COMPLEX NUMBER

Unit - 2
COMPLEX NUMBER

1. 1. – 1 is denoted by i, where i is a number such that i2 = –1.

Thus –2 = 2i, -3 = 3i, –4 = 2i
In fact if a < 0, then a = | a |i

2. Complex number:
Definition: An expression of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers, is called a
complex number and is usually denoted by z. x is called the real part and y the imaginary
part of z. If y = 0, z is called purely real and if x = 0, z is called purely imaginary.
Operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division involving complex numbers are
performed according to the same rules as in case of real numbers taking i2 = –1.
Example:
(i) z1 = –3 – 4i Here R (z1) = –3 and I (z1) = –4
(ii) z2 = –4i = 0 – 4i Here R(z2) = 0 and I(z2) = –4
(iii) z3 = –3 = –3 + 0i. Here R(z3) = –3 and I(z3) = 0
(iv) z4 = 0 = 0 + i0 Here R(z4) = 0 and I(z4) = 0
 Note :
1. Every real number is a complex number.
2. 0 is both purely real and purely imaginary number.
3. A complex number is an imaginary number if and only if its imaginary part is non–zero.
Here real part may or may not be zero. 3 + 2i is an imaginary number but not purely
imaginary.
4. All purely imaginary numbers except zero are imaginary numbers but an imaginary
number may or may not be purely imaginary.

3. Equality of complex numbers:

Two complex numbers x1 + iy1 and x2 + iy2 are said to be equal if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 =
y2
i.e. z1 = z2  Re(z1) = Re(z2) and Im (z1) = Im(z2)
 Note :
Inequality relation does not hold good in case of complex numbers having non–zero
imaginary parts. Hence it can not be decided that out of the two numbers 4 + 3i and –3 +
2i which one is greate

4. (a) Algebra of complex numbers:

(i) Addition: The sum of two complex numbers x1 + iy1 and x2 + iy2 is the complex
number (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2).
Thus, (x1 + iy1) + (x2 + iy2) = (x1 + x2) +i(y1 + y2)
(ii) Subtraction: The difference of two complex numbers x1 + iy1 and x2 + iy2 is the
complex number (x1 – x2) + i(y1 – y2).
Thus, (x1 + iy1) – (x2 + iy2) = x1 – x2 + i(y1 + y2)
 Note :
– (x + iy) = 0 + i0 – (x + iy)
= 0 – x + i(0 – y)
= –x + i(–y).

(iii) Multiplication: The product of two complex numbers x1 + iy1 and x2 + iy2 is the complex
number (x1x2 – y1y2) + i(x1y2 + y1x2)
Thus (x1 + iy1) (x2 + iy2) = (x1x2 – y1y2) + i(x1y2 + y1x2)
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
1
COMPLEX NUMBER

Complex numbers as ordered pairs:

An ordered pair (x, y), where x and y are real numbers is called a complex number if the
following conditions are satisfied:
(i) (x1, y1) = (x2, y2) if x1 = x2, y1 = y2
(ii) (x1, y1) + (x2, y2) = (x1 + x2, y1 + y2)
(iii) (x1, y1) (x2, y2) = (x1x2 – y1y2, x1y2 + x2y1)

(iv) Division: If x1 + iy1 and x2 + iy2 be two complex numbers and x2 + iy2  0, then
x 1 + iy 1 ( x + iy 1 ) (x 2 – iy 2 ) x 1 x 2 + y1 y 2 + i( x 2 y1 – x 1 y 2 )
= 1 =
x 2 + iy 2 ( x 2 + iy 2 ) (x 2 – iy 2 ) x 22 + y 22
x 1 x 2 + y1 y 2 i (x 2 y1 – x 1 y 2 )
= +
x 22 + y 22 x 22 + y 22

(b) Properties of Addition of Complex Numbers:

(i) Closure law: Closer law for addition holds in the set of complex numbers i.e. if z 1 and z2
are any two complex numbers then z1 + z2 is also a complex number.

(ii) Commutative law: Commutative law for addition holds in the set of complex numbers
i.e. z1 + z2 = z2 + z1.

(iii) Associative law: Associative law for addition holds in the set of complex numbers.
i.e. z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3

(iv) Additive identity : There exists a complex number 0 + i0 such that for every complex
number x + iy, (x + iy) + (0 + i0) = (x + 0) + i(y + 0)
= x + iy
Here 0 + i0 is called the additive identity.

