TWO TYPES OF CELLS o composed of a single DNA

molecule associated with

 Prokaryotic (bacteria, archaea)
proteins
 Eukaryotic (Protists, fungi, animals,
plants) PARTS OF NUCLEUS
 nuclear envelope - encloses the
BASIC STRUCTURES OF ALL CELLS nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
 Plasma membrane  nucleolus - within the nucleus and is
 Semifluid substance called the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
cytosol (cytoplasm) synthesis
 chromatin - the DNA and proteins of
 Chromosomes (carry genes) chromosomes together, condenses to
 Ribosomes (make proteins) form discrete chromosomes as a cell
prepares to divide
Prokaryotic cells  nucleoli – where ribosomal subunit are
 No nucleus made
 DNA in an unbound region called the PARTS OF CYTOSKELETON
nucleoid  microfilaments
 No membrane-bound organelles  intermediate filaments
 Cytoplasm bound by the plasma  microtubules
Membrane

Eukaryotic cells The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are

 DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a housed in the nucleus and carried out by the
ribosomes
membranous nuclear envelope
• The nucleus contains most of the DNA in a
 Membrane-bound organelles eukaryotic cell
 Cytoplasm in the region between the
plasma membrane and nucleus • Ribosomes use the information from the
 are generally much larger than DNA to make proteins
prokaryotic cells PARTS OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
PLASMA MEMBRANE  nuclear membrane is a double
 selective barrier that allows sufficient membrane; each membrane consists
passage of oxygen, nutrients, and of a lipid bilayer
waste to service the volume of every
1. inner membrane
cell
2. outer membrane
 general structure is a double layer of
 nuclear pore regulates the entry and
phospholipids
NUCLEUS exit of molecules from the nucleus
 contain most of the cell’s genes and is Ribosomes are particles made of ribosomal RNA
usually the most conspicuous organelles and protein they carry out protein synthesis in
 shape of the nucleus is maintained by two locations
the nuclear lamina, which is composed  cytosol (free ribosomes)
of protein
 In the nucleus, DNA is organized into
discrete units called chromosomes
  outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or • Modifies products of the ER
the nuclear envelope (bound Manufactures certain macromolecules
ribosomes) • Sorts and packages materials into
 ribosome have two parts: large subunit transport vesicles
and small subunit • Trans face: shipping; Cis face: receiving
Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM The endomembrane • A lysosome is a membranous sac of
system is a complex and dynamic player in the hydrolytic enzymes that can digest
cell’s compartmental organization regulates macromolecules
protein traffic and performs metabolic functions • Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze
in the cell and is a biosynthetic factory proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and
Components of the endomembrane system nucleic acids
 Nuclear envelope • Lysosomal enzymes work best in the
 Endoplasmic reticulum acidic environment inside the lysosome
 Golgi apparatus Some types of cell can engulf another cell by
 Lysosomes phagocytosis; this forms a food vacuole
 Vacuoles • A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole
 Plasma membrane and digests the molecules
These components are either continuous or • Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle
connected via transfer by vesicles the cell’s own organelles and
macromolecules, a process called
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) autophagy
accounts for more than half of the total
membrane in many eukaryotic cells Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments
• The ER membrane is continuous with
the nuclear envelope • A plant cell or fungal cell may
• 2 distinct regions of ER have one or several vacuoles,
o Smooth ER – no ribosomes derived from endoplasmic
attached reticulum and Golgi apparatus
o Rough ER – studded with • Food vacuoles are formed by
ribosomes phagocytosis
Functions of Smooth ER • Contractile vacuoles, found in many
• Synthesizes lipids freshwater protists, pump excess water
• Metabolizes carbohydrates out of cells
• Detoxifies drugs and poisons • Central vacuoles, found in many
• Stores calcium ions
mature plant cells, hold organic
Functions of Rough ER
compounds and water
• Has bound ribosomes, which secrete
• Mitochondria are the sites of cellular
glycoproteins (proteins covalently
bonded to carbohydrates) respiration, a metabolic process that
• Distributes transport vesicles, proteins uses oxygen to generate ATP
surrounded by membranes • Chloroplasts, found in plants and
• Is a membrane factory for the cell algae, are the sites of photosynthesis
Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving • Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles
Center • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have
• consists of flattened membranous sacs similarities with bacteria
called cisternae • Enveloped by a double membrane
• Functions of the Golgi apparatus
 • Contain free ribosomes and circular –Stroma, the internal fluid
DNA molecules • The chloroplast is one of a group
• Grow and reproduce somewhat of plant organelles, called plastids
independently in cells
Peroxisomes: Oxidation
The Endosymbiont theory
• Peroxisomes are specialized
• An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells metabolic compartments bounded by
engulfed a non-photosynthetic a single membrane
prokaryotic cell, which formed an • Peroxisomes produce hydrogen
endosymbiont relationship with its host peroxide and convert it to water
• The host cell and endosymbiont • Peroxisomes perform reactions with
merged into a single organism, a many different functions
eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion • How peroxisomes are related to other
• At least one of these cells may have organelles is still unknown
taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote,
becoming the ancestor of cells that • Cells rely on the integration of
contain chloroplasts structures and organelles in order to
function
Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
• For example, a macrophage’s ability to
• Mitochondria are in nearly all destroy bacteria involves the whole
eukaryotic cells cell, coordinating components such as
• They have a smooth outer membrane the cytoskeleton, lysosomes, and
and an inner membrane folded into plasma membrane
cristae
• The inner membrane creates two
compartments: intermembrane space
and mitochondrial matrix
• Some metabolic steps of cellular
respiration are catalyzed in the
mitochondrial matrix
• Cristae present a large surface area for
enzymes that synthesize ATP

Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy

• Chloroplasts contain the green

pigment chlorophyll, as well as
enzymes and other molecules
that function in photosynthesis
• Chloroplasts are found in leaves
and other green organs of plants
and in algae
• Chloroplast structure includes
–Thylakoids, membranous sacs,
stacked to form a granum