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Unit 1 (DCN)

The document provides an overview of networks and data communications, detailing their goals such as communication, resource sharing, scalability, and reliability. It covers the history and architecture of the Internet, protocols and standards, layered tasks in networking, and addressing methods including IP and MAC addressing. Additionally, it reviews line coding techniques for accurate data transmission.

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4 views3 pages

Unit 1 (DCN)

The document provides an overview of networks and data communications, detailing their goals such as communication, resource sharing, scalability, and reliability. It covers the history and architecture of the Internet, protocols and standards, layered tasks in networking, and addressing methods including IP and MAC addressing. Additionally, it reviews line coding techniques for accurate data transmission.

Uploaded by

roopaliagarw03
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 1: Introduction to Networks & Data Communications

Goals and Applications of Networks

 Goals of Networks:

o Communication: Enable seamless data exchange between devices.

o Resource Sharing: Allow shared use of resources like printers, files, and databases.

o Scalability: Facilitate growth without significant performance degradation.

o Reliability: Ensure data is transmitted accurately and securely.

 Applications of Networks:

o File Sharing: Exchange of documents and media across systems.

o Email and Messaging: Platforms like Gmail, Outlook, and WhatsApp.

o Remote Access: Tools like VPNs for accessing data remotely.

o Internet of Things (IoT): Smart devices connected over a network.

o Streaming Services: Platforms like Netflix and YouTube.

The Internet

 History and Evolution:

o Originated from ARPANET (1969) and evolved into the global network.

o Introduction of protocols like TCP/IP in the 1980s.

 Key Components:

o Clients: Devices requesting services (e.g., laptops, phones).

o Servers: Provide resources and data to clients.

o Routers: Forward data packets between networks.

 Internet Architecture:

o Tiered structure: ISPs (local, regional, global) interconnect to provide services.

Protocols and Standards

 What Are Protocols?

o Rules governing communication between devices.

o Examples: HTTP (web browsing), FTP (file transfer), SMTP (email).

 Importance of Standards:

o Ensure interoperability between devices and systems.

o Standardization bodies: IEEE, IETF, ITU-T.

Layered Tasks
 Concept:

o Modularize network functions to simplify design and troubleshooting.

 Key Tasks by Layers:

o Encapsulation: Wrap data with headers and trailers.

o Addressing: Assign unique identifiers (IP, MAC).

o Routing: Determine optimal data paths.

o Error Handling: Detect and correct errors in transmission.

OSI Reference Model

 Seven Layers:

1. Physical Layer: Transmit raw bits over physical media.

2. Data Link Layer: Framing, error detection, MAC addressing.

3. Network Layer: Routing, logical addressing (IP).

4. Transport Layer: Reliable delivery, error recovery (TCP/UDP).

5. Session Layer: Manage sessions (start, maintain, terminate).

6. Presentation Layer: Data translation, encryption, and compression.

7. Application Layer: Interfaces for network services (e.g., HTTP, FTP).

 Interdependencies:

o Each layer relies on the services of the layer below and provides services to the layer
above.

TCP/IP Model

 Four Layers:

1. Network Interface Layer: Corresponds to OSI’s Physical/Data Link layers.

2. Internet Layer: Handles routing and addressing (IP, ICMP).

3. Transport Layer: Manages end-to-end communication (TCP, UDP).

4. Application Layer: Protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP for user services.

Addressing

 IP Addressing:

o IPv4: 32-bit address format (e.g., 192.168.1.1).

o IPv6: 128-bit address format for scalability (e.g., 2001:0db8::1).

o Subnetting: Divide networks into smaller subnetworks.

o Supernetting: Combine multiple networks into a single address range.


 MAC Addressing:

o Unique identifier assigned to network interfaces.

o Used for communication within a local area network (LAN).

Line Coding Review

 Definition: Conversion of digital data into digital signals.

 Common Methods:

o NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero): High for 1, low for 0.

o RZ (Return-to-Zero): Signal returns to zero between bits.

o Manchester Encoding: Combines clock and data for synchronization.

 Importance: Ensures data is transmitted accurately over physical media.

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