Unit 1: Introduction to Qualitative BR 3.

Relationship of First Language

Research Proficiency to Second Language Acquisition
AR 4. A Practical Step-by-Step Guide for
What is research? Agricultural Extension Professionals
-​ A systematic process of gathering
information to answer a question Types of Research based on design
1.​ Qualitative Research
Importance of research -​ Allows you to gather
1.​ To further human innovations in-depth insights by
2.​ To add to the body of knowledge exploring meanings
3.​ To understand better and raise -​ Words
awareness -​ Open-ended questions
-​ Few participants
Characteristics of research -​ Perspectives, perceptions,
1.​ Controlled experiences
2.​ Rigorous 2.​ Quantitative Research
3.​ Valid -​ Allows you to find
4.​ Empirical generalizable facts by using
statistical data
Types of research based on outcomes -​ Numbers
1.​ Basic Research -​ Close-ended questions
-​ To improve understanding -​ Many respondents
and develop theories -​ Preferences, levels, effects
-​ Better-understanding
-​ Curiosity-driven Qualitative Research or Quantitative
-​ Theories Research:
2.​ Applied Research QNR 1. Effects of Physical Exercise on
-​ Aims to find practical Sleep
solutions to real-world QLR 2. Cultural Practices of an Indigenous
problems Group and their Meanings
-​ Practical solutions QLR 3. Understanding the Stigma on
-​ Solution-driven Mental Health
-​ New ways/ products QNR 4. Relationship between Job
Satisfaction and Employee Turnover
The knowledge generated from basic
research can be used as the foundational Another type of research based on design is
ideas for applied research. mixed methods research that employs
both qualitative and quantitative research.
Basic Research or Applied Research:
AR 1. Effectiveness of Nicotine Products for What is qualitative research?
Smoking Reduction -​ Aims to explore and understand
BR 2. Situational Factors Influencing meanings through words
Impulsive Buying
Why does qualitative research exist? 7.​ Narrative Review
-​ Because we believe that not -​ Narrates events, and
everything can be qualified, such changes in human
as experiences, emotions, perspective or behavior in a
perceptions, etc. logical manner
8.​ Biography
Characteristics of qualitative research -​ Study an individual’s life,
1.​ Naturalistic struggles, and their relations
2.​ Inductive to societal themes
3.​ Holistic 9.​ Action Research
4.​ Requires emphatic neutrality -​ Seeks for transformative
changes to solve existing
Types of qualitative research problems
1.​ Case study 10.​Content Analysis
-​ Seeks to answer the “why” in -​ Used to analyze texts such
a rare/lone subject, group, or as news articles, social
organization media posts, etc
2.​ Ethnography
-​ Involves immersion to How do we choose our research design?
understand a group’s set-up, -​ Think of your objectives and find
internal operation, and the type of research that targets
lifestyle such objectives.
3.​ Phenomenology
-​ Looks into the lived Phenomenology 1. Market analysis of
experiences of people and consumers’ experiences about the product
how these experiences affect that they have tested for the first time
them Ethnography 2. Comparing the
4.​ Discourse Analysis improvement of Filipino nurses in terms of
-​ Focuses on the mode of their habits and ethics
communication and its Case Study 3. Documenting medical
elements procedures being done to a patient with a
5.​ Historical Review rare genetic disease
-​ Examines primary
documents to find the The research process
connection of past events to 1.​ Choose a topic
present/future time 2.​ Plan a methodology
6.​ Grounded Theory 3.​ Collect data
-​ Involves forming a new 4.​ Analyze data
theory that may be based on 5.​ Write conclusions
published data or discovered 6.​ Share the research
in the process
Unit 3: Writing Chapters 1, 2, and 3 Parts of Chapter 2
A.​ Review of Related Literature
Parts of a Research Paper -​ Consists of discussion of
1.​ Chapter 1: The Problem and Its facts, principles, and
Background/ Introduction researches to which your
2.​ Chapter 2: Review of Related study is related
Literature B.​ Conceptual Framework
3.​ Chapter 3: Methodology -​ Serves as the visual
4.​ Chapter 4: Results and Discussions representation of the
5.​ Chapter 5: Conclusion and constructs or objectives of
Recommendations your research
●​ Theoretical Framework
Parts of Chapter 1 -​ A theory or set of theories
A.​ Background of the Study that you use to guide your
-​ Gives an introduction to the research
research topic; includes
definition, views & opinions, What are possible sources of related
and rationale literature and studies?
B.​ Statement of the Problem -​ Possible sources are books,
-​ States the research encyclopedias, journals, magazines,
questions/objectives which newspapers, undergraduate theses,
serves as the foundation for graduate theses, and dissertations.
the whole research
C.​ Research Gap What types of literature and studies should
-​ States what we know so far, we include?
and what is yet to be -​ Include both foreign and local
discovered by the present literature.
study
D.​ Significance of the Study Steps in Writing the RRL
-​ Enumerates the 1.​ Search for relevant literature.
beneficiaries and how they 2.​ Narrow down your sources.
will benefit from the research 3.​ Take note of key concepts.
E.​ Scope and Delimitation 4.​ Make an outline.
-​ Sets the parameters of the 5.​ Write based on the outline.
study; inclusion and
exclusion of the study Narrow down your sources based on
●​ Definition of Terms 1.​ Currency
-​ Allows readers to understand -​ According to Greenbaum
key terms and how they (2021), "there is no
were used in the study timeliness requirement in
APA Style guidelines."
-​ 2014-present
 2.​ Relevance
-​ Relevant to the research Why do we need a Sampling Technique
topic and objectives -​ Because there are cases in which it
3.​ Authority would be hard to put the entire
-​ Scholarly written articles and population in a study.
other credible sources -​ Population refers to the entire
group, while sample refers to a
Three Levels of Literature Review subgroup derived from the
1.​ Basic assessment population who also possesses the
2.​ Compare and contrast general characteristics of the whole
3.​ Synthesis population.

