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Modelling and simulation of off-grid microgrid using Matlab/Simulink

Conference Paper · November 2023

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The International Conference on Petrochemistry and Energy Transition (ICPET23.), November 21-23 2023

Modelling and simulation of off-grid microgrid using

Matlab/Simulink
Abdel Djabar Bouchaala 1, Ahcene Boukadoum 1
[email protected] [email protected]
1
Department of Electric al Engineering, Laboratoire d’électrotechnique de Skikda «LES»,
Université du 20 Août 1955, Skikda 21000, Algeria

Abstract – Microgrid energy system is considered part of the main electricity network system, it can be alone
isolated from the main grid, which we see on the islands, in an area far from the electricity network, or in an industrial
area. Microgrids generally consist of sub-sources such as wind energy, solar energy, or a diesel generator. Microgrid
(MG) is classified into two types: On-Grid or Off-Grid. This paper presents the modelling and simulation of the MG
Off –Grid .The components of the system consists the photovoltaic array and wind turbine with battery storage
system are connected the variable and fixed loads . The photovoltaic (PV) power generation is connected by the boost
converter ( DC/DC ) and the bus direct continue DC ,the output power is taken by regulator maxim power tracker
MPPT. The wind turbine ( WT) is connected by the inverter (AC/DC) and the bus (DC) .the battery storage system
(BSS) is related with conventional power bi-directional buck-boost converter (DC/DC) . The results obtained gave
good results in the flow of power between the different sources and loads it gave, using the Matlab/Simulink .

Keywords: Microgrid, Photovoltaic, Wind turbine ,battery storage system ,Matlab /Simulink.

energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, fuel

cells, etc.
I. Introduction Research suggests many researches on microgrid
Today, the world is preparing new changes in the modeling and simulation. Ahmed Al-Zahrani and al.
consumption of electrical energy. This is due to the System of Systems (SoSs) and building new models that
different of sources of production and consumption of capture the dynamic behavior of the microgrid. A
electricity. This diversity has led to an increase in the practical example from Missouri S&T [8] was
need for clean energy which allowed researchers to implemented and simulated. Modeling and simulation of
develop the exploitation of energy sources represented by a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system within a microgrid taking
the integration renewable energy source [1]. into account the requirements of the different
The most common renewable energies are solar components of the microgrid system that relies on the
photovoltaic energy and wind energy, and this is due to control and scheduling of charging and discharging of
the availability of the radiation solar and the constantly electric vehicles (PEVs) and PEVs by the charging
increasing wind speed in various regions of the station and as described in [9] . Modeling and
Earth[2,3], It can be used in a microgrid depending on simulation model for grid-connected AC/DC hybrid
the consuming region, the reasons for resorting to clean microgrid. The system consists of a wind turbine, a small
energy have played a major role in the rapid development gas turbine, a photovoltaic cell, a fuel cell, and a super
in the field of distributed renewable energy Resource capacitor for energy storage using Matlab/Simulink
DRR) [4]. Integration renewable energy sources into the software [10]. This paper presented simulation and power
energy supply system has faced difficulties because they management in a DC microgrid model [11].
are not sustainable due to climate challenges. To meet the In this paper, off-grid microgrids provide modelling
challenges, a storage system was created [5]. and simulation of all components - a microgrid using a
The microgrid is divided into two parts. The first renewable energy-based power generation system
part is connected to the main electrical grid and is called consisting of a photovoltaic array, a wind turbine (WT),
On Grid. It represents the connection of the renewable electronic energy inverters of a battery storage system
energy source with the grid using the electrical control (ESS), and local loads shown in Fig1. The paper
switch for distribution generators (DGs) and the energy discusses detailed modelling of a microgrid served by a
management system (EMS). The second part is PV energy storage system and a wind turbine/battery.
disconnecting from the main grid, or off-grid, which we The PV array is connected to a DC bus via a boost
see in isolated islands and areas far from the main converter to enhance the PV output using a maximum
network[6,7]. Microgrid energy sources can be used to power point (MPPT) controller. The wind turbine is
distribute energy at different voltage levels such as connected to the DC bus by an AC/DC rectifier, the
medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV). The output power WT depends on the wind speed, the wind
importance of microgrid lies in exploiting renewable turbine is connected to a permanent magnet synchronous
generator (PMSG), the battery is connected to the
Fourth International Conference on Technological Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICTAEE’22.), November 29-30 2022

common DC bus by a DC/DC buck boost converter, and kW. The load consumption ranges between 10 and 14
it is charged and discharged. Depending on the nature of kilowatts.
the energy produced and consumed in the system. The The table blow describe the value maximum power
proposed model of power management and microgrid generation in the microgrid
components was simulated using Matlab/Simulink
software. The simulation results showed significant Table. The value maximum power generation in
results in good energy distribution in our proposed microgrid
system.
The type of source the energy Value of maximum power
generation
II. Microgrid Proposed system
Photovoltaic energy 01 kw
The microgrid modelling components of this system Wind turbine energy 6.8 kw
contain two sources of renewable generation, namely
photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, battery storage, Battery storage energy 6 kw
loads, and all components associated with power Load consumer energy Fixe ;10kw and variable 4kw
converters. The PV source is connected to the DC bus by
the power converter represented by the boost converter
DC/DC, and the wind turbine is connected by the DC bus
connected by the AC/DC rectifier. Battery banks
connected to a buck boost converter and connected to a II. Modeling and simulation of
DC bus are charged and discharged. Power generation Microgrid system components
loads are received from system sources only and
connected to an inverter (DC/AC). Fig. 1 below depicts
simplified block diagram of the proposed microgrid The components of the specified system are designed
(DC/AC). Fig. 1 below depicts simplified block diagram using Matlab/Simulink software.
of the proposed microgrid.
III.1.Modeling of the proposed photovoltaic
Bus DC generation the system