(v) Additive inverse: For every complex number x + iy there exists a complex number –x –
iy such that (x + iy) + (–x – iy) = (x – x) + i(y – y)
= 0 + i0
= additive identity.
–x – iy is called the additive inverse of x + iy.
(c) Properties of multiplication of complex numbers:
(i) Closere property : Closure law for multiplication holds in the set of complex
numbers i.e. if z1 and z2 are any two complex numbers then z1z2 is also a complex
number.
(ii) Commutativity: Commutative law holds in the set of complex numbers i.e. z1z2 =
z2z1 for any two complex numbers z1 and z2.
(iii) Associativity: Associative law holds in the set of complex numbers i.e. z1(z2z3) =
(z1z2)z3 for any three complex numbers.
(iv) Identity: There exists complex number 1 + i.0 such that for every complex number
x + iy.
(x + iy) (1 + i . 0)
= (x . 1 – y . 0) + i (x . 0 + y . 1)
= x + iy, 1 + i . 0 is called the multiplicative identity.

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
2
COMPLEX NUMBER

(v) Inverse: For every complex number z + x + iy  0 + i . 0, there exists a complex

x – iy  x + iy 
 
number
x 2 + y2
such that ( x + iy )  x 2 + y 2  = 1 + i . 0 = multiplicative identity
 
x – iy x y
i.e. 2 –i 2 is called the multiplicative inverse of x + iy.
x +y
2 2
x +y 2
x + y2
(vi) Distributive law: Distributive law holds in the set of complex numbers i.e. for any
three complex number z1, z2, z3 z1 (z 2 + z 3 ) = z1z 2 + z1z 3

5. Conjugate of a Complex Number:

The conjugate of complex number x + iy is denoted by x + iy and is defined as
x + iy = x – iy
Examples:
(i) Let z = –3 – 4i, then z = –3 + 4i
(ii) Let z = 3 = 3 + 0i, then z = 3 – 0i = 3
(iii) Let z = 4i, then z = – 4i

Note:
(i) A complex number z is purely real if and only if z = z.
(ii) A complex number z is purely imaginary if and only if z = – z
z+z
(iii) R (z) =
2
z–z
(iv) I(z) =
2i

6. Modulus of a Complex Number:

The modulus of a complex number x + iy is denoted by | x + iy| and is defined as
| x + iy| = x 2 + y 2 = non–negative square root of (x2 + y2).
Example :
Let z = 3 – 4i, then | z |= 32 + (–4) 2 = 5
7. Argument of Amplitude of a Complex Number:
The argument or amplitude of a complex number z = x + iy is the value of  which satisfies
the two equations
x y
cos  = and sin  =
x +y
2 2
x + y2
2

Argument of z is denoted by argument z or amplitude z.

There will be infinite number of values of  satisfying the above equations and all these
values will be argument of z but usually we take only that value of  for which 0    2 .
There will be only one value of  between 0 and 2 (0 included) satisfying the above two
equations. If this value of  is , then arg z = .
General value of arg z is denoted by Arg z and Arg z = 2n + , n  I.

 Note :
Argument of 0 is not defined.
Examples:
(i) Let z = –1 – i, here x = –1, y = –1

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
3
COMPLEX NUMBER

x 1
Now cos  = – =–
x +y
2 2 2
3 5
 = , (between 0 and 2)
4 4
y 1 5 7
and sin  = =– ,  = ,
x +y
2 2 2 4 4
5
Since  = satisfies both the equations
4
5
 arg z =
4
5
And general value of arg z = 2n + , where n = 0, 1, 2, …..
4
(ii) Let z = –1 + 3i, here x = –1, y = 3
x 1
Now cos  = =–
x +y
2 2 2

2 4 y 3
 = , and sin  = =
3 3 x 2 + y2 2
 2
 = ,
3 3
2
Since the value of  satisfying both the equations is
3
2
 arg z =
3
2
General value of arg z = 2n + , n = 0, 1, 2…..
3

Another way of finding argument of a complex number:

y 
1. Take tan  = and from this find the value of  lying between 0 and .
x 2
Y
(+,+)
(-,+) 
−

X'   X
 
O
+
(-,-) 2−
(+,-)
Y'
2. Then find the which quadrant the point z lies.

3. Argument of z will be ,  – ,  + , or 2 –  according as the point z lies in the 1st,

2nd, 3rd, or 4th quadrants.
Clearly

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
4
COMPLEX NUMBER

y y y y
arg (x + iy) = tan −1 ,  – tan −1 ,  + tan −1 , 2 – tan -1
x x x x
according as x + iy lies in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th quadrants respectively.