Conceptual Framework - visual modeling Types of Sample Technique

-​ The visual representation of the A.​ Random or Probability
constructs of the research -​ Uses random selection
-​ Gives structure to the research -​ Mostly utilized in quantitative
researches
Parts of Chapter 3 B.​ Non-random or Non-probability
A.​ Research Design -​ Uses non-random criteria
-​ Indicates the type of -​ mostly utilized in qualitative
research used in the study; researches
has to be aligned with
research objectives Types of Non-Probability Sampling
B.​ Sampling Technique -​ Convenience - researcher's
-​ States who the participants Convenience
are and how they were -​ Voluntary response - allows
selected participants to volunteer themselves
C.​ Data Gathering Tool -​ Purposive - sets criteria that the
-​ Indicates the research participants must meet
instrument used to collect -​ Snowball - uses participants to find
data other participants
D.​ Data Gathering Procedure
-​ Entails the whole process of Data Gathering Methods for Qualitative
gathering data, from the Research
sampling technique to the A.​ Interview
data collection -​ Used to gain an in-depth
E.​ Data Analysis understanding of the
-​ Details how the researcher perceptions or opinions of
analyzed the data collected the participants in a topic;
to answer the research one participant at a time
questions -​ Often needs standardizing
F.​ Ethical Consideration of procedures
-​ Set of principles that guide B.​ Focus group discussion
the conduct of the research
 -​ has the same purpose with -​ Participants know the
an interview but entertains a purpose, benefit, and risks
group of participants of the study before
instead of just one participation
C.​ Ethnography (immersion) 3.​ Anonymity
-​ Used to study a group's -​ Personally identified data
culture first hand is not collected
-​ Collects data by recording 4.​ Confidentiality
observations and -​ If anonymity may not be
reflections ensured, then make sure to
D.​ Document analysis/ archival keep personally identifiable
review data hidden from everyone
-​ Used to understand current else
or historical events and
analyze data taken from
public records, personal,
pop culture, and visual
documents

Approaches to Qualitative Data Analysis

A.​ Content Analysis
-​ used to categorize words,
phrases, and ideas in a
visual medium (apps, print
ads, etc.)
B.​ Thematic Analysis
-​ Used to identify and interpret
patterns and themes
C.​ Textual Analysis
-​ Used to examine content,
structure, or design of any
text
D.​ Discourse Analysis
-​ Used to study
communication and how
language is used to achieve
effects in specific contexts

Ethical Issues to be Considered

1.​ Voluntary Participation
-​ Participants are free to opt
in or out of the study
2.​ . Informed Consent