UNIT- 6

MPROPER 4NTEGRALS
The duinit inttgnai
() d r i
Eltht a o b inlinii and calud fnaphope
fnphopt, întgral
ntigral
jlD b bounded
2) loc unbounded at a or b a anib
d
inpAop Tntegsal having tinltu aMa
volu Lhen it i callud
Lonvenget

2) mmokope intgsal having ho tinlie valuu i callud

divengent C-o or o

344 mit inith init hoT - 0o 0 t co tun

ntugaal i sald to be 0silLatoy

dnupAope intigsal
Types of
Aat
nd o fnybhoptv Entgsal:- FiMt {ind o inpAcpu Entga
L in whld fhtagnand fl is
Lmit a fntinlt
Conttnuous but

flo)dcJ) d flDd
Enfnitt - - Jo01dt
TTdr
Uppev LEmit

i t nkfnlti eTdr

bot 2n&t înnltii

F )d
- 00
(0) Second
knd of nuphopes Tntignat: Second (trd irpAope
pop
ntignal The untton i
nbounded on lootd la b] thuu u ddinlt înugnai
Kind
15
5 n înpiopes îndughad osecond

(A) Third ind of nuproper Intiqhal: t he toDinatono

and second
oothRrst
kTnd a fnuphopev Pntegsal
Convengnce oinupRopes ntg hals

aflx)dr {fnilt and Untqu valu (Conua.gtnt

t divengen

w Teat the cohvngenu d

na dc
edr
00
00
0

-te-1 -00

Lm -e+1|
00

So that tw glun intgkal io Conuegunt

Cues Test tle convengenei o tu d

d

itne- edr
 -
m
Te-
(1 - e - o

X-
lndt fs fnhte and
So that tu 9tvn utdque
tnttgsal ib conugent
uuD Test t conegen o dr
-co 1+X2

Ans do
-01+X2
C0 d
d 1+Tr2
+ 142
+Jtm de
C J 1+I2 0 0 Jo 1+12

LEne tarir t LEn tan1)

-00o
tani-tano
0 -0- tant1+ Ln
-
tan'w + tan
tan 0

tantnT
2

t m t io ffnitt
and uwriqu
2ntigh al io cOnvegent
So that t h
So. qiven

convengencd oh
th ntagsal dac
Ofscuao thi
 d

/27

-1/2 1
-/2 1 - 2

-1/2
+2 2
J
n t fs ffritu and untquvalu
So, t gîuen fntg hal ib convngeni
 Test fvr Convengunte ftrda
ftxidx
Tompanis0h Test et flx) and gl
ae boun did be two
two unctfon
untton
(a, o) and Pntugnable n fntug ral
alad lx) be
s flx)whu pos1tive
12a and T)|
J aa flo)dr b Conutngent
lo) d ial so conuegent
210 f) for all valu oT Zo a
d is diverquut tu
tc) dr aloo dvengeut

HelpRng Test ( ttuontnm): Thu (onipanfson întgsal a

dr
Ja
h+1
Lint
X-00 -h+
- htI

(ase u) - n1
-hti
-n1

-h+1
a nitt and uniaue v aiut
ntugs au iio convengtnt
Convegnt
nau
Hnca,lu
qivu
Casl- n<i n - ic0
ahti
- h+1

dhn. tu gfven înteghal is dlveugent

CaAe-, n1

thun. tue glven integhal is divngent

thwn
e dr
Hente Ja
convenget n2
Conwengnt n>t,

dfvengent ns1
da
Jo 1+2

COA
(x)= 1+12 ft)+1
C05 1
1+Y2 1+2

Flx) d
Jo 1+12

Ifm d lint [tar')

if t a x - tano

tan 0

f t ) lo onvequnt.
So ql) i alao
tonvngent
 3
H
V
8,
 Ana ftt)-
2
X1+Y2
yhuing tust, F)= ad x d
ib cgi
hs1, ) )
So, q() aloo
cqt
by Combanls0n twt, o d
Ja XJ1+12
ConueQ Ut

00
Tlu u- Test:- Flx)dr
t Fx) be bounded and int1ghable în
te Ca o] wwe a>o iuun.
(11 ftc)di dh conveguut thul exiats a it
Ja nunmber U>1. such that im y f l )
vala). X-0
eciat a klnlte

2 ftdx dveugunt i thue erists a nunmber

number
us1. suth thad lim Xfl) has
ffnitu non zuo). or 0,-0.

u hRghust povoer ok in dinornînator - hîghuot pooe

aues1-
n nuesator.

