
y coordinate. So the datasheet usually gives you the x the name of the first
point six times I are y six times I are if you eat six times you'll get it.
CONAN Well the stuff starts to get tricky. And this six times times I
shouldn't last much assume it's an error. And in Rush Grogan's shouldn't last
more than let's say five six ten seconds. So this is the threshold for your
circuit breaker and it's starting to count. OK like one second two seconds I'll
be there waiting for let's say 15 seconds on that trip because of that there is
something wrong. So the first garden is six times I. And the second to the
net will vary from one manufacturer to the other. In this example it's taken
at 15 second the first point is defined that six times I are at 15 seconds. Now
there is two situations for the second point. Let's get to the first the
manufacturer will define one of the coordinates as a fixed point and in this
circuit breaker case they have defined one of the coordinates as 1.5 times
and. And in this circuit breaker case they have defined one of the
coordinates as 1.5 times. And why 1.5 times I am well 1.5 I is not really a
tricky value. Remember here we are looking at the electrical panel as a
whole. We are not trying to protect a certain device are trying to protect the
electrical panel as a whole. And from this point of view it's fine to do so at
Caerwent 1.5 times and not for a long time. I mean this is the lowest
threshold like OK at this garden. It's fine to stay for like four five six
minutes. But if we surpass this time threshold, then there is something
wrong. Maybe we should trip the circuit breaker now that the first Guardian
ad of the second point is defined. We need the second codeine and that's the
objective of the second Scoti or the long time delay. It will shift up and
down along the 1.5. I n but define how long this Gargan value should stay
without tripping. Assume that we chose to stay for four hundred seconds.
So that means our second point is 1.5 times. And 400 sek. So that trip going
overall will look like this. Now we have a declining line. What does that
mean? Any current value in between 1.5 times I N and six times I are is
going to take in between 15 seconds and a 400 seconds to have the circuit
breaker trip at least 15 seconds and at most 406 values that are less than 1.5
times I N are not going to be including in that tripping characteristics so
nothing is going to happen. It will be totally okay to do so at one point four
times. And Cargan without having the circuit breaker tripping. Now we've
said that the drip curve is not constant. If we change the value if we change
the T R value. So let's change that Jaago value and see what's going to
happen. And by choosing 120 seconds this is what we will get. The purple
line of the hundred twenty seconds is declining more softly then you get
one and here it will take a maximum of 120 seconds to have the circuit
breaker trip. At one point five. Now let's get to our last point. Remember
that I said there are two situations that the manufacturer may define one of
the the names of the second point. Well sometimes manufacturers will not
do that and they will give you full control over it. And within a certain
range and by that you will have full control over the trip. And you can
shape the way you find most convenient for your complication. Now let us
Google one of the circuit breakers and see how we can extract this
information. We were using great you know for example let's Google
Schnyder MCP will look like molted gay circuit breakers of this and as
Sirius seems to get up until 630 abs so that shows the series well lets it
show 160 abs circuit breaker. The first result is 160 amps in three phases.
People are able to choose this one here. There are three means of people.
And then they write that it's a C and it operates at 50 or 60 hertz and they're
saying that it ends up standing , forget that. Cargo is 116. So here we got
our first important value. Now a long time delay there saying that it is
adjustable and our adjustment range is 0.7. So warm times. And so here is
our second impact information now. Here are the long delay adjustment
trains here you will find your top points and their current innings. So here is
the first fixed point which is 15 seconds and six times I on the second point
which is 1.5 times in. And the second point of a range of hundred twenty
and 400 sek. So this type of MC is one without the high end adjustment
they give you first point fully.
 ELCB-RCCB
LCB org earth leakage ish circuit breakers. Now in order to understand the
LCB we need to step back and look at how a voltage source and load are
interconnected with each other in a three phase AC system. Assume that on
the left hand side we have an AC power generator and this one. Let's say it's
coming from the energy company. And let's say that this power source is
interconnected with the electrical panel here on the right hand side. And this
type of configuration is called the star connection. This configuration here
is overly simplified but it will give you an idea on how the ELC works.
Now let's say that we started generating power. We will have a free Coggins
going to go the three phases all the way to the load or to your electrical
panel. Now as we can see the free currents are meeting at a joint point and
that question is where will all of this guidance go. They should be
combined in a place and sent back to the voltage source in order to
complete the full circuit. And here comes the objective of a neutral. It will
carry back all the phases contents to the voltage source and the relationship
between the neutral current and evades escargots. In this dark star
configuration is all you want plus I do plus I will equal to the neutrals and
as you can see the neutral has a low impedance path and it's an easy path for
the current to propagate back to the voltage source. I mean there are no
bassinets on the way. It's just a plain wire connecting these two points. Now
if we can measure the current going to Augen load through the three phases
and measure the Coggins propagating back through the neutral coggins and
compare the two values. They should always be equal. However if they're
not then there is a problem and this is the principle of ELCB circuit
breakers. It compares those two contents if they are not equal then the
circuit breaker trip. But this raises a question of how these two currents can
not be equal. Where will this difference come from? And the answer is
earth leakage. But what does the earth leak? Let's go through the concepts
that relate to the understanding of earth leakage Goggins loves bad things
with low impedance meaning it will go to the path that has the least
resistance meaning if the current found two ways one of them with a load
on one of them without the lot and just applying wire it will choose to go
with the plane while you go. So in this circuit right here the current is
flowing from the face to the lower than your target line coming back and
they are equal at all the points in this circuit. Now if we short circuit the
phase and the neutral like this and according to those who have learned all
the comments or almost all of it will go through the short circuit and since
there is no load a huge amount of Gargano is going to propagate back to the
new tool. This is not Earth Fleak, this is just a short circuit. So still the
phase going is the same as the going going for the neutral even though it's
now much larger in magnitude. But this will help us to understand this in
our view. If a human being touches this face and he is standing on the
ground he will act as a short circuit with the ground.

So all that cargo will go through his body to the ground and this small or no
current is going to propagate back to the neutral. So right now you have the
car and going through a phase is not equal to that cog and to propagating
back through that new world since a huge amount of it is propagating to the
ground right now. And here is additional information: a huge voltage drop
is going to be applied between you touching the face and you're touching
the ground. And this voltage drop will cause an electrical shock. So now
that we understand what is leakage Let's see how we can prevent that from
happening. Using LCP let's say we have a small electrical panel and we are
using an M C B as an input circuit breaker. This input circuit breaker is
going to be connected in series with the LCB and the LCB is the one that's
going to distribute power too low. Now we will take then you would trigger
all of these electrical panels and we will feed that to the LCB. So as you can
see the load is taking current from the three phases and it's giving the
Goggin back from the neutral. Now if the Goggin coming back from the
neutral is not equal to the sum of the three phases the LCB is going to trip
and these devices are very sensitive and they can sense down to 30 military
amps. And if you're buying an LCB try to make sure that the rated content
of it is matched with the input circuit breaker because there is a current
capacity for these LCB that can happen. Now an important piece of
information is all the LCB. There was a voltage based protection and a cut
and paste of protection. They diverged and they formed CCB for the garden
and there were a few other more for the volved disobeying the protection.
But the LCB is the mothership of these two diversions. Now let's Google
and check what types of LCB are there and how we can read their data. So a
lot is that the free ride LCB from Schneider will see results about R-S.C..
However the same operation principle holds. Let's click on the RCC let's
choose a 40 amps rating and here we can see and rated current is 40 amps
and it's an AC type of earthly cash and sensitivity is at 30 mill amps which
is a very small leak Ashikaga.
 CHOOSING THE MAIN
CIRCUIT BREAKER AND
ITS CABLE
Now we're going to talk about how to choose our main electrical circuit
breaker and how to choose its cabling. So usually the main circuit breaker is
here to protect our cables between the distribution panel and our electrical
panel. I just saw a few bottles of champagne though. Is the panel that is
connected to that grid. And it's giving power to your Control Panel. Usually
this one dumps a pre-designed from other power companies that are
specialized in designing these and you need to extend the cables the power
cables from this panel through your panel. Now the main circuit breaker
main functionality is to protect this cable from being burnt because the
distance here will affect a lot. The performance here. So if the distance
increases the voltage drop will increase. And if your voltage drop increased
a lot the cable diameters may not hold this change. So what you should do
is increase the diameter if the distance between these two panels increases. I
mean I know the main circuit breaker usually said that you should design it
for your panel. That's correct you should take into consideration your total
current consumption but also you need to take into account the cable
distance. So what are the steps that we should follow in order to do this in
order to calculate the cable diameter and the on demand circuit breaker
rating. First you need to check your totals by the current consumption. Let's
assume that our current consumption is 25 and will measure the distance
between the two panels. Let's say it is 300 meters. Now I know this is too
much. And usually this is not the case but I will show you how the distance
will affect the choice of cable Demetre. Next you need to check your power
factor for your electrical panel. If you don't know that there is no way you
can calculate it well, what you can do is assume the worst.
See now you assume that you have the best power factor of all the 0.9 5
known furthest that is going to be checking your cable impedance paramita
now every cable should have its datasheet. What is its impedance
barometer? If you don't have this information I will show you a table later
that contains the cable there. And what is its impedance at a certain power
factor? This impedance will change depending on the diameter and
depending on the power factor of your electrical panel. So let's assume that
we chose 1.5 millimeters cable and where the impedance is zero point zero
on three according to the table. I will show you where I assume that it is the
worst case scenario. Actually the best case scenario is the power factor is
high. Zero Point 9 5. Next you need to know what your operation vaulters
are. Well I'll assume that it is the 180 volt AC. Now we assume that our
current consumption of our electrical panel is £25. Take a look at this table
here. It contains the diameter of the cable at the maximum current that it
can handle. So far one means a millimeter it can maximum take 20 amps.
By 2.5 it can take a maximum of 34. So as I said we're trying to protect the
cable from the maximum current right so our electrical panel is consuming
twenty five and twenty five amps here response to 1.5 millimeters so 1.5
millimeters should be initially suitable for all electrical panels right because
1.5 can't handle 25 amps. Now we need to check what the percentage of
voltage drop is. We will apply this formula and the percentage shouldn't
exceed 3 percent. If it exists at 3 percent then we need to increase the
diameter. Let's take it. So what is this formula? One point seventy three
times the current is the total content of your article panel. In our case it's 25
the length in our case just a few hundred meters times a hundred times.
Cable impedance per meter. And as I said according to that table it's 0.01 3.
We'll take a look at that table in a second. And the operation voltage here is
actually 380 volts. If we apply this will get 44 percent voltage drop. That's
way more than 3 percent of this distance. It's impossible to use that because
the garden will be too high the cable will get to hear that it will burn out. So
we need to increase the diameter. Take a look at this table here. This is the
table I'm talking about. It has cable diameters. And here it has the
impedance of Auber kilometers. Well if you're wanting ammeters would
just divide these numbers by a thousand. That's a. So we are using this area
here at cosign Q fi equals zero point ninety five. As you saw we use 0.01 3
8. This is it because it's a paramita we divided by thousand and we got this
no. Here we are saying that a six millimeter cable is actually zero point zero
roughly 4 Fox 7 zero point 0 0 3 4 7. OK. If we apply it will get 11 percent.
