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PHYSICS

The document discusses the properties of sound waves, including their generation through vibrations, speed in different mediums, and characteristics such as amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. It explains how sound loudness and pitch are determined by amplitude and frequency, respectively, and describes wave interactions including constructive and destructive interference. Additionally, it addresses concepts like dead spots and beats resulting from wave interactions.

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1 views

PHYSICS

The document discusses the properties of sound waves, including their generation through vibrations, speed in different mediums, and characteristics such as amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. It explains how sound loudness and pitch are determined by amplitude and frequency, respectively, and describes wave interactions including constructive and destructive interference. Additionally, it addresses concepts like dead spots and beats resulting from wave interactions.

Uploaded by

karnanikhwahish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS

Ch- 13 waves

● Sound is caused by the vibration of the object.


● The to and fro motion of an object means the forward and backward movement of an
object in a mean position.
● Speed of sound in air is 340 mls.
● Speed of sound in solids is greatest and in gases it's least.
● Sound cannot travel in vacuum.It needs a medium to travel.

● This type of graph is called displacement time graph.


● A particle at position x is moving through ‘rest’ position. This is the position it has
when a sound wave is not being produced near it.
● Particle at position Y has moved maximum distance in one direction.
● Particle at position Z has moved the maximum distance in the other direction.

● Two characteristics of the waveform can be seen : amplitude and wavelength.


● Crest: It is the highest peak in the wave ( above the rest position y is placed)
● Trough: It id the lowest peak in the wave (where z is placed )
● Amplitude: it is the maximum height of a crest or the depth of a trough. Denoted by A. it
is measured from the rest position. Maximum displacement of a particle from its mean
position.
● Wavelength: is the distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next crest or from
the bottom of one trough to the bottom of the next trough. Denoted by λ lambda. The
distance traveled by the wave in one oscillation.
● Frequency is the number of waves per second. Like in the above diagram 2 frequency
waves in 1 second.
The loudness of a sound
● Short distance movement (from rest position) - produce small amplitude sound waves
(quiet sound heard)
● Large distance movement (from its rest position)- produce large amplitude sound waves
( loud sound)
● The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels.
● Small amplitude = small amount of energy
● Large amplitude= large amount to energy passes

● High amplitude , low amplitude


● louder the sound , softer the sound
● More energy less energy

Pitch of a sound
● Pitch and frequency are the same
● The pitch of a sound an object makes depends on the number of sound waves it
produces in a second when it vibrates.
● This no. of waves per second is called frequency.
● It is measured in hertz (Hz)
● The higher the frequency of the waves the higher the pitch of the sound.
● High frequency = shorter wavelength

When sound waves interact


● A region of particles under high pressure is called compression.
● A region of particles under lower pressure is called rarefaction.

Constructive waves
When two sound waves of the same frequency meet and their compressions and
rarefactions occur at the same place, they are said to interfere in a constructive
way and produce a wave in greater amplitude.

Destructive waves

When two sound waves of the same frequency meet and their compressions and
rarefactions occur at diff places, they are said to interfere in a destructive way
and produce a wave with smaller amplitude.

Dead spots
If two waves of the same frequency meet so that the compressions of one occur
in exactly the same place as the rarefaction of the other, they cancel each other
out and no sound is heard at that place. The places produced by this total
destructive wave are called dead spots.

Beats

If two waves of the same frequency meet they interfere both constructively
(building a sound wave of greater amplitude) and also destructively ( building a
sound wave of lesser amplitude). As these two new waves move along with their
different amplitudes they produce sounds of different degrees of loudness and
we hear a sound known as beats.

Question and answers


Q1. What happens to air particles when an object vibrates ?
Ans- They also vibrate.
Q2.Describe the amplitude and wavelength:
a) Is loud and high pitched
It has a large amplitude and a short wavelength.
b) Is low and low pitched
It has a large amplitude and a long wavelength.
c) Is quiet and high pitched
It has a small amplitude and a short wavelength.
Q3. When the amplitude of a sound wave is increased what happens to the sound
it produces?
Ans- The sound gets louder.
Q4. When the wavelength of a sound wave is shortened what happens to the
sound it produces?
Ans- The frequency of the sound waves increases so the pitch of the sound is higher.
Q5.
a)when can sound waves reinforce each other or cancel each other out?
Ans- When the crests of the waves meet at the same place. When the crest of one
wave arrives at the same place as the trough of another wave.
b) What happens when sound waves:
1.Reinforce each other?
The rarefaction of one wave is added to the rarefaction of another wave.
2.Cancel each other out?
The rarefaction of one wave is added to the compression of another wave.

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