00 ds
Test tu tonvngnce
fx)= 1

T/3(1+11/2
 5/6-0
f
516
5/
f ()
X-00

tm
21
0+1
= 5/6 <I, m xftu) has a ftntte hon zeso valut
-00
Hena, By - tuot gîveu tnteghal di vegut

Test th covesgenu oa 71-x)3

lx)=
1-)3
= 3 -1 = 271
Lem ru fla)

Xde
(1-)3
-
d

0-1 has a ftnit no0- 1 u o vau

f(7)
A1= Lfnt

4iven rthghal
in tonveng tnd
L t r o t

Hente, by
 luus Test the 001 d
l o o(a+)2

AnA f(x) = *?2 d

(a2472)
l 4 -2 2 >1.

En d t
(a4 12)2
dt
(a+12

0+1
u= a1 , nu "f(z) has a finftu non-zino yatu
Henu y l - tuut 9fveu Tntiqhal i tonvengunt

uus- 3/2 d X3 di
Jo tal1+1) J 4-a4 Jo(b+ 2)2
do
Jo Jl1+1)
Am: fle) =d
a1+X
3/2-0 3/, 1
lEn , . f(a) Lin x2 d =

Ln d = 1

X 0+1
l 3/ 1 LEm 1 fl) hasa sîniti non zuo valut
Hne, y u- Teat given frteghal Convengtnt
auus- do J4-at
f() = 3/2 d
na?-
4-04
l=-3/2 1/2 <1

= 2 3 / 2 de =lemx
4
x4-a4 X00 1-
.
1 T
= 1, Lem ruf(a) has a {initu hon-zuovalu

Henu, By ul-Test given frntegr ad 1s divegent

00
3 d
auuus-
flx)= 3 d
(62472)2
l 4-3 1E1
Lfn d
b241(b+722
Llm d
Y0A(6+1)*
-1
-1

11 ln f(r) has a finitu non- zero valu

=

t divAgent
l- Test given înt1gsal
HLnu. by
 bETA AND GAMMA PUNCTIDN

Btta
Beta functfon The beta unctfon dinotud by B(mr is

dined by th fntugral
BM,n) : m 1(1-0c)n-f d

h 0n>o

hopotte6 o eta untion

BMn) B(n.)

(21 BM n) = Xm-1 d
Jo 4 ) Mtn

1 B( n ) = 2["(stn &)2m teose n-1do

OR 2 f 2m (052o ds

(11 Paove that B(m. n)- B(n,m) (6ymnittay btta funtfon)

te dfnîtton o beta ncton, we have
By (1)
B(nu n)='x(1 x)nd
Puttlng = 1-4
at 1:0 91
1-d

Bm.n): . ( 1 )i y h d y

1 (mn) B(nm)
(& Yhove that 8( m,n) m-
m-1
n-1
d
da
T0 (14x)m+n T14)m+n
By tlu dfnition o bta unctton.
n m(1-n-d
rutting= 4/1ty
1 1 at = 1 y0
dy
(1ty) d
d1 -dy
( 149) 2
TBCmn) = m-1 t 1 dy
T+9
B M,n) yh-1
dy

81 Phove that &(m.n)= 2 in-"o c0b6 da

hoe-By thu dyfnftiton o buta kunction

Bim,n)= |x m=1 (1-1)h d
O

Tutting = 61n^s
1 251n8COS® de
da =0 0
dx 2$tnscos6 de
BCm, n)= n 2m-COcos
K/2
2n-25lnetossds
2 sEn cos2n-o de
 Gamma funtfons
Mu Gamma funtion dunotd by Th io dairud by tu împaopth
integsal Tn=[rn4e-7f1
ohid ib conv eAgevt for n o

hepeti o tamma fundions

1) n+1 nJn ho (Rennenn fomula)

Tn+1 =n n=1,2,3,4 -

Not: Jo co
n

T-n n beîng a positive frtiqe.