Still it's still high. We need to drop it to 3 percent. So let's increase lead
cable. They are meters further. Let's now choose 25 millimeter cable and 25
millimeter. If we take a look here it has zero point 8:47. So it is zero point
zero zero zero 8 4 7 per meter. If we apply it we get to a point eight nine so
it is acceptable because it's less than 3 percent. So now we have agreed that
we need 25 meters cable but remember we are trying to protect this cable so
we need a circuit breaker that should trip at the maximum cog and this 25
millimeter cable can take a 25 millimeter cable. Take a look at this table
now. It can maximum take a hundred thirty seven. So we should choose a
circuit breaker of four hundred thirty seven abs tripping characteristics. It
should be a trip at this time. Whenever this kind is exceeded we need to
immediately drop the circuit breaker within a few seconds. Our fuel 10
seconds before the cables got to heat it up. So this is how we chose it. Now
for the hundred meter we need 25 millimeters of cable. Eight hundred thirty
seven abs main circuit breaker. This is how we choose the cable of the main
circuit breaker guys for the electrical panel see the next story.
 MOTOR CABLE SIZING
This new section will contain materials related to how to drive your motor
or to choose the cabling and everything related to motor driving. First
through our starting with cables cables are very important to be sure is
incorrect. Otherwise serious problems will cure during driving problems
that are very dangerous that could end up burning out your whole electrical
panel along with the cabling. So if you want to buy a cable How do you go
and buy it? What do you tell the shop exactly that you need? Cables have
names. And you should learn how to compose these names according to
you. I mean they are two important pieces of information. How many
cables are within the cable and the diameter of these individual inner cables.
If you look at this picture here you will see one cable and there it is free in
our cables with a three times 0.75 which means we have three inner cables
and each individual one has a diameter of 0.75 millimeters. The blue one in
the middle is 1 times 1.5 because it consists of one cable with a diameter of
one point five millimeters. The one on the left hand side is four times on
point five because it has four cables. Each individual one has a diameter of
1.5 million meters. Now there are two types of cables, one of them is the
power cables and they interconnect your main power supply sources with
your equipment like motors. The second type is the control cables that are
connecting the B C with their relays with the contactors going. So they are
for the inner control circuitry. And the difference between these two is the
diameter of the cables. So for control ones we use our own 0.75 most of the
time in the whole electrical panel for the control circuitry. However for
power cables they vary widely depending on the low. Now what do we need
to take into account to choose our cables? We need to know how much
current is going to pass through it and how long this cable is going to be
extended from the road to the panel. So let's take an example.
The first row consists of the voltages in kilowatts like they are writing volts
that are kilowatts and then the diameter is 1.5 2.5 four millimeters six
millimeters up until ninety five millimeters which is very good. Now let's
take the third drawer right here. It mentions 400 volts a kilowatts of 0.37.
Let's assume we have a motor of 0.3 seven kilowatts and they're saying if
you are going to extend the cable length eight hundred and ten meters and
less you can use 1.5. No problem but anything longer than a hundred and
ten you will need a little bit thicker cable. So they're saying that for the
same motto of the 0.37 And if you're going to use a cable with the length
longer than it wanted and then you will need to switch to 2.5 millimeter
diameter off a cable and this land is acceptable till the land reaches a
thousand three hundred and fifty metres if you are past this land you'll go to
the other category which is Bargon millimeters and so on. So for now let's
take the five point five kilowatts motor. See here for the 5.5 kilowatts it's
impossible to use 1.5 millimeters cable because it will burn out Definitely
no matter how short your cable is. It's not applicable. However you can use
that 2.5 millimeters up until a hundred and ten meters. Anything above that
you will switch to the formula meter cable. Now let's take the thirty seven
kilowatts motor as you can see you can not use 1.5 or 2.5. You cannot use
anything less than 25 meters the meters cable, anything like that will burn
the cable. Now please note that the rating of the cabling is for the four
hundred forty three phase motors. If you have a different motor rating you
can go and check what are the acceptable length and diameters. Now let's
introduce terminal plugs. They are used to connect cables from both sides.
So let's say you have a cable coming from the motor and you want to
connect it to an electrical panel. What you do is you take one side of the
cable connected to the motor and the other side you've extended to an
electrical panel and connected to one of these cable terminal blocks which
will take another cable from the other side and distribute it to the
appropriate place and your electrical panel. So it's just a symbolic buffer
organizer cabling and the way you buy this equipment is you need to check
the whole diameter so that it fits your cable. So the same way you choose
that says 0.75 diameter cable. You also choose 0.75 diameter at the
terminal.
 MOTOR DRIVING
OVERVIEW
We are going to talk about motor driving. There's multiple methods that we
can use to drive our motor. We can use simple equipment like contactors
and relays and overload over Cardin's fire protection or we can use
advanced methods like self-starters and 50s. And each of these methods has
their own advantages and disadvantages. Let us get started by taking a look
at this diagram here. This picture covers all the methods that are used to
drive your motor. So let's swipe them briefly starting from the right hand
side. We have connected them more to it directly to three phases. This is a
really bad way to conduct a motor. And sometimes it is used just to check if
the motor is running or not. But it's not recommended for normal uses.
And you don't even have a way to turn on or off your motor. Now the
second method which is really common for motors with less than 5.5
kilowatts. Their third is very simple. We have an overload or over Cargan at
the top in the middle. Those are contractors and there is our monitor. We
simply give a signal to the coil of the contactor and the motor we're on.
Now the second one has a simple circuit that will control the motor to run
backwards or forwards. This is very important in equipment like conveyors
when you want to come back to move backwards and forwards. The third
one is what's called a Delta y circuit. If you have a motor with 5.5 kilowatts
and more you should use this circuit to drive your motor which we will
cover in an upcoming lecture. Now the fourth one is a soft starter driving a
soft starter can replace all. Well not all it can to get blazed the diag is
driving and the Delta line. It gives Zucco control of the RAM the
acceleration that the acceleration of the motor. And you can read the
Gargantua being consumed directly and you can read other fuels a meter. So
it's a pretty sophisticated device. Now the last method is that BFD driver if
the driver is able to control the speed of your motor. It also can control the
acceleration. So it has all the functionality of a soft starter and a few other
more.
 DIRECT DRIVING
Started with the first driving method which is the direct mortar of driving.
So we've seen this method in the last lecture and we agreed 100 percent that
this one will damage your motor and you cannot create that turn on and off
your motor with this method. So it's just used for fast testing. However this
method you see is the most commonly used method in motor driving to
cause an overload. It has a contactor in order to turn on and off your motor.
You can control this conflagration easily through HPLC, a pushbutton. And
if you open any control panel I'm sure that you're going to see this
conflagration somewhere. So right now let's get into some of the juiciest
stuff of this. What we are seeing here is a control circuit for this motor. It
consists of an overload of a contactor , a Bush button to start the motor and
another push button to stop the motor. Now any project a schematic should
be split into two Borsch and as is their way in this picture right here. We
have the splitted the power portion on the left hand side and that controls
the portion on the right hand side. Now as you can see the contactor is
common in between the power circuit and the control circuit. The coil is
always added to the control circuit and the contacts of the contactor are
added to the bar circuit. And we have labeled the contact and the coil with
the same label which is gay one. In this case now let's check what kind of
buttons we have added. We have added a push button with an N O type and
a stop push button within and type. Now for the start push button it should
be an n all because when you press it it will connect the two terminals and it
will contact power.
It's also the type that does not latch. So when you press it it connects
latches. And when you lifted it d latches we will see in that way which
shows this type of Bush button for the stock. Now the top button is an NC
type because once we push it it should disconnect the circuit and get the
power. It is also the type of button that once you release it it will not hold its
sustain stay. Now you need to add one note this contactor one or a tear as an
exhilarating contact of all time. So once we energize the coil the three
contacts really close. The one that will contact power and there is an
additional auxiliary contact that will also close and send us a control signal.
Now note that we have 24 revolts and zero fault lines connected to the
control circuit. We have that 24 volt line connected to the Bush button and
their axillary contact of the contactor. And we have this zero vault
connected to one side of the coin of the contact. Now let's follow up this
circuit the moment we close the start Push button the circuit will be close
enough that 24 volt is giving power to the start button. It's going to go to the
push button and it's going to the coil from the coil. It's going back to zero
volts so it's a closed circuit. After we pushed this start but now we
remember we have no exhilarating contact that is really close. Once we
energized the contactor coil. So this OK one and oh we're close. Why?
Because once the coil is energized every and all of that contact it will be
close and every and C will open but we don't have any and see we have on
the OWN. So it will be close. Now the control circuit is complete and the
power circuit should also be complete because once we energize the coil all
the power contacts will be closed and the three phase now with bass to go
with the load to the contactor to the motor. Now watching closely we have
released the push button but there is still power going to get going. That's
because the power now is coming through the contactor and oh exhilarate
Contact so that 24 volt is passing through the end of the contactor and the
go at the end. It's going to the stop button and then to the coil and it's a
complete circuit. And here the push start push button didn't have to stay a
latch in order to do that. Now if we press this stop button Well we will cut
the power going to the coil. And decay and oh well the latch and we will get
back to the first thing. This circuit is very very common in industrial design.
And whenever you see an electrical panel where they start to stop buttons
on to be sure that this is how the circuits look in behind this scene I suggest
that you draw the circuit on that paper and you try to follow it once more on
your own. This will be very helpful to emphasize this circuit idea.
 DIRECT DRIVING DESIGN
This project and today we are going to learn how to wire the different
components in the exact way we saw it in the schematic in their previous
lecture. So in order to drive a motor or BORGU or in only one direction we
need the following parts we need the bar supply we need a start button a
stop button we need an overload of over coggins and we need a contactor
and of course our motor now for the contactor we have a one and a two
which is decoying that will latch and the latch the contact will give power
to the motor. And also we have exhilarate contact which is an O and we
have to do them like that to simplify the wiring. Now this type of contactor
does come with an auxiliary contact equipped with though there is no need
to buy an additional one. Now let's try to follow up the schematic on the left
hand side and try to wire everything the same way.
