Advanced Internet Programming

outlines

Chapter 1 Internet Technologies and Protocols

Chapter 2 PHP programming

Chapter 3 Connecting server-side with database

Chapter 4 Java Servlet programming

Prepared by: Metekia Sada.

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 Chapter 1 Internet Technologies & Protocols

What is Internet?

It is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks. A

computer network is the interconnection of many individual computers to exchange
message. Network is a group of two or more computer connected together.

It uses the standard Internet Protocol TCP/IP. Every computer in internet is

identified by a unique IP address. IP Address is a unique set of numbers which
identifies a computer location. Domain Name server (DNS) is used to give name to
the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.

Internet is accessible to every user all over the world. So, Internet is a network of
network
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Advantage of Internet

Information sharing

Communication i.e. social networking

Sharing of resource

Disadvantage of Internet

Threat to personal information

Virus attack

Spamming

Cyber crime

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 Terminologies

A. On-line

You may sometimes hear people talk about “being on-line”. This is just another
way of saying that they are using the Internet.

B. World-Wide-Web (WWW)

Tim Berners-Lee, a physicist in Switzerland, invented the World Wide Web in

1992 as a way to organize and access information on the Internet.

C. Web browser

A web browser is a program that runs on users' computers and allows them to view
and interact with the web pages on the World Wide Web. The most common web
browsers are called Internet Explorer and Google Chrome.
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 Terminologies

D. Hypertext

Hypertext is a text document that contains links to other text document.

It allows a user to move from one web page to another by using a mouse to click on
special hypertext links.

E. Webpage

Webpage is a single document that may contain text, graphics, and icon.

They are created using HTML.

F. Web site

It is a group of well-structured and interlinked webpages.

G. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

To visit a Web site, users type the URL, which is the site's address, into the web
browser. An example of a URL is www.yahoo.com.
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 Terminologies

A complete URL is generally made up of three components: the protocol, the site
name, and the absolute path to the document or resource as shown in the figure
below:

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 Terminologies

H. Web server
A web server is a computer that stores a web site, and is responsible for checking
requests for viewing that web site.
Client computers send requests for particular URLs to the web server, which then
finds the appropriate web page, and sends it back to the client computer.
A web server on the Internet must have a permanent Internet connection, so that
whenever a client computer requests a URL, the web server can respond straight
away.
I. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
A company that provides Internet connections to customers.
J. Protocol
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is a set of rules that govern the communication. 7
 Terminologies

K. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/HTTPS)

It is a communications protocol.

It defines mechanism for communication between browser and the web server.

It is also called request and response protocol because the communication between
browser and server takes place in request and response pairs.

HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP. It is used on web sites where sensitive
information such as bank details is exchanged.

L. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

It is the language used to write web pages on the WWW.

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 Terminologies

M. Extensible Markup Language (XML)

It is an alternative language for writing web pages. Where as HTML pages

describe the format of the data’s presentation, pages written in XML describe only
how the data is structured.

XML provides a standard format for the movement of data in and between
applications.

The data in an XML file usually requires some other application to interpret the
data and display it in a useful format.

N. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

It is a group of experts who meet regularly to develop common protocols for the
evolution of the WWW.
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 Web development tools

A number of tools exist for use by web authors (i.e. people who write web sites).

HTML/XML: HTML and XML are the two main languages used for writing web
pages. Web authors can use a simple text editor such as Notepad, Notepad++,
Netbeans php etc., to enter the HTML/XML commands.

The final page can then be viewed using a web browser.

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 Client-server architecture

The data processing is split into distinct parts.

A part is either requester (client) or provider (server). The client sends during the data
processing one or more requests to the servers to perform specified tasks. The server
part provides services for the clients.

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 How the Web works?

What happens when a browser requests an HTML document over the Internet?

1. The user types a URL into the Web browser to identify which Web page they
would like to view.

2. The browser parses the URL and requests a DNS server using broadcast IP. It then
sends the URL to the DNS to resolve the IP address. In other words, it converts
appdev.com to 206.191.222.239.

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 …cont. How the Web works?

3. The browser then uses the IP address to send the HTTP packet to the browser’s ISP
connection, which passes it to the next server, routing it from server to server until it
reaches the destination Web server.

Figure 1: A request is made to the server.

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 …cont. How the Web works?

4. The Web server locates the request page either on its hard drive or cached in
memory.

5. The Web server sends its contents back to the requested browser.

Figure 2: -The page is located and returned to the client machine.

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 …cont. How the Web works?

6. The browser interprets the HTML formatting instructions and displays the content
to the user.

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 Website validation

1. Authorship: Who put up the site?

2. Purpose: Every site has a reason for being on the web

3. Content & Currency: Is the information authoritative and up to date?

4. Technical Aspects

Putting it all together: If the website you found provides:

Author name, acceptable author credentials and a way to contact the author.

A clear statement of purpose or mission.

accurate information

up-to-date information

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