Examples:
(i) Let z = –1 – i, here x = –1, y = –1
y –1   
Now tan  = = =1  =  between 0 and 
x –1 4  2
Since the point z = –1 – i  (–1, –1) lies in the 3 quadrant
rd

 5
 arg z =  +  =  + =
4 4
(ii) z = –1 + 3i, here x = –1, y = 3
y 3 
Now tan  = = = 3  =
x –1 3
( )
Since the point z = –1 + 3i i.e. – 1, 3 lies in the 2nd quadrant.
 2
 arg z =  –  =  – =
3 3

8. Principal value of the argument:

There are infinite number of values of  satisfying the two equations
x y
cos  = and sin  =
x +y
2 2
x + y2
2

But there will be a unique value of  such that – <   .

The value of argument  satisfying the inequality – <    is called the principal value of the
argument.
Example:
(iv) Let z = –1 – i , here x = –1, y = –1.
5
As found above arg z =
4
5 3
 Principal value of arg z = – 2 = –
4 4

 Note :
If arg z lies between – and  ( inclusive), then this value itself is the principal value or agr
z. If not, see whether arg z >  or  –. If arg z > , go on subtracting 2 until it lies
between – and ( inclusive).
If arg z  –, go on adding 2 until it lies between – and ( inclusive). The value thus
obtained will be the principal value of arg z.
y y y y
Clearly principal value of arg z = tan −1 ,  – tan −1 , tan −1 –  and - tan -1
x x x x
according as x + iy lies in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrants respectively.
(v) Let z = –1 + 3i .
2
As found above, arg z =
3
2
 Principal value of arg z = .
3
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
5
COMPLEX NUMBER

9. Polar form of a complex number:

Every non–zero complex number z = x + iy can be put in the form r(cos  + i sin ), where r =
| z | and  = arg z.
This form r(cos  + i sin ) is called the polar or trigonometrical form of the complex number
z.
Example:
Let z = –1 – i, then
5
| z | = 2 and arg z =
4
 5 5 
Polar form of z is 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4 
  3   3 
Taking principal value of arg z, 2 cos –  + i sin  –  is also the polar form of z.
  4   4 
 3 3 
Note : Although – 1 – i = 2  cos – i sin 
 4 4 
But it is not the polar form of z.

10. Properties of conjugates:

 z1  z1
(i) z1z 2 = z1 .z 2 (ii)   = (iii) z n = (z) n
 z2  z2
(iv) z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 (v) z1 – z 2 = z1 – z 2 (vi) z=z
z+z z–z
(vii) R (z) = (viii) I( z ) =
2 2i

11. Properties of modulus :

z1 | z1 |
(i) | z1 z 2 |=| z1 | | z 2 | (ii) =
z2 | z2 |
(iii) | z n |=| z | n (iv) | z1 + z 2 |  | z1 | + | z 2 |
Equality holds if and only if origin, z1 and z2 are collinear and z1 and z2 are on the same side
of the origin.
(v) | z1 – z 2 |  | z1 | – | z 2 |
| z1 – z 2 |  | z 2 | – | z1 |
Thus | z1 – z 2 |  | z1 | – | z 2 |
Equality holds if and only if origin, z1 and z2 are collinear and z1, z2 are on the same side of
the origin.
(vi) zz =| z | 2 (vii) | z |=| z |

12. Properties of Argument:

(i) arg (z1 z2) = arg z1 + arg z2 (ii) arg (zn) = n (arg z)
z 
(iii) arg  1  = arg z1 – arg z2
 z2 

13. Any root of an imaginary number is an imaginary number:

Explanation: Let x + iy be an imaginary number, where y  0.
If possible let (x + iy)1/n = a (a real number)
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
6
COMPLEX NUMBER

Then x + iy = an = a real number (not possible as y  0)

14. (a). Eular’s formula:

(i) e i = cos  + i sin 
(ii) e – i = cos  – i sin 
(b) Demoiver’s theorem: If n is a positive integer, then
(i) (cos  + i sin ) n = cos n + i sin n
2r +  2r + 
(ii) (cos  + i sin )1 / n = cos + i sin , r = 0, 1, 2, 3,…., (n – 1)
n n

15. Cube roots of unity:

Cube roots of unity are 1, , 2, where
– 1 + 3i – 1 – 3i – 1 – 3i – 1 + 3i
= and  2 = or  = and  2 =
2 2 2 2

Properties :
(i) 1 +  + 2 = 0
(ii) 3 = 1
(iii) If n is a positive integer, then  n =  r , where r is the remainder when n is divided by 3.
(iv) If  be one cube root of a number, then its other cube roots are  and 2.
(v) Every real number has three cube roots, one of them is real and remaining two are
imaginary.
(vi) If n  I, then 1 + n + 2n = 3 or 0 according as n is a multiple of 3 or not.