24 of all the c is connected to one side of the start button and is connected
to the contactor of the one and so on. So this is how we're the way it will
look like an. Well taking a look at the brown lines. This represents the 24 of
all DC wires and they are connected to the start push button and on the
other one is connected directly to one side of the end of the contact. OK
what exactly is this schematic showing. Now let's take a look at no one in
the left hand side schematic. No, it is an interconnection of three wires. One
of them is coming from the second side of the start push button. A second
wire is coming up from the second sight of game one. Oh and these two
wires are combined with one of the sides of the stop push button. So in total
we have three wires instead of one. Now taking a look at our wiring
diagram we have done the same thing. We took one way from that push
button. We took one wire from the stop push button and we combined it
with one wire from the end. See that it is all combined at one. Now let's
continue from the left hand side diagram. We have not connected with one
another. Now let's see not to. We are taking a wire from the second side of
the Bush button and we are connecting it to the one of the side of the
contactor going. Let's take a look at what not to do. And the wiring diagram
we have taken on the wire from the push button and we have connected it
directly to a which is one side of the contactor going. Now let's take a look
at the schematic not three not three is connected in between a door of the
contactor and the zero volt of the power supply. Now from the wiring
diagram No. 3 we have taken it from a to as we have given it directly to the
zoo of Vold of the busbar. And you know the bus bar is conveying power
directly to the power supply. It's just above that we have completed the full
circuit. Now the power diagram has nothing, actually we are just having
three phase lines. We are taking the wires directly connecting it to the
overload from the overload we're giving it to the conductor and we're giving
it three phases from the second side of the conductor to the motor. It's
straight forward. Why are they? Now let's choose the parts boy with this
motor driving. Let's choose the rating for the contactor from the overload
for the bar supply. Let's try to create a real life scenario. So let's assume we
have a motor with a freaky low. We face the 180 volt A C on the blade of
the motor. It's written that the power factor is 0.7.
So we can't simply calculate the amount of Cargan this motor is going to
consume by our formula that we learn before we divide power over one
point seventy three we multiplied by the bar factor and by our three phase
motor volved is. And in this case we get six point fifty one amperes now
will use this information to our loads of Akaka We simply choose an
overload with a range of current and between 6 and 10 apps and the other
overblow would work here as long as it contains the six in its range or 6.5
within its range. Now that we have a protected low latitude, a contactor
should handle three hundred eighty volts. A C and it should handle Kaga 10
times the rate that Garant of the Malto so around 67 D.M. so that it can
withstand the current. So in short we need an AC3 type of contactor
because our work load here is a motor and not the heating equipment. If our
load here was a heater we would choose a contactor with that type AC 1
and 1 more information since our control section is working on 24 volt DC.
Wish to choose the goal of that contactor as 24 volt DC going. And one
more information since our control section is working on 24 volt DC. We
should choose the goal of that contactor as 24 volt DC going and we needed
to have an equipped and oh axillary contact. So if you want to buy it from a
shop make sure that it comes with and is equipped with other allies. We
cannot create this circuit right. And let's say you couldn't find a contact with
any auxiliary contact equipped with it. You're going to delete this section of
the start push button and Gate 1 and 0 and instead you are going to use a
rotary switch. I go take a switch as you remember will latch and will keep it
sustained. So take a look here. We got rid of the start Madonna stop button
and the exhilaration and all contact and we just put the switch. Now simply
by rotating it we give power to the coin. If we release it it will keep it a state
and it won't go back to the other side of the rotation. This is an alternative
way of designing a control circuit for direct motor driving though this
configuration can be problematic in some of the design cases. Once we
introduce more sensors and more emergency types of contact that will
disconnect if there is a hazard situation, this switch type of configuration
will not be suitable. We will learn more about that once we get into the
simulation and you will understand what exactly I'm talking about. Now
let's choose our power supply. Here we are only driving one coin and it will
consume only a few tens of millennia. You can read the datasheet of the
contactor that your tour boat and see how much Gharlane does your coils
consume. But I can assure you it won't go above 50 Malea. At maximum
the 24 volt DC one amp rated output garden is more than enough for your
design. And note here that the input of this BARCS supply could be two
hundred twenty or 110 or so depending on your account you are living in.
Now before we wrap up this lecture Let us learn how to reverse the
direction of the rotation of this motor. So I assume that you installed this
motor on the machine and the tension is in the wrong direction. How can
you change this rotation direction? Let's take two of their bases and
disconnect them like that from the contactors side. Now let's change the
places by reversing this connection. The motor is going to rotate on the
opposite side as symbolized that. This is why the direction of the three
phase motor can be easily reversed by just switching it off. Consequently if
cables were in single phase motors we don't have this luxury of switching
cables because we only have one phase and we would need a special driver
for that.
 SIMULATING DIRECT
DRIVE
So let's get started. What we need is a stop button and also an emergency
button. We also need a motor. And of course the relay with its normally
open contacts they'll first let me get the 3 phase supply and let me get a
motor. So the phase induction and also mine. Where is it? Or is it the
contactor being normally open Trimble's contactor That's it for a day 90
degrees one to three OK. As you can see here we shortened these. Be
careful not to short the wires together and that's good. Here. Click on the
label to call that one. And now let's create our circuit. So what do I need ? A
neutral Armathwaite. This way we just finalized this portion. Now I need to
start on the stop button. This is my start button. And my stop button needs
to be a normally closed one. Remember we have talked about this now. The
normally open contact is that this is a normally open contact. This is a
single one not a triple and we needed it right here. Let's add an emergency
button as well. Usually there is electricity. I know there's an emergency
button that when you press it everything just stops. Every single motor in
the panel stops or any mechanism that's working. It will also stop. So let's
add that the way to simulate it is by adding another stop button but this one
is as general and it's usually connected directly after the phase and before it
goes anywhere. So you don't get that much unsupported and conducted after
the stop button. Even though in functionality that doesn't make any
difference though by that standard usually the emergency button is the first
thing that the circuits see. Let's continue now. Let me do some wiring. I'm
going now. Why are the emergency buttons on my face? Right now that's
why they are like that now. You know what, I'm not going to connect this
right now. I just wanna show you what happens when you don't connect the
end of all of the contactors with the start button. I will show you that. OK
let me label this relay one or. Sorry Doctor one and there is no need to label
the buttons. Usually Now there is no reason to label our buttons at least at
this stage. So let's head simulate on that one and then you line up with it in
what we say oh OK recall the motorcade.
Let's do that on the net. And here we need a camera OK. Now let's simulate
let's use the left click. And as you can see when I press the button and the
release of the motor stops. Usually we use Bush buttons and we don't use
that much mortar and Nicholasville controlled circuits. Now if I use a
toggle button there's no problem. It's working. And I stop it. But what if I'm
using a Bush like OK I want a press release and it should keep working. We
have already talked about why you should use this mechanism. Now if I
press start this normally open will close and the power will be conducted
like that the motor will run. Now if I hit the stop button I have got the
power to the coil. So this one will open. That's it. There is no more power
on my coil. Now if I hit start and press the emergency stop something will
happen.
 FW-BW
We are going to continue with our second type of driving which is the four
word back for the driving. Now assume that you have a conveyor belt if you
press a button it will go backwards. And if you press a button it will go
forward. We learned in the previous lecture that if we switch places of two
consecutive phases the direction of rotation is going to be reversed. So we
are going to implement a circuit that will satisfy this condition without
manually changing the cabling. Now this is our circuit diagram. We have an
overload and we have a box which contains this circuit that will satisfy the
backward forward operation. And we have a motor connected to that
circuit. So let's dig into this FWB w a circuit box what we are seeing in this
schematic is an overload which is what you want. And we have two
contactor scale one and two these two contactors are sharing the same three
phases from the input. However the output of k 1 is not the same as the
output of K-2 the output of one consists of the phases with the following.
All the L1 L2 then all three However the order of the output of the second
contactor is L2 Luan then all three. So we have reversed Luan And too. So
by doing that we have combined two circuits within one configuration and
now it's up to the control circuit to activate one of the contactors at that
time. Let us check how we can do that. Now this circuit contains the
following.
All right. Push buttons to give a start for forward and a start fallback for and
we have one push button and seat type which is used at the stop button
where it is connected in series with both circuits and we have two cards one
for conductor one and one the phone contact or two at each of them has an
auxiliary contact from type and so you see these two lines. The one with the
former the start on the one with the backward start. They are the same as
the conflagration learned in direct water driving. We're pressing the button
the coil latches the power starts coming from the exhilarate contact instead
of that push button push button and the motor continues its operation. The
only difference here is we have two bottoms one is far more than one that's
for backward and the stop button is a common in between these two see the
stop button is in series with the two circuits so if we disconnect the stop
right here if we press the stub right here it will cut the power for both
circuits backwards and the forward. Let's see this in simulation we first
press the forward push button as we conduct power to the first coil for the
first contactor. One wants ok one got latched the end oh really close and the
power will be coming through the push button. Is it suppressed and
continuously coming from the K-1 and going directly to that going and if
we look at the power diagram we will see that K-1 is latched and there is no
power going through K-2. Now let us assume that we pressed the backdoor
push button this time Gates is going to be lache the end of the game to
really close and the contactor Gate 2 will conduct power to the motor as in
the wiring diagram as you notice the phase it's got to reverse as the motor in
this case and the other is L2 L-1 then L-3. However , this control circuit is
completely correct. I mean it's true. If we press the forward button and you
try going forward and backward button you are going backwards. But what
if we press them both together at the same moment. Yup. A short circuit is
going to happen to its phases. It is at its place faces the way is going to be
conducted correctly. But look we have connected phase one was face to
face with phase one. Take a look at the output of that conductors. OK one
first phase usually has a color of green. However, the contractor to Everette
phase got mixed with that. So now the output of conductor 1 the first phase
we have a green and red which is a short circuit. Now on the second output
of the contactor one it's usually red but it got mixed with a green face
coming from Gate 2. So we have phase one and phase two short circuited
and that's a huge mistake. So how do we fix this problem. We cannot
guarantee that the operator will not press them both by mistake. We need to
put a caution for this situation that we need the forward and backward
control circuit to communicate with each other to tell that OK look I am in
forward position. Don't give it backward command for your circuit. So the
concept of and see exhibit contact is very important here because when
your left cheek coil it's and C contact is going to open. So it will use this
opening to open the circuit of the fog. If the backwards is working and vice
versa. Now let's turn on the backdoor. And as we can see the forward circuit
has opened and there is no way for the K want to latch. If we press the
forward push button. The only way to press the forward now is D-cup the
whole power from the stop button. Then. Press either the forward or the
backwards once again.
 FW-BW MOTOR DRIVING
DESIGN
We will see how we will wire the components according to that schematic.
We had looked at it in the previous lecture. Let's try to do this wire by wire.
According to this schematic Grant Let's start with the brown wire. The
brown wire is connecting the 24 volt with the first terminal of the stop
button. Now the second terminal of the stop wire is distributed to four
places. One is for the forward bottom one is the fork and one and all.
Another one for the backward push button and the last one is to get to an so
now we have connected all the black wires in the schematic diagram. Now
let us go on the green wires which are connected to the second terminal of
the bush plottings. Now the green wire is connected to the yellow wire
which has two branches. One branch is going to K-1 and oh and the other
branch is going to K-2 and C. So we connected the one going to 1 and 0.