Photovoltaic
DC/DC DC/AC Loads The Simulink model is shown in this (Fig.2) and
(PV Array )
consists of two PV power generation models connected
in parallel and connected to a single-phase protection
diode with the addition of changing variable and fixed
radiation.
Wind turbine AC/DC
(WT)

Battery
Storage DC/DC
system (BSS)

Fig1.Block diagram of the proposed system

Fig .2.The proposed photovoltaic generation the system

The power produced in the maximum power

distribution generations is considered the maximum III.2.Modeling of the proposed wind turbine
power point tracker for photovoltaic generation (MPPT) generation the system
is about 10 kW, the wind turbine is produced about 6.8
kW and the battery storage energy is discharged about 6
Fourth International Conference on Technological Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICTAEE’22.), November 29-30 2022

The wind turbine model is presented by group

variables, where the input variable is the generator speed
in unit and the controller is the blade pitch angle (beta) in
degrees, and the wind speed in m/s. The variable output
is the applied torque of the generator in per unit. Wind
turbines convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy
and thus produce mechanical energy according to a set of
mathematical equations [12]. The permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) relies on the output of
high torque wind turbines, and there is a need to model
and control the PMSG based on variable speed wind
turbines [13]. The proposed model of a wind turbine at
Simulink is shown here (Fig.3)

Fig .4.The proposed battery energy system

III.4.The Load proposed of the system

The loads in our system are divided into two parts:

fixed load and variable load. The loads presented are
considered three-phase in order to measure sinusoidal
current and voltage. The loads are connected to the DC
bus using a three-phase inverter (DC/AC).
III. Simulation results of the
components of the Microgrid
system

Fig 3.The proposed wind turbine generation the system After the simulation of the components of microgrid
We get different curves, which are: Photovoltaic power
produced in shown (Fig.5) and the power generation of
III.3. Modelling of the proposed battery wind turbine in (Fig.6), the battery storage is charged and
energy system discharged in the form of current and output voltage
curves for a battery shown in (Fig.7). The three-phase
Battery storage energy system is important in sinusoidal current and voltage profile for the loads is
microgrid and we have introduced our Nicle Metale shown in (Fig.8 &Fig.9).
battery type system with parameter display of nominal
voltage, rated capacity, battery response time and initial
state-of charge. The battery change is charged and
discharged by the flow energy source. The battery is
connected to a bidirectional DC-DC converter. Battery
energy storage system models Due to the stability of the
microgrid, many models have been proposed in order to
improve and stabilize the energy well in the microgrid,
taking into account the stability of voltage, frequency,
and total harmonic distortion [14]. In this (Fig. 4) details
of the proposed battery power system are shown power
system are shown

Fig.5.The output Power of photovoltaic

Fourth International Conference on Technological Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICTAEE’22.), November 29-30 2022

V. Simulink model of the complete

components of a small off-grid system

This model summarizes the entire components in off-

grid mode. In this (Fig.10) the embedded components are
designed using Matlab/Simulink. They include the
integration of wind energy and photovoltaic energy in
addition to this battery storage system to feed the loads.

Fig.6.The output Power Wind Generation

Fig.10. Microgrid hybrid energy model (wind turbines,

Fig.7.Current and voltage format for charging and discharging the photovoltaic and battery storage)
Battery

V.I. Discussed simulation result for microgrid

After the simulation the model microgrid –off grid

the components the wind turbine and the solar
photovoltaic generation is connect with battery storage
and the load we get curves representing the value of the
flowing power . The simulation results are divided into
two parts
The first part is presented by the interval [0 4] .We
noticed that the first load consumed about 10 kW with a
significant increase of 8 kW and a significant decrease in
the battery charge, which indicates that it has stored
Fig.8 .The voltage of the loads excess energy from other sources. Wind power reaches
6.8 kW, stabilizing with a slight decrease in PV power up
to 8 kW.
The second part is presented by the interval of the [4
6] .Adding another load of 4 kilowatts. We observed an
almost complete discharge in the storage battery at 5 kW,
compensating for other sources such as photovoltaic
energy which remained constant at 8 kW, with wind
energy decreasing at 3 kW. The results are shown with
(curves in detail in (Fig.11).
This change and distribution of energy is known as
energy management system (EMS).

Fig.9. The current of the loads

 Fourth International Conference on Technological Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICTAEE’22.), November 29-30 2022

[7] Sohn, J. M. (2016). Generation applications package for combined

heat power in on-grid and off-grid microgrid energy management
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[10] Ding, F., Loparo, K. A., & Wang, C. (2012, July). Modeling and
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power and energy society general meeting (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
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Simulation of Microgrid with energy management system. In 2015
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Shichikha, J. M. (2012). Mathematical modelling of wind turbine in a
wind energy conversion system: Power coefficient analysis.
[13] The permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) depends
on the output of high-torque wind turbines, and there is a need to model
and control the PMSG based on variable speed wind turbines.
[14] Farrokhabadi, M., König, S., Cañizares, C. A., Bhattacharya, K.,
& Leibfried, T. (2017). Battery energy storage system models for
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Fig.11. The curves power generation (wind turbine and
photovoltaic with battery storage) and the loads.

V.II. Conclusion
Microgrid power system is an important source of
distribution generation source. In this paper we model
microgrid components in separate grid mode, which
contain renewable energy provided by wind turbines, PV
and battery storage with combined loads. We were
presented with all models and summarized. The results
were good in power distribution and microgrid power
management system

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