16. nth roots of unity:

nth roots of unity are:
1, ,  2 ,  3 ,...,  n –1 , where  = e i 2 / n

Properties:
(i) 1 +  +  2 + ... +  n –1 = 0
1 – n 1 – 1
Explanation: 1 +  +  2 + ... +  n –1 = = =0 [ = e i2/n ]
1–  1– 
  n = e i 2 = cos 2 + i sin 2 = 1]
(ii) 1 .  . 2 …. n–1 = (–1)n–1

Explanation:
1.. 2 .... n –1 = 1+2+....+( n –1) = (n –1)n / 2 = (n / 2 )n −1 = (–1)n –1
i
[  = e i 2 / n  n/2 = e = cos  + i sin  = –1]
17. Square root of an imaginary number:
(i) Square root of x + iy
  
  x 2 + y2 + x x 2 + y2 – x 
+i , if xy  0
  2 2 
  

  x 2 + y2 + x

x 2 + y2 – x 
  –i , if xy  0
  2 2 
  
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
7
COMPLEX NUMBER

(ii) a b = ab only when at least one of a and b is non–negative.

18. Argand plane and Geometrical representation of Complex Numbers:
Let O be the origin and OX and OY be the x– axis and y–axis respectively.
Y


z = x + iy
P(x, y)
y
X' X
O x L

Y'
Corresponding to each complex number x + iy there will be one and only one point P (x, y) in
the xy–plane.
Thus each complex number x + iy can be represented by a point P(x, y) of the xy–plane and
conversely corresponding to each point P(x, y) of the xy–plane there will be unique complex
number x + iy.
The xy–plane is called the Argand plane or Complex plane, x–axis is called the real axis
and y–axis the imaginary axis.

→
19. Each complex number z can be represented by a vector OP , where P is the point representing
the complex number z.
Y

z = x + iy


P(x, y)
X' 
X
O

Y'
→
Thus z = OP
→
 (i) | z |=| OP |=OP = distance between point representing z1 and z2.
→
(ii) arg z =  = angle which vector or OP makes with the positive direction of x–axis.
 Note :
→ →
Any other vector AB which has the same magnitude, direction and sense as that of OP
but has a different initial point also represents the complex number z.
 Note :
Complex numbers can be considered as vectors only in case of sum, difference and
modulus of complex numbers.

20. (a)
→ → →
(i) z1 – z 2 = OP– OQ = QP = vector from z2 to z1
→
(ii) | z1 – z 2 |=| QP |= QP = distance between points representing z1 and z2.

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
8
COMPLEX NUMBER

P(z1)

Q(z2)
 X
O
→
(iii) arg (z1 – z2) = angle which QP makes with the positive direction of x–axis = 
R(z3)


Q(z2)
P(z1)
 z – z1 
(b)  = arg  3 
 z 2 – z1 
Mark the arrow in anticlockwise direction after plotting the points.
→ →
Here z3 – z1 = PR and PR is the vector an which the arrow goes.
Y R(z3)

 Q(z2)
P(z1)


X
O
→ →
z 2 – z1 = PQ and PQ is the vector from which the arrow starts.
Explanation:  =  – 
 z – z1 
= arg (z3 – z1) – arg (z2 – z1) = arg  3 
 z 2 – z1 
(c) (i) In order to write down a particular angle (out of the two angles) between two
line segments first of all plot the points and mark the direction of arrow in
anticlockwise direction and then take the argument of the complex number
keeping that complex number in the numerator which is represented by the
vector on which the arrow goes and in the denominator that complex number
which is represented by the vector from which the arrow starts. But this can be
does only after the points have been actually plotted.
(ii) To express any particular angle in terms of argument actual position of
points must be taken. But if two angles in terms of arguments are to be equated,
then we need not plot the points and any figure taken may be considered as the
actual figure.
(iii) In the given figure z1, z2, z3 are represented by points A, B, C respectively.
A(z1)