And here we connected the one going to K2 and see now the Greenway of
the backward button is also connected to purple branches. One is the k 1
and C and one is taken to an O. So we connected it to the one with get 1 and
C and here we connected it to the one with get to an L and to find there lies
the yellow cable. Notice how we connected the K-2 and see through the one
Erewhon which is the coil of the first contact. Now let's finalize the purple
cable which is connecting k 1 and C with V K to the coil which is the gate
to A1. And here we connected and defined in the wiring step is to combine
k 1 and K to and connect them to the zoo ovals with the blue wire. And by
that we have completed the wiring circuit for the forward backward motor
driving. I highly recommend that you try to wire the stuff by yourself on a
piece of paper and see if you can get the same result. This will help you
emphasize the ideas of wiring that we learned here. And if you have any
question about it please leave them in the comment and I will try to answer
them as much as I can. And one final note. You're not supposed to color the
control circuit wiring. The way we're doing it right here, it's just a guide for
you to understand how the wiring is going on and the schematic is rather
wise that coding color is different from county to county. It's different from
a standard class standard. But let's say here the way we color wire is there
following that 24 involved cables we use brown. And for you there's zero
for cables we use blue and that in turn those commands and the internal
controls We use of black. Sure it's up to you to choose the standards that
suit you in the place you're living in.
 SIMULATING FW-BW
Now it's time to simulate the forward backward motor. Let's do that. So we
have one motor. This is our three phases. Now I need contactors as you
know and the way to get that is from the normal up to and triple the
contactors rotate 90 degrees. We need another one though. Normally the up
triple here rotates 90 degrees. Now I'm going to nick our ass. Be careful not
to short stuff. Let's organize them a bit. OK. Now ear. I'm going to go next.
I will connect to the and here I will connect to s as you can see we have
reversed the S and the t in order to make the motor rotate in the opposite
direction. Now let's conduct these IR ears here all day. And here as you can
see the output of the Doctor has gone to the motor. Now they will do the
same thing. OK. First wire. Now we go to the second wire. We also need to
be careful. And here to this third wire not just the thought is that it doesn't
look too messy. Now as you can see we have a First the SNB for this
contactor and then the output of this contactor is connected to the motor
directly. Now let's build the control circuit. This is the power section. OK so
now let's create the controlled circuit. What we need is to start buttons one
for the floor. The other for the backward. This is my second start button. I
also need a stop button. This is my stop button. I need contacts. This is the
conductor coil one and two I need normally open and normally close. Right.
Though let's get the normally open First normally open contact. This one is
for the first motor in order to make a latch. Right. That makes a. And we
need the normally closed motor so that the forward and the backwards don't
work at the same time so we need one year and one more right here or we
can get to another normal. Let me get another normally open for the second
circuit. OK. What else do we need? Let me get an L-1 now in order to avoid
taking your life from here to here. I will just take another label here. This is
the so this and this are the same just like extending it so that I don't have to
wire a lot of stuff now I need a neutral rotate 90 degrees it will be in mutual
between these two. Let's do that. OK.
So we have connected the circuits to the neutral. And here there is nothing
really special just the common stop button and that the first button and then
from this start button here. Right. So that five press stop no matter if I am in
the forward all the back where the whole circuit will stop. Let me why are
these. I'll get to the labeling later. Actually they now let me wire these these.
And of course the launching is very very important. And this topology.
Now let's do the labeling. This one is going to be one. This one this K-Doe.
This one has also came on this one. Is ok too. Right. Because if this circuit
is operating this will open and there is no chance that we turn on the
forward to ride the bike worked as running the forward power will be cut.
Let's continue here. This is one and here we have a two right Hartsell good.
Now we need to label this. This is K-1 this is it lets it simulate. If I press
start as you can see the motor is running from these contactors from this set.
Now if I press this one the thing is going to happen no matter how many
times I try to press this this contact OK one is disconnecting this circuit.
Why. Because if K-1 this active this one will open this circuit and we can
not really latch it anymore. What we need to do is breath stop breath start.
Now it's operating in the counter-clockwise bop.
 STAR-DELTA MOTOR
DRIVING
Now we are going to talk about star Delta driving. Star configuration is
very important if you have a motor of 5.5 kilowatts or both. If you do you
can not use the diag motor driving because of this higher rating. There is no
rush. Government is going to be too high that it might burn your contractor.
So we divide this stock up into two steps. The first step is a star and the
second step is a delta but you might ask what is a stock and what is delta in
the first place. The configuration of the star defines the way that the motor
windings or coils are interconnected with each other. And with that three
phase power the way that the windings were connected in their previous
lecture until this moment we're in Delta the Delta conflagration does the
maximum current it can drill. The moment we connect power to the motor
but with larger motors with high ratings this is not suitable. So let's start
illustrating this so that you can understand what's going on. These are motor
internal windings or you can call them going. We have three cars like these
and every terminal has a name of the first guard as you want you to view
the second guard on door third W on W2. Now note that in Diago driving
three cables coming out of the motors and we were connecting them to the
contactor and this is how they dealt with a conflagration inside the motor.
Looks like the motor usually comes wide like that on all the cables out of it.
And I just wanted to understand that this conflagration gives you the
maximum voltage and the maximum Goggin so that the motor can work at
full power. Now to reduce voltage on current We are going to use this start
conflagration would look like this. And since you are changing the shape of
the winding like at first we're going to connect the motor at Star. After
sometime it's going to configure itself to Delta. We are going to extend the
Sixwire Yost to our contactors. So we believe no and during the motor
connections but we will take all the connections and change them at the
contactors site the same way we were reversing faces when we wanted to
drive the motor backwards and forwards at the contactors site so two steps
start Conexion dimer will wait and then it will configure itself to death that
connection. And now we'll see how we can achieve this wait for the
contactors side by side.
No, the contractor Kairouan is always connecting a lot to everyone else too.
To your one and L3 w one in both diagrams Delta and star you can check
them on the right hand side. This is a common connection for both. So no
matter which conflagrations we are, this contractor will always be
launching. Now let's take the first side or the import of K free of the star
conductor. Look at the diagram. You do need to double; you two are shorted
together; they are connected to the same point.
So if we connect all the input of our three together we will achieve the same
configuration because all of them actually add together the same as a star.
So we will take you to W to veto cables from the motors and connect them
directly to that star contactor at its output. Now simply if we're going to
start the motor in this configuration we give a start to the K-1 contactor. It's
going to latch and bike and one Lachine we have connected and want to use
one L to everyone else w one and at the same time. If we had latched Fiji
we would have shorted you to double W to the same as the diagram
showing The Star contact. Now let's repair the Delta contactor connection.
Take a look at the Delta diagram. We have to connect L-1 to both V1 and
W2 and we have to connect L to to both V2 and you one and you have to
connect all three to both you two and w one. So here we give you one view
on W on the import of the Delta contactor and we give you two v to W to
do the output of the contactor in a way that short circuit v 1 W to veto your
one and 2 w.
And now notice that if we latch k 1 and 2 at the same time we are going to
get the same exact conflagration as the Delta on the right hand side. Now
let's build the control circuit to do this operation. And note that we should
never call neck Delta and the star at the same time or we will have a short
circuit between the faces and the motor will be damaged. Let's see what we
have we have one push button for a start and our time and we have won.
Bush button stops so it's an in-seat time. We have one gate to end with three
calls of the contactors. Now for the auxiliary we only have one or auxiliary
for one. We have one and see Zilog it for a two and one K3 and see
auxiliary that k 1 and 0 is used for this start latching the door and says
which are OK to and see and Kaffee and see are used to protect the circuit
from activating both Delta and the star contactors at the same time. Now we
have a new component which is the one which stands for a timer. The timer
here is very important. It's going to automatically switch between Star and
Delta. We will give it a preset time and when this time elapses it's going to
switch from star. It will shut the star down and connect the Delta contact.
So this is switching between the N C and D and O is the method we will use
to switch between Star and Delta. Now let's stimulate it and see what's
happening. I press the Start button. The coil of the first contactor will be
energized and the coil of the timer will be energized. The timer will start
counting and it's and 0 is still up till the time elapses call it 1 and 0 is now
closed because one is energized. Hence it will deliver the power to k too.
And remember here Cato is the starter contactor So we have activated the
main contactor and the star contactor to achieve a star configuration in the
motor windings. Now we are going to wait for some time. Let's say I have
30 or 40 seconds until the time elapses. This waiting will ensure that the
inrush Gergen for the star connection has already passed. And since this is a
large motor then the current is going to last longer than the previous Motors
we were studying. Now notice that since we energized OK do they get to
see now got open and it's doubling safety to prevent the Delta Connection
from working say if the timer got broken or something. It will start
conducting carefully So this additional K-2 and see here is to ensure that
this situation never happens. Now the timer has elapsed so the one and C
will open so the gate to right now is going to the latch and since it did latch
that K-2 and see will conduct and one and O will contact. Also because the
time has elapsed and by that conducting power to safely which is that does
the contactor and now we have k 1 and K free configuring the Delta
Connection. Also notice that since we got latch that carefully and C is open
now so there is no way K-2 can operate and there is no way that the star
will be working along with the Delta at the same time. And now if you
press the stop button everything will delight and we're back to the office at
wish.
 SIMULATING STAR-DELTA
So let us get started first, go to the induction motor and choose this to start
the delta type of motor. Now this motor gives you access to all the six
terminals of our motor. So unlike the previous simulations where we were
using all the three terminals here, we're going to use these six terminals in
order to create a Stockdale's type connection. Now let us get three
contactors and they contact us we're going to get the ones that are a triple.
So we need normal up and triple contact here. This is a bit now rotated by
90 degrees. This is my first one. I need more of these so this is my second
narrow data. And here is my last one. All right. What am I going to do is to
create wiring that looks like the one we have created here. Now there was a
small mistake in the previous lecture. This is contactors 3 and this is
contactor too because if we get to this circuit the contactor door right here is
the one responsible for this star. So this is this one. So sorry for the small
mistake this has got to end this is K3. Let us get back here now. We need a
three phase.
So let's get a three phase supply. This is my R S T. And let us connect. Now
try to make these connections the best you can decode stuff that is going to
get messy. Now let's connect this directly to your VW. Nothing special
about this connection. Great. Now let's create this contactor This is the star
right. Just shorting the input of this contactor. No, there is something very
important that you need to understand if you take a look at these Matara
terminals here. What are the coils we have now? And as we've seen coils
where you want you to view on the two and W W2. However, here we have
your BWC x y. What is this? Let me show you. Usually you would go to
the datasheet of your motor or the motor plate in order to see the names of
the coils. It's very important to understand these current goals: names here
are you x the Y and WC OK. These are the coils of the motors. Now in real
life let's see what the triangle looks like from the circuit. Now take a look
here. The way we're going to connect this in Delta is as follows. As I said
we have x y and z as individual coils we're connecting them exactly like
that. We need to show it to you and see and connect them to the face of our
W-why connect them to the face D and XM V and connect them to their
face. S This is exactly what we are going to do now. Now let's connect the
input of this contactor. This is straightforward. This is going to be this way.
This is going to be OK. No, what we said is you z are going to be shorted
together and connected to our right. Let's do this. This is our, this is you
right. And it's going to go to Z in order to create the first interconnection. Is
that correct? Z you are. And as you can see they are connected like this to
you. And then to Z. So that connection is correct. Next is w y and t. So this
is W and why they are all connected together and we need to connect them
with the why and t next we're going to connect s. So all we need to do now
is take the S which is here and connect to the next Finally we have the T
which should be connected to w and y. Let's make this. And here we go.