Paoethat T -7, n-1 dr

he dsltnitton of gamma unttion

hoe lale knoo that by
Tn= fn-fe-1 dr

Tuttng : h z iu 1gu) =0, :0

1 - adz I=@, =

dx adz
J h - an-17h-le-a7a'dz

h a n .zne-adz (2]

By pAcpety1. Z -
 Jn n 0 h-e-aY dr-(3)
ALplau a by
In

Tn n-1.e 7dr
zn o

1m
rlaton blw Beta and aamma Function OK
OR
Aoe that B(m. n) Im.Jn
m+n
hlutnow that T -7. qn-1,zn dx (11

Jn.z7 -zI, Yn-1 zn e-Z.zm-1dr

Co
In. 2Dm-1 (7+1,-z m+n- d ()
dutuguoti'ng both aldis 0.rto. z. blw tu mits o to oo
U
oehave,
IRzm-l dz = Xn-1 -Z(Y+1),7m+n-1dz d

Tn Tm= h- -z[UH1 2 mth-1dzldk

141 dy ldz
dz dylx+1
00
e m+n
dd
41) m+N-1 1+1J
e- ymth-1dy] da
Jo
 Tn.Tm 0 yn-
mtn d
Jo (+1) m+n

Th.m Mtn Xn- d

Jo +1mtn
In Im ]m+n BM n)
BCm, n) n. I n
M th HuneL paoe

lot- from tu aboe ult

B(m,n) =2 stnae-l0. toba's do

Tm.Tn 2
sin2 m-1. cosan- de
do
2 Jm+n

BM,n) = p yn- dr
l6 (14)m+n
d
J TMJn xn-1
(1 +0) n t n
mtn
Whn mtn=1
Yn-1 dr : X

Jo 1+ Sinn

mp
n:

VmImp
foämla oR
2022
Statt and Paove Dyplication
that Tm m = 7 2m
ADve 22m-1
1 m an intn qen
 0
m
(hyvaday hg
uz P j-uz 9 uis)zy
T-Pultu)
p 0p
0 0 = 0T
-wT
) 0P1-ugl®Tujs z/y
Pr-u 9sa9 9ujse) zn
(D r - u bummdvobo
(1)
T+C
u p 9,VO 9-wzuz
(D bs :u 40
-Ug bum
44-4[7
op -uOJ0,_
 ompanq eq, (11) and )

2M-m)
Tm.m+ 2 2h
22M-1 Hun pao

w e know that Tn T-h = T

S inn A

T 1 ST n4
-
-

stn(31 1
-27

u tAut n= 5/2

3tn
- =2
5
 N
R
N
r
t
 Phove that m , nt 1)= B(m+1.n) 3 (m,n)
Paove m m +h

An Knauw that B(mn): Tm.Tn

Jmtn
At dm,nt1)
Tm.In+ Tni. nJn
mtnt1 mtnIm4n
m,nt1= mi
n mtn mtr
3 nm, n-+1) =J In' )
mtnJmtn
t , B( mti, )
mt1 n hM]mTn
mtnt1 Mtnj rMtn
(mti, n) 1 TM.Tn
- (2)
mt1,n =
m.Tn
+nJmtn
frem) and2)
mnt1= 13m+1. n) TmIn
mtnj mtn
tmn+1) =
Blm+1,n) B(m,n)
m mtn

M i m p

( m ,n) = (mt1,h) + B (m,h+1)

Btm, ht1)
PH6= B(m +1, n) +
m. Tn- m +Jmh.h
m t n (mtn Jmth mtn)
R
+
N N
+
N
o
no mso do x
o 2tan0
dek o de

0+
2
do
2
+0+2 2JAn6Cos0
2
l t 28 t
2 2d8= dt
f2.2fntc06 te= dtt
2

2n-/2t cost dt
4 TS/u lo
h
4 T/4 2J2 2 4 yI2 1
1.tr.
16J2 16J2
su d E
1+x6 3 J3 615drzdt
tl65/6dt d dt
615
1 -2/3 dt

rt-1
TT 6 Stn
3 3

313/
cl
1+T4 4 da d t
d-dt
dt 43
n-i:-3/s
Ct3/4 tt h 1-3/y
h: 1/y
41 714H
dt
4 lo
T

4
4 Sin
tt

lo c 0geti

0
- dr-0
h AlL know that, h - ,
:0 t:0
Lut = 0 , t=co
xloge t dt
loqcdx= dt /t C.et at
J Toqe et doge Jo
(Logec+1
 tCt1-1 dt
Clogct1 Jo loge) t1