 C(z3)


B(z2)
 z – z2   z – z3   z – z1 
Here  = arg  1  ,  = arg  2  and  = arg  3 
 z3 – z2   z1 – z 3   z 2 – z1 

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
9
COMPLEX NUMBER

(d) Points z1, z2, z3, z4 are concyclic

 z – z 4   z1 – z 3 
  2  .   is real
 z1 – z 4   z 2 – z 3 
D(z4) C(z3)

(z1)A B(z2)
 z – z 4   z1 – z 3 
(i) If  2    is real and positive, then z1, z2, z3, z4 are concyclic and they
 z 1 – z 4  z 2 – z 3 
are in order (clockwise or anticlockwise order)
 z – z 4   z1 – z 3 
(ii) If  2    is real and negative, then z1, z2, z3, z4 are concylic but they
 z1 – z 4   z 2 – z 3 
are not in order.
D(z4) C(z3)

 

(z1)A B(z2)

Explanation:
Points z1, z2, z3, z4 taken in order are concylic
  = –=0
 z – z4   z – z3 
 arg  2  – arg  2  = 0
 z1 – z 4   z1 – z 3 
 z – z 4   z 2 – z 3 
 arg  2    = 0
 z1 – z 4   z1 – z 3 
 (z – z 4 ) (z1 – z 3 ) 
 arg  2 =0
 (z1 – z 4 ) (z 2 – z 3 ) 
(z – z 4 ) (z1 – z 3 )
 arg 2 is real and positive.
( z1 – z 4 ) (z 2 – z 3 )
Here points z1, z2, z3, z4 are in order.

 z – z1 
21. (a)  = arg  3 
 z 2 – z1 
R(z3)


P(z1) Q(z2)

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
10
COMPLEX NUMBER

PR
(b) z 3 – z1 = ( z 2 – z 1 ) e i
PQ
R(z3)


P(z1) Q(z2)
i
z 3 – z1 = (z 2 – z1 ) e , if PR = PQ

PR
(c) z 3 – z1 = (z 2 – z1 ) e – i
PQ
 Q(z2)
P(z1)

R(z3)
Here  has been measured in clockwise direction.
→
Here z3 – z1 = PR (vector on which arrow goes)
→
z2 – z1 = PQ (vector and from which arrow goes)
Explanation:
z – z1
Let z = 3 , then
z 2 – z1
| z 3 – z 1 | PR  z 3 – z1 
r =| z |= = And arg z = arg   = 
| z 2 – z 1 | PQ  z 2 – z1 
z 3 – z1
 (i.e. z) = r (cos  + i sin ) = rei
z 2 – z1
z 3 – z1 PR i PR  PR 
Thus = e or z 3 – z 1 = (z 2 – z 1 ) i r = PQ 
z 2 – z1 PQ PQ  

(d) If z0 be the centre of a regular polygon of n sides and z be its one vertex A1, then the
vertices
C(z0)

2
An
 n
A 3

A1(z1) A2
A2, A3, ….An (proceeding in anticlockwise direction, taking actual position of points) will
be
z 0 + (z – z 0 ) , z 0 + (z – z 0 )  2 ,... z0 + (z – z0) n–1 respectively.
Where  = e i 2 / n
But if the points are taken in clockwise direction then  must be taken as e – i 2 /n

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
11
COMPLEX NUMBER

(e) If centre of the polygon is the origin and one vertex is z, then its consecutive vertices
taken in anticlockwise direction will be
z , z  2 , ...., z  n –1
where  = e i 2 /n . If the vertices are taken in clockwise direction, then  must be taken
as e – i 2/n .

22. Section formula :

If P(z) divides the line segment joining A(z1) and B(z2) internally in the ratio m : n, then
m:n

A(z1) P(z) B(z2)

mz 2 + nz1
z=
m+n
If division is external, then
mz 2 – nz 1
z=
m–n

23. (a) Equation of the line passing through the points z1 and z2 is
z z 1
z – z1 z1 – z 2
z1 z1 1 = 0 or =
z – z1 z1 – z 2
z2 z2 1

z1 z1 1
(b) Points z1, z2, z3 are collinear if and only if z 2 z2 1 = 0
z3 z3 1

(c) Equation of any line in Argand plane may be taken as az + az + b = 0 , where a is a fixed
complex number and b is a fixed real number.

(d) Equation of any circle in Argand plane may be taken