This is exactly the same as the connection right here. Now for the star it's
much simpler. Because take a look. You need to go too far. It's already
connected. We need to go to s already connected and W needs to go to T W
is going to T already however the x y z all shorted together as we did here.
So whatever. Or you can get them here. It doesn't matter because we know
because we are already shorting them right here. So let's just connect this
first one to the first one. As I said, it doesn't matter because they are
already. And oh how the last one needs to go though the order doesn't really
matter. Now we have mentioned that you are a coil. Why is a coin a coin?
Why didn't they just put you X Y and Z right here because this is the
standard terminal of the motor. If you open any motor terminal you're going
to see the order exactly like that.

You will see you the W and Z x y. So as I said this is the standard motter
terminal orbiter. So they don't put the coils vertically like that. They just do
it like this because it's easier much easier to connect the stock Delta. Now
let's create the control circuit from this. This is our control circuit now by
the way if you go like Superman Well you can get rid of this timer what you
can do is just get a button that has an N C and N O. And you can just
Tugela between the star and Delta if you want go like Superman that. And
you don't want to use any timers. Anyways let me at this stage here I need
to phase I mean here the same 24 volt DC. But in this software we cannot
simulate just evolved. So we will consider that this circuit is actually 110
volts or 220 volts. Let me get some buttons I need to start bottom a stop
button I need read contactors one to and three. I need that timer and on the
light timer shows one gives phase. Now we need segment. Normally open
or normally closed. This is a normally open contactor and I'll put it on the
ear in order to do the launching. I also need another one. Or the star for the
dark connection Yeah. And another Agawam for the Delta Yeah and I did
some normally close. Now normally close contact I need one. I need to hear
one is for the timer in order to do the switching between Star and Delta and
I need another one right here in order to prevent star and Delta from
operating together if there is any problem in the timer circuit dogging the
bottom circuit. And I need another normally close or also to protect from
start Delta being operating at the same time. Now I need a neutral neutral
like merely a 90. Now let's create this portion because it's the easiest. This
is the timer coil. This is my second contactor and a third OK now I need to
connect the phase to all of these right. This is the wiring that we're going to
do. You need to give phase to the first terminal of all of this. And always for
the of. Now let me connect these two together then do the latching circuit
and Oh now let's connect these together. Close this wire let's go here. Now
let's do a labeling. This will be one up. We didn't fire this.

Now here this is Kate to the star. This is for the down Starcade me. So here
we need to also let's choose one. And here K3 K-3 is the one for the delta
and here Kate next. Let's name these. This is for K-1. And here we have day
one Boswell Yeah I have time for one and see. But we didn't call this, let's
call it one. So this is the one and this is K3. These are protection and see
contact's ear. We have one horse and in two years I have two. I will repeat
again if this one is working this will disconnect if this one is working this
one will come. That's why we get to engage and get three on opposite sides
like that. Let's put the timer. Let's say that the timer will wait for 10 seconds
before switching from start to that. So far so good. Let's do some simulation
right now. If I press the start button I am timing on time 10 seconds as you
can see for 10 seconds we will go to deltoid and we are in the connection
rest stop. Now there is a bug in the software. If I press stop now it will say
that you have a problem. And actually there was no problem. I mean it's OK
because K1 is disconnected. But the software didn't realize that K-1 is
disconnected. And since one is disconnected means that there is no voltage
coming to a U V W right. Because once we press stop K-1 the latch
automatically and here z x y is still getting good voltage and that's fine
because it's like you have your terminal like that and your conduct on your
neck. Power to one side of the coil and that's ok it's like an open circuit and
it doesn't do any harm. So this is a bug in the software but how can we get
around this. Like I don't want to give all this for these three terminals. What
should we do? It's very simple. Just remove the stop button from here OK.
And instead I'll show you how to get a stop button again. Get it or take it, I
mean we need to reconnect this. Let's just get on there. This is the way it is
and the stop button now places a change instead. I'm going to go on like this
, like the stop button is the first thing this circuit sees. Let's try now to stop
the motorist. So this is like a safer connection. But the other connection is
also totally fine.
 VFD
We are going to talk about V.F. these V.F. These are incredible for
controlling Motors. They have a lot of functionalities. They are easy to use.
You can't control the speed, you can't control the acceleration, you can't
control them in multiple ways locally or remotely or through a data bus.
And we will be covering this till the end of this section. First of all VFP
stands for variable frequency driver and their main advantage is speed
control. They are completely electronic devices and through a change in
frequency they can change the speed of the motor they are driving if you
want to get a full look up about your motor States from temperature to
current defaults and hazards. BFD is the solution since it provides all of this
information to you and you can read it from the device in multiple ways.
Their main disadvantage is that they are more expensive than using just
simple contactors and they are more expensive than soft starters as well. So
there is a tradeoff between functionality and price. The left has come in
multiple shapes and sizes depending on the size of the load you're trying to
drive. And the way you program them is also different between one
manufacturer and the other.
However every manufacturer has a user manual and usually they are really
easy to read and you can easily implement the application you are trying to
achieve. However their base points are the same for all V.F. DS. The
principle is you need to learn how to give a start stop signal. You need to
learn how to change espie how to change acceleration, how to change
acceleration, how to read false, and how to control them locally or remotely.
Now there are more options than that but these are the basic concepts that
you need to learn in order to control any of the wiring. These are
straightforward; you just need to give it power and connect the output of the
BFD to your motor. Now it's a referrable connected circuit breaker. So if
you want to turn off the Wii if you just turn up the circuit breaker it doesn't
have to be an empty CB here you can use a normal NCBI because most V.F.
These are internal safety measurements that can give them motor
misbehave in order to prevent the hazards. Now there's two different types
of V. DS one of them is to control single phase motors and the other one is
to control thieves and you cannot use one instead of the other. Another
thing is that you might find it if you have a single phase input just about the
b f d and a three phase output to drive a three phase motor. But the most
common ones are the ones that are powered by three phase and they also
drive a three phase motor like the one in this picture. However the one that
will be testing is gone with a single phase input phase out. This doesn't
make any difference in the operation. There's just two types of input for
these three of these and you can choose whatever is suitable to you. Now
there's two important concepts that we need to learn here. Ramp up and
down which are the same as the acceleration and the acceleration. Let's take
a look here. Assume that you are trying to fix the motor at a certain RPM or
rotation per minute. Now of the time this motor is going to take to reach the
predefined speed of 1900 It's called the acceleration time and this time is
adjustable from the V.F. the parking meters. Let's assume we chose it to be
four seconds. Why is this biometric important? If you have a heavy motor
trying to rotate something with the high torque you don't want to take the
full speed within one second. That just doesn't make sense because you
might break the shaft of that machine. So in order to prevent that you need a
softer starting here means a lower station will drive the desired speed
without forcing a sudden high talk. Now let's talk about the acceleration or
ramp down the time between your breast to stop the motor and the motor
actually reaches zero speed. It's called deceleration time or rammed down.
This one is also adjustable by the V.F. the parking meters. Now why this
permethrin is important is that I assume you have a heavy machine and you
are rotating it at a really high speed. If the machine is so heavy and you stop
the motor immediately you're going to make the whole machine vibrate
from the sudden stop as the reaction. Now let's take a real live example with
this 50. It's from Schneider and its stereoscope is a DV 12 power
connection. This one is pretty simple. This one uses 220 a C for the input
and it drives a three phase motor so it can generate three phase within its
electronics. And the phase here is rated to three hundred eighty volt AC. So
we're done. That's it for the Park Connection. Now let's dig into control.
Now we have two choices here. There are actually three in this section we
will cover two and in the c section will cover the last on the first choice of
control is the local one. All we need to do is to press the wrong button or
the stop button in order to turn on and off the motor. Since the FDA is
already equipped with a control panel. So now we have turned on the motor.
Now we can give it a speed in between 0 and 50 here using this wheel on
the front side. We can rotate it to get the frequency we desire as simple as
that. And that's it for local control. The second choice is using this remote
terminal right here. It has inputs outputs analog inputs and outputs and we
will use them to drive the either from pushbuttons Ampatuan chio meters or
go from the P L C and the next lecture we will learn what is the difference
between digital and analog. Then I will show you how we can drive this
BFD remote.
 ANALOG VS DIGITAL
New project and in this lecture we are going to learn the difference between
digital and analog signals. This concept is very very important. We will use
it a lot in BLT design and you will use it in this section to complete the
BFD driving. Now we're going to plug two signals, one of them is the
digital one. The other is the analog signal and you are going to plug them as
the voltage vs. time. Let's take a closer look at this graph right here. The
one on the left hand side seems like it's on two levels. Either it says zero or
it is at some value higher than zero. However the one on the right hand side
seems to be jumping between too many levels. So think about that like
when we press a push button and we provide 24 volts to that coil let's say
and we want to provide half that value in our quarter that we provide the
full voltage of 24. And that's how digital signals work. However, on the
analog side we can't provide levels of that voltage. Let's say you have the
voltage source in between zero and then you can chop it to as many steps as
you want. And so you can generate any voltage within that given range.
Now what are some examples of that. Well every pushbutton in the water is
which indicators are all digital equipment because they don't have multiple
states. It's either on or off. It's either you give it zero volts or 24.
On the other hand, what's on your meter is temperature sensors. All of these
are analog equipment because they don't provide all the zoo on 24 volt
value. They have a range of values, say you are reading at temperature. You
can read any volume between zero or Syllis years, let's say a thousand
Syllis years. So there are still many values that you can see from that sensor
and it is an analog signal here or assume you're trying to drive a BFD. We
use this potential meter here with the wheel in order to provide a certain
voltage to the DFT. Let's say you and I drive it at 24 Hertz what you do is
you rotate the potential meter let's say two or 24 Hertz and you'll give it 24
inches. We want 50 hertz of your data together and you get 50 hertz. I know
what you're doing is that you are chopping the voltage. And in between that
says you wind down and you are giving a certain voltage value to get a
circuit. Damn. V.F. the frequency. Now I think it's very clear how digital
signals work. Let's dig more into analog signals and see a real example on
how we can interconnect how we can give values to the potential meters.
Let's see here. Now first of all the most basic equipment to give analog
voltage is attached to a meter if you are a little bit familiar with electronics.
It's nothing but a resistor. But here it's a variable resistor and by rotating this
potentiometer we are changing the value of the resistor. Hence we are
changing the voltage at the output of the potential meter; a potentiometer
has three terminals. We connect the positive to one of them and the negative
to one of them and we have an analog terminal in the middle. Usual to
simply read the value of the analog signal here. We simply measure the
voltage between the analog sweep and the zero. And the voltage values that
you can read depends on the power supply to this Pattani shimmy. To see
here we supplied 10 volts so we can get volume in between zero and then
fall. So let us take a look at this blue scale right here. This is a presentation
of our potentiometer. We have three terminals: the zero on the left and the
10 on the right. And we have the analog sweep in the middle. And since the
analog strip is at 5 volts. So the value of the analog here is 5:4. Now we
also can rotate the potential meters to 2 volts. And by reading the volume
between those two terminals you will get Douvall before it now rotates to
the opposite direction to 9. We will get 9 volts.

So the whole other look signal idea is that you can get any value within a
certain voltage range. And instead of just having a binary value like the
digital see. Now let's check these standardized ratings for the analog and the
digital signals for the industrial project in general. Now let's talk about the
digital ratings. First, most equipment in industrial applications uses 24 volt
DC as a digital signal. Let's say Ailsa's inputs and outputs usually if it is
operating on DC there will be 24 volt DC. The same thing for sensors you
will see a lot of sensors and most of them will output digital values rated 24
volt DC. You might find some equipment rated at 12 volt or 5 volt but they
are much less common than the latter one. Now for low grade things. It's a
little bit different here. We have two types. Either the analog signal is based
on current or it could be based on voltage. Now let's assume that you're
trying to get the signal through appeals. You will need to tell the people
seeing that OK the signal coming is a current base and it will be in between
let's say 0 and 20 mil the ABS or four and twenty chameleon's. These are
the two standards available in the industry and after you hear this cut in
value you'll have to convert it to whatever you are trying to do. Let's say
you are trying to read the pressure of fame by let's say you have another
pressure sensor and you have mounted it on a pipe and you increase their
pressure. So this sensor is going to give you a value between four and 20
and let's say this pressure sensor can read between zero and 10 bars. So you
will have to map this four to 20 million times to zero and 10 bars in order to
know what is the exact value you are reading. Now the manufacturer might
sell the same sensor but with a different rating, say between zero and
tenfold. And the range of the pressure is also between zero and these bars.
So again when you get it from the PLCC you will have to map this voltage
value which is between zero and then to the bar the value of that pressure
value which is also between 0 and then. So if you got the 5 volts it will
mean that you have five bar readings and so on and so forth. Now in this
lecture I just wanted to give you what are the types of ratings you asked in
the industry. However when we get to the c section you will totally
understand what is this map being Kadmon how we can do it and how can
we convert Gog and voltages to a value like a pressure like temperature. We
will do all of that in the B and C section.
 VFD TERMINAL DRIVING
This one we're going to learn how to wire and drive a BFD from the
terminal. The terminal driving is very important because it provides a way
for us to drive a motor from push buttons or from water switches or even
from APL. C Because usually the V.F. The local driving is only used for
motor testing and it's not used in actual driving scenarios since this FDA is
going to be inside the electrical cabinet so the operator won't have access to
this stop start push buttons on the front panel of that BFD. So what does our
terminal contain? Well it contains digital inputs and digital outputs analog
inputs and outputs. Now the inputs both digital and analog, are used to
provide signals to this V.F. the like a start signal a stop signal and an analog
speed signal and the digital outputs and the analog outputs are used to get
signals from the b f d and from the analog output we can get values like the
current value the torque value and from the digital outputs we can get
signals like the motto is working right now or the motor is in stealth mode
right now in emergency mode but for driving right now we will use the
digital input to provide the start signal and the analog input to provide the
frequency signal.
Now as you notice here the terminal also contains a 24 volts power supply
and you can connect it to your push buttons or switches in order to give a
start signal like the way we did here. Here we have a rotary switch. We
connected one side of it to 24 volts and the other side to one of the digital
inputs. Now remember that digital input is used to give a start signal. So is
there a moment we are going to take the rotary switch? The 24 volt will
short circuit with the digital input and we will be providing 24 volt digital
input. Hence the DFT will iStock However even though we give a start
signal we didn't give any speed to the b f d. So we need to connect a
potentiometer to the analog input of the V in order to give frequency to
drive the motor. The DFT has three terminals for people that you meet
there. They are called comm which is the zero terminal. We have the 5 volts
which is the positive terminal and we have the other look sweet which is
called analog input 1 here. This VFP can accept analog values between zero
and 5:4. So when we provide value between 0 and 5 volts we will get a
corresponding frequency between 0 and 50. It's like for everyone volt where
people fight to the analog input we get 10 hertz of speed and by simply
rotating this potentiometer between its minimum value and its maximum
value we will get a frequency between zero and 50 hertz. Hence changing
the motor speed between 0 and its maximum rated speed. Now if it is next
to a lecture we are going to see a real demonstration on this particularly if
the FDA to see how we can set the parameters and how we can give a start
signal from the local panel or from that terminal.
 VFD DEMO 1
We are going to demonstrate how we can use this by the like here we have
again at 8:12 from Niger. It's a small BFD for small motors. And as you can
see right here it's rated at zero point fifty five kilowatts So it's just for a
small motor. Now we don't have a motor right here but we still can do this
stuff in this situation and we will see how the motor is operating through
this screen right here. So let's look into it. This is our local bank and we
have this stoplight here labeled as run and saw which will turn on all of the
motors. We have this fellow right here which is used to define the frequency
we are desiring. The valve is between zero and 50 hertz and we change
frequency by dating. This is us. Let's say our target frequency is the full
speed of all 50. Now we have this more. But then this more of them will
determine if we are working in local mode which means we are operating
everything on this panel right here or if we are in remote mode which
means we're making this via through this terminal. Right. We have thought
about this terminal before we have full output right here and right here we
have a lot of input right here. Put it right here. And digital inputs right here.
So let's turn off the local moth first. Why are you holding them all better?
We see that it's a thing already and which means REMAUT. Now when you
are in demo mode. We can access their parking meters for this fee if you
like acceleration and exhilaration and many more. This is a little if you will
come when it comes from the factor. It would be like that. So your boat
your boat and you have this Wii if you like this First you have to look into
the low. We hope for the Mambazo and we see and see what stands for
"local" written on the screen. And we also see these lights flashing like that
which means we are below now simply if we just press you on about the
more will start stuff. Here we go. This is all frequency right now. It's
increasing. It's increasing slowly.
We get the acceleration time here is just going to be harder and it will get
going like that till it reaches 50 hertz and now the motor is supposed to be
at full speed. Now that acceleration time is low right here and it's around
two seconds so if we press the Sabater say the deceleration time is too fast
right. Let's just start again and see how we can change the frequency. So
with breath that This is the end of the motor is increasing. We are more.
And we have the same and we are almost at the falls the and here we go this
Soulforce be no let's say you want to change the frequency Y the motor is
operating. All you need to do is do all day. This wheel right here. To be
frequency you need so that say metafile Perth which is half the seat of the
motor. So if you're a motor full speed is a thousand five hundred rpm then
that speed is going to be 750 rpm which is for responding for 25 Hertz.
Now just the last thing if you look on the monitor you'll need to connect it
with these three terminals right here. This one this one and this one labeled
as you VW. And this is where your motor cables will be plug in. Once
you're doing that your motor will start updating immediately. This is a
factory setting. Usually it comes like that. And this is that your view of this
via the you can just take and put it in your electrical cabinet and just
connect the motor and you can give a starter to signal. Sure if you're
intending to control it to a B and C and not locally through this battle you
will need to use this terminal which we will talk about in the next lecture.
Now for the next lecture. Well we'll see how we can change this
acceleration and the acceleration time so that if you have a heavy motor and
you have the heavy machine your aircraft are updated with a high torque
you don't end up breaking this machine. So we will increase the
acceleration time maybe more and increase that acceleration time.
 VFD DEMO 2
Now we are going to learn how to adjust the acceleration and deceleration
time for this to be the first of all we need to exit the local mall. The lights
are flashing. It means we are in the local mode so let's exit it by holding this
more. We hope and we are and we are and which means what I'm doing
now for the rest. This is real. You will be after the man. Now you will have
fewer Bahrami that you can not just. So let's get into this configuration man.
We have pressed the wheel. And B C D C and A C C standing for
acceleration and acceleration. Let's check the acceleration with the breast of
the wheel and you can see that it takes 20 seconds for the moment we
breathe. This is the talk button here until the moment we reach full speed.
Let's say we want this to be even harder. Let that thing be 30 seconds. OK.
And for the acceleration let's say it also takes around 30 seconds. Now for
small motors Actually you don't need to do that. Maybe 10 seconds would
be more than enough. That in most cases especially for girls in the range
between 0.8 kilowatts and let's say figurally. I work at the office and as the
machines get bigger you will need higher acceleration. That's it. So that's
just a few seconds for them straight to the club. OK. We're using this escape
to where it exits again. And now we're seeing this ready man.
Now let's go to the local mode in order to use these two models. See if we
don't enter the lock a lot. This will not work. We have to go to the log and
we hope like this and we get that. We're going to listen and check our
frequency. That's what find. So it is supposed to take 30 seconds each.
Twenty five was it up to speed. That's right by I guess it's going to be
exactly 30 seconds. Yeah. It took 30 seconds to change this one. Now if
four breaths stop it's supposed to take four seconds is your speed. Because
we have adjusted to the exhilaration of the seconds. Let's see. It's pretty
slow. See now that the motor is slowing down in there really slow. Big car.
We are almost there. Here we go. The motor has thank you for working this
story all in the next story. We will learn how to operate this V.F.. This is
detrimental using bushwalkers meters. See you on the next safari.
 VFD DEMO 3
We are going to see how we can operate this V.F. Through our termino we
will be using a rotary switch like this one. It's a way water is wet and we
will be using this potentiometer right here. It has three terminals like that
and we can rotate it right and left in order to adjust this be say this is in the
electrical cabinet. However your operation is far away. You are the
machine. So you don't have access to this panel because it's far away. What
you won't do is that you can extend cables from this terminal and they get
your operation area the same thing for this one. We will extend a cable from
here to all operational areas. So let's take a look at this water sewage. It's an
N O type and it's written right here as you can see they are both and all
contact. So once we've got data that let's say to this side this fight or here
we come up well short circuited the wire right here and the wire right here.
Now for what I did to the other side like that well will short circuit this
cable and this cable right here the power will go through this door wires. So
it's simple either you do this or this way. And since this is a Go away you
cannot really connect both sides at the same time. Now how are we going to
connect this. So what you are going to do is take this 24 volt source at this
terminal and short circuit that with this digital input. So this digital input is
you know give a start stop sync up to this BFD. So I think one side of this
water is where it's connected here and the other side of the switch is
connected here. If you like a which is all of this will be disconnected if it's
all these will be connected and the start signal will be given. So let's start
doing that. That slows this curve here. That's the first cable. Make sure it's
OK. Now let's say the second one goes and I was the first digital input and
it is just clothes this girl likes. And here we go. No, that's not enough. First
you are in the local market. We are still in the local bar. We need to go to
the Emoto first. That's all the bottom we are immortal. Now since we are in
the remotes mode it means that in the factory setting this device knows that
when we short circuit these it should operate. So let's give it a try. And here
we go. And as we can see the speed is zero and we cannot really use this
wheel right here in order to increase the speed because this is right now for
the local mall.

So what do we have to do? We need to connect a potassium meter because

we are in the remote. So how do we connect this? Remember we have our
analog input here: the positive feed of 5 volts and the negative is at the right
to your. So what we do is we simply take the middle of a wire of the
potential meter and connect it to our Siglo all the analog input Awam like
this where most of this is. So first we turn off this one now we lost this girl
like we're blogging the game and we have two other cables one of them will
go to their call and the other one will go to the 5:04. Here we go. Now what
that meter is connecting saw that's the first start and here we are getting
speed because this potentiometer is not just that's adjusted the full speed.
The V for the is increasing slowly because it didn't decrease the
acceleration time from the last demonstration. Right here we go. Everything
seems OK not with regard to the middle way which should get 25 Hertz and
just accelerate and we have almost 25 words. Yeah that's when it generates
a little bit less a bit more. This is the and by that we can control the if
they're remotely using a simple gregarious wedge at a bar that's your
answer. Now in the next section the c section is going to connect. Instead of
this right there is sewage at BSEE outboard. Don't start seeking out from
within the program in the sea below. And instead of that what that Sheo
major way will give and the speed using an analog outboard of the B C.
Now the next to Troil are going to connect indicator lights to give us a
signal if the motor is rotating or it's in desktop mode.
 VFD DEMO 4
We are going to connect these two indicators, aren't we? D in order to get
the state of gardening or stopping if the day is running we are going to turn.
This is a green indicator right here. If it is in a stop mode we are going to
turn this red indicator right here. They only consist of two wires. They
operate on 24 volts. We can't take anything right. It's 24 volts DC and it has
a maximum consumption of 27 million jobs. They're both the same rating
right here, not just different colors. So how are we going to interconnect
them with this if the. So let's open it up and look here. These are terms.
Those who represent every lead. Remember we always have and go and see
the car. This is our camera and we will provide 24 votes to it. And here is
over and all this is over and see. So here is how the connection is going to
go. We will provide 24 votes from here to the Kummer and we will make
the nominee up to the green wall. This normally is going to latch when we
are in the garden. So if these small latches the power will go from 24 volts
to that call at the end all will be low. So here we will have 24 volts. So on
this terminal we will have four of them. Now on the other terminal. We are
going to connect it to the call. So think about a power supply like this. This
is the glass and this is mine right here. So let's get into it. So what we need
is this cable right here and we will short circuit that went to war with the
Gorelik government at first. So that's double what you were connecting this
game with. Remember that this other cable was for the right way switch and
we are going to connect them both to where the full force of life like that
we will think this free play right now is like this. This one is a little bit
more, let's make it think again. When it comes here we have a background
in you know to get this girl here we go.
So we have connected because now we are going to connect the green light.
We will have one terminal going to that normally up in. And here is the
other side where we were connected to the game right here or the negative
terminal of the internal power supply. Let's look at that first. And here is our
first one. Now let's go next. There it will go to the N C which is called Our
Lumbee right here. Really do the same thing. Now the red light once we
connect them will turn up because the FDA is in the stop mode and the red
indicator here is supposed to give us a lie, a red light if it's stopped. So get
ready. We have to connect these two cables together. So they are both going
to come. Now if we have more interconnections we use Ebarb blogs and
take all of these cables from the black box but we only have a couple of
cables so it's OK to do this. So here we go we are in stop mode. So the red
light starts now. So here we go. We have interconnected both lights there
and one is turned on because we are in the stop mode. Now let's go to the
prom. And here we go. It's the green light that's in Greece, this seat at zero.
It doesn't consider the water off because we still have given the start signal
let's increase the frequency. Now let's turn the motor off and see what's
going to happen. And here we go right back to the redline. So that is the.
We are going to use the other side of this vortex which in order to reverse
that direction of we're a nation of the maugre.
 VFD DEMO 5
New editorial and today we will learn how we can rotate the motor in the
various directions using this approach to switch. So right now if we rotate
this route to switch to the left we will be in the following direction.
However we want this or something else to go to the office of Dougy action
if we want to do it right. We have the leads free right now and we are going
to connect. What are we going to do? This is like before we have this am I
to which is this second digital input we are going to adjust to do that once
we get the signal on here. This motor is going to be rotating in the opposite
direction. So how can we do this? We will enter the biometric menu. We
will go to the configuration we will go to the full. We press the rotary
button here and here we are going to go to functions. So this is our function:
we will go to our s 0 5. This is our own press center and as you can see it's a
little known that we don't use the second digital input. However if we
activate and it is too high meaning once we give elde to a high sink in law
we will get our first direction. So really. GLICK OK. And this all means the
reverse direction right here. This is the reverse rotation menu. Now as we
see we have activated it.
Now let's go back and connect these two leads. We will connect it the same
way we help interconnect the fog of war. We need one cable going to 24
and one cable going to apply. We will block a third cable here. Now let's
take a look. We'll go to the left and we are in the forward direction. We'll
turn it off when we get to the memo. If we talk to the crime scene we have
been minus here. And minus the frequency indicates reverse direction. Let's
increase the frequency. And here we are in the reverse direction. Let's put
this in the middle. We will turn it off if we go to the right as we go forward.
Thanks here's reply. So this is it guys for this to talk to you. We have
finalized it. BFD Boccia in the next lecture in the next lecture we will be
talking about SOV to start and we're finalizing S.. See you next time.
 SOFT STARTERS
Now we have talked in depth about V.F. These and self-starters are almost
no different except that you can not really adjust the speed of the motor. So
if all you're looking for is the ramp up and down for your application then a
softer start should be more than enough for that. The softer start dog was
definitely a good place. Your Stockdale's configuration for driving Motors
because once the motor is got let's say a bowl of 40 kilowatts or 50
kilowatts contactors will reduce the life of the motor you're having because
you are still turning them on in two steps. The first step is a start. The
second one is Delta and there is still a huge new ash current that is
happening. However with the softest doctor you will get voltage at the low
level at first and you will get around slowly to U-bend and on the
application you are using.
So it will give you a really small start up to come back to the star Delta
conflagration we started before and that's perfect for big motors. And you
can save the life of this motor by using a softer starter to drive. I mean take
a look at this diagram of Goggin versus time you'll see a softer start there.
Cotton is increasing in a really nicest way where in the star Delta
connection you'll see it jumping up and down. And this will reduce the life
of your motor 100 percent. Now in addition to everything we talked about,
the only disadvantage for a softer starter is the price. It's much much more
expensive than using three contactors for a start. The connection. However
they are less expensive than V.F. does. That's why I was saying if you are
only interested in ramping up and down the motor then go for a softer
starter if you're interested in speed control then definitely you should use
the BFD. So this is all we have for this section. By this we will close this
chapter of Motor driving and the next section will be all about measurement
devices and we will dig more into understanding sensors, their type and the
way we interconnect them into our system.
 LIMIT SWITCHES
We will be talking about limit switches. It's a simple mechanical part that
once you touch it with an object is going to move and either open or close a
contact that is similar to the ones we saw before. There are two times they
are normally open and normally closed. Let's dig into it and see how all of
this works. So this is our mechanical limit, and it looks like it has two parts:
a static part in the lower portion and a moving part in the upper portion.
Now if you touch this moving part and it moves it it's going to close the
contact. If the switch is normally up and type it is normally close by then
it's going to open the contact and this is an application here that we can use.
This limits the switches for let's say we have a load and this load will only
work when we touch the sensor. So we give one side of this sensor to our 24
volt DC power supply.
Let's say our system is 24 volt DC rated and we give the other side to the
load and we conduct our load to the negative terminal of the power supply.
Now when an object touches this limit the circuit will look close and the
load will work when the object is not touching it the load will not work and
the circuit will be disconnected. They can also be used in order just to get a
signal. Let's say you have a dog and you want to know if this door is closed
or open. You will simply connect one of these to the door. And if that dog is
closed you'll get a signal that it's too close. If not you'll get a signal that it's
open so there are just too many applications for these limits switches. Let's
see another one here. Let's say that you have a linear machine right here. It
has a moving part and it moves to the left and to the right using the motor.
However when this motor is working let's say in the forward direction it can
drive this mechanical part till the end of the axes. And it might fall from the
other side or it might get stuck on the closing end of this axis. And this is a
huge problem because you'll ruin your machine. So what we can do is put
one of these sensors at the end of the axes so that when this box that is more
than reaches the end it will touch the which hence the motor circuit will be
disconnected according to the limit switch signal that's given. So this is it
for limited switches guys. As I said, the biggest number of applications that
you can use this simple sensor is with. And these are only a few.
 PROXIMITY SENSORS
Now we will be talking about proximity sensors or in the morgue at depth.
We'll be talking about capacitive and inductive sensors. Now as the name
states proximity sensors will be activated when an object comes close to the
sensor. Unlike the limited switches proximity sensors the objects shouldn't
necessarily touch the sensor in order to get the signal. We can work in their
range of a few millimeters to a few tens of centimeters and I'm sure that if
you look at any factory that has machines you will find one of these sensors
fixed at some place in order to detect some product or an object moving.
Now a capacitive inductive sensor is specially the proximity one might look
really similar from the outside. However from the inside and from a circuit
point of view they are totally different. The principle of operations is totally
different, so starting with capacitive sensors. They are used with any type of
object. So you can't just put any object in front of them and they will detect
it. If they are within a certain range that is usually adjustable through a
small screw on the proximity sensor. And as I said their range could be a
few millimeters to a few tens of centimeters. And these sensors are digital
types so when an object is detected you'll get an digital output of a rating of
24 volt DC or in rare cases you might find that with the rate of 12 volts DC.
Now the inductive sensors are only used to detect metallic objects if you put
a plastic object or a wooden object in front of it. It was detected and it won't
give you any output. They also operate on 24 volts or 12 volt DC. Now let's
take an example for a capacitive sensor. Let's assume that we have a
conveyor band and we have a plastic object moving up of it and the sensor
is freak's above this conveyor belt. Now when the sensor is not seeing the
plastic object the sensor goes off and it's generating zero for once. The
sensor is directly looking at the plastic object. The sensor will output 24
volt DC and then we can take this signal and take some action. Let's say
inside a B or C program. Now let's take an example for an inductive sense.
Let's say we have for the product and for the product are sensitive to
metallic parts so you cannot have metallic parts inside your email. Let's say
you own a production. You never know where Forgan or parts might come
in and interfere with your product. So you want to make sure that when this
water goes to the customer it does not have any fogging parts. One of the
methods to detect these spots is to check if there are metallic parts inside
this product. So what we do is we put this food product on the conveyor
band and it goes underground in an inductive sense or if this inductive
sensor senses any metallic part it's gone out with a signal to the Sea Org
program and say OK this product is a problematic ejection out of this test.
 LEVEL SENSORS
We will be talking about level sensors now level sensors are used to
measure their level up a certain product inside that tank or inside a C law.
So let's say you have eight Claws and they have different products inside of
them and you want to know how much of this product you have in it.
DANKOSKY So you have two ways to know their level. Either you use an
analog sensor where you can know exactly the level in units like meters on
Assante meters or you can use a digital level sensor so that when the
product reaches that sensor and touches it you will get the signal. And
usually you adjust this sensor at a certain height, let's say at 2 meters to 1
meter. And when the product reaches that level you will know that it is at 1
meter. Now there are multiple technologies used in order to manufacture
level sensors for analog. You have ultrasonic there's a static for digital
Vergas capacitive. There is a simple compact like limit to switch when you
touch it it gives you a signal. There are multiple technologies and each of
them is suitable for a certain application. Let's say you have a huge tank and
you want to measure the liquid level. Hydrostatic are really up while they
are very accurate in these applications. Now let's say you have a solid
product and you want to measure its level. You can fix an analog ultrasonic
sensor at the top and it will measure the exact level of that broader problem.
Let's say with ultrasonic is that they are sensitive to reflect the object if their
signal gets reflected you do not get a good reading.
Let's dig into some examples of some of these sensors and see what we are
seeing here is a digital sensor from the capacitive type as you can see or fix
it at the circuit in the blaze that you're interested in reading its level. You fix
it on a seal or a tank and it can handle both liquid products or solid
products. Once your product reaches that level or touches the sensor you're
going to get a signal that you have reached this level and you can then take
the signal to be Elsley and do whatever necessary processing gooney. Now
let's talk about ultrasonic analog sensors. These sensors are fixed at the top
of fuel tank and the principle of operation here is that they transmit and
ultrasonic signal and this signal gets to get elected and you get back by this
sensor and it measures the difference in the transmission and there is
ception time in order to determine the level of a product in your tank. You
can choose what to buy either an output of zero to 10 volt or an output of 4
to 20 Milli abs. Now it's a preferable that if the distance between the sensor
and your electrical panel is a little bit longer that you choose this for to 20
million times because for voltage types you will have voltage drops across
the cable extended to a b and c hence your signal will get noisy and you
won't get an accurate reading. But the current base signal reading is much
more accurate than the voltage one because you want to have voltage drops
here because the whole measurement thing is based on the current in the
wiring rather than the voltage. Now the second type for analog sensors used
for level measurement is the hydrostatic sensors. These are fixed at the
bottom of your tank and they measure their pressure above them in order to
give you everything about the level. They are way more accurate than the
ultrasonic. There is no way they can give you an error. And they also exist
in both voltage or current base readings. Now let me give you some tips
about how to choose a level sense. If you have a solid product and you're
trying to measure the whole range then I highly suggest an ultrasonic
sensor. If you're only interested in taking a gwon signal when the product
reaches your sensor then you can't take a normal capacitive sensor.
However if you saw that the product is a little bit sticky then you need to
take a different type of capacitive sensor which has a vibration capacitive
sensor. These types are kind of self-cleaning sensors and the product does
not get stuck on them much now for liquids. If you're trying to measure a
liquid in a tank or in a river or in whatever application uses hydrostatic
sense so they are very accurate. Van Vergas suitable for this application.
Now if you're trying to use the digital type of sensors and if your liquid is
with love is society then you can use any type of limit switch or capacitive
switch. It doesn't really matter. Love is society liquids Aag is to measure in
digital sensors. However for hair is society let's say you're trying to measure
the level of the honey inside that tank. Well the honey will get stuck on
these digital sensors and you will have a lot of problems. The best way for
high viscosity products is to use an analog sensor and not have direct
contact with the product when you try to measure it. So maybe an ultrasonic
sensor would do much better than a digital sensor.
 TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Now there are three types of temperature sensors that you will find in
industry. The first one is in DC. Second one is the RTD and the last one is
the thermocouple. Now each of these types are suitable for a certain
application. And the most obvious thing between them is the measurement
range that they can handle. Now let's start with anti-seize. Anti-seize is
suitable for the low temperature measurement applications though they are
not very suitable if you have a huge oven that's trying to match our menu or
any kind of Alojz. However there are a few suitable heating up flasks or
small ones. They can handle these types of temperatures. Now the NTC
stands for negative temperature coefficient. What does that mean? You
know this type of sensor uses resistors in order to give you everything. So
what temperature changes the existence of this sense or with a change. And
so you can get different readings. Now this time whenever you do
temperature increases your resistance is going to decrease. That's why it's a
negative coefficient because it has an opposite relationship between
temperature air resistance. Now the sensitivity of these temperature sensors
are less than the other temperature of families like the BT 100. If you want
thousands all the time. However the main advantage here is that there are
really low costs. Now the second type is Arties and you will find it in the
name of P-T 100 or 1000. And there was a specific resistance in order to do
that. They use a resistance that can vary between zero and 100. Oh and for
every one degree increase in temperature you will get a 0.3 9 all increase in
resistance. So it's like 0.39 all bar one degree. You can find them in
different shapes. Let's say you are trying to measure the temperature of this
current phase of a metal cover. You use this one in the middle because it can
stick on that cover from the surface. Now there's other types like clouds
where you can make a small hole in the machine where you have all the
tanks you have and fix it inside that hole in order to measure the inner
temperature of that tank. Let's say this is applicable for the one on the left
side and the lawn on the right.
Now if you look in the industry you will find two classes of this between
100 plus A and class B. Class A can measure your range in between minus
hundred Celsius to 450 Silis. Use less B can have a wider range it can
measure from almost minus 200 solaces to 600 Celsius. And the sensitivity
of glass a is a higher class B in general than not over that measurement
range is the higher the sensitivity. So here the arrow you might get is down
0.3 5 Celsius for class A. However the arrow in class B since their range of
measurement is wider. You'll get and they're going off 0.8 which is
approximately Now these types of temperature sensors have a little bit
different wiring. They come in two wires and four wires to use any of these
three. And in order to get their reading you will need a special analyzer to
get the values from the sensors. Let's say you want to integrate the Foghat
wire BT handset you a b c then you will need to buy a special module for
Fargo while you are Peetie 100 sensor and attach it to be LTE in order to get
reading. Because here we're not reading vaulters and we are not reading get
caught and we are reading the resistance of this sensor when the
temperature is changing. Now recently between 100 started having outputs
of four to 20 Milli amps and they started including some electronics to
convert this resistance to 20 million signal in order to integrate it easily, let's
say with your PLCC. Now here we have a simple restoration. Let's say you
have a heater inside the tank and you are heating some things inside of it.
You can use the remote die and mount it on your heater the way you're on
the right hand side. Or you can use the clamp type that you want to do it
and attach it directly on the serve phase of your tank. It's up to you and it
depends totally on your application. Now the last type here is the
thermocouple thermocouple used in high temperature applications. Let's say
you are trying to melt some Alojz oil or at minimum you would use these
types of sensors in order to measure the temperature inside the oven. Now
the cost is higher than the NTC or IPTA 100. The way they operate is that
they have two goats and these two goats consist of different metals. One of
them is considered the gold metal and the other is hot metal. And when you
put these two it's on an object it's going to measure the difference in
temperature between these two roads. One of those goats is going to be
their friends. And the other is going to measure very low temperatures
changing thermocouples also has classes. There's class J K E and T and
they're Anges also differ between each class. So let's say you application
need thousands Phillis's you would pick up type K because it can handle up
two thousand two hundred fifty. So you just to check the minimum and the
maximum temperature you Annie and you pick up one of these glasses J K
or t.
 FLOW SENSORS
Now let's say you are trying to measure the amount of water or gas going
through your pipes. So you have a water distribution station and you're
putting water from some village to the city and you know how much of
your main deposit Dang you're giving to the village. So what you do is you
get one of these a flow sensor you're mounted on the output pipe going to
the village and you will know how much water is being consumed by this
certain village or let's say you have a machine and it has gas pipes inside it
and you want to know how much of a gas you are consuming for this
particular machine. You also put one of these sensors on the input pipe of
your machine so that you'll know how much gas is being consumed. There
are multiple technologies for this flow sensor. There are magnetic station
based technologies, ultrasonic and Doppler effect. Now the output you can
get is the same as all of the sensors. It's either a zero then evolved or for 20
Milli absconding. Now the way your mom sensor is the following. Usually
these sensors are scum's with a base on the bottom of them. And for sure
you can choose the diameter of this pipe base. Depending on your
application I know what you do is you put it in between two pipes and by
that you're measuring the flow going from one end of the pipe to the other
end. Now the measurement unit here is a cubic centimeter or a meter per
second or kilogram per second. Usually this unit can be adjusted from
within the sensor per ammeters itself. Now let's take some examples about
these flow sensors. Let's start with the ultra Sonicwall. They consist of two
pieces and they are mounted on two different sections of the pipe.
The first piece is going to transmit that signal to the second piece and time
measurement will be taken between transmission and reception. That's time
one. Now the second piece is going to transmit to the first piece at all. So
time measurement will be taken and two will be called the TO KNOW IF
time one equals two times it means there is nothing in the pipe and the pipe
is empty and there is no flow. Right. Because I think with me first the
transmission took one second and in the reverse direction it also took one
second. So there is nothing. There is no reflection. There is no signal to
waste. So now let's say there is water flowing from left to right. The first
transmission from PS1 will be a good bye piece to let's say it took two
seconds. Now the second transmission will be. Don't be stupid. One.
However the second transmission is opposing the flow. Look here at the
Blue Note. It's going from right to left however the flow is from left to
right. So here part of the signal will be blocked and reflected. So that time
to each the first the transmitter will be let's say three seconds the first
transmission or reception don't do a second second one took three seconds
and this time difference will tell you how much we have of a low. Now let's
take the second time to read this. A disk is rotating inside a magnetic field.
Now when the flow increases the rotation speed will increase when the
rotation speed increases. The magnetic field generated will be larger hence
the voltage will be larger. Hence we can know that we have a large flow.
These are very basic types and these are one of the first to flow meters that
existed in industry. However they are still used and applicable nowadays.
 PRESSURE SENSORS
Now we have talked about flow sensors and how they measure the flow
inside the pipe. Now we want to measure the pressure inside a pipe. The
main reason we do that is to prevent this pipe from exploding from extra
pressure. So whenever we surpass a certain threshold we can shut down the
system to prevent the explosion. Now these pressure sensors are used to
measure gas and liquids. So whatever your application is you can use one of
these in order to protect from Gaza explosion inside the pipe or the liquid
explosion the unit we use for these pressure sensors are bar Pascal or PSII.
So it depends on the region you're living in and you will be using one or
two of these units right here. Now another application is measuring the
level of the water in a tank at sea. Now I know a pressure sensor will not
measure how many centimeters or meters your water went inside the tank
but let's say you have a tank and the output of this tank where the water
spills out goes a pipe and also you have mounted a pressure sensor all that
out. Now when the water rises there is a pressure on this pipe. Right. The
more it drives, the higher the pressure is going to be.
And so you can approximate the level of water from that pressure. You're
already there on your sensor. Now the way we mount pressure sensors is
similar to the flow sensor with the flow sensor. However we had their base
by where we can attach to a bypass on its side. Here we don't have this case
and pressure sensors. There is a special part that is mounted on the pipe and
then your mom puts this pressure sensor above it. The way this pressure
sensor is upright is the following: it contains four or three or two strain
gauges. These are strain gauges like resistance that changes with tension
with pressure with weight. I mean these types of sensors you can see also in
lots of sensors. Lots of Seldes are basically the sensor that is used in order
to measure weight. So when the pressure arises they affect these strain
gauges. And by that you will know how much the pressure in your pipe the
output of pressure sensors is the same as all the other stuff that we studied
before. It's either evolved this dive from zero to 10 or at Gargan type come
forward to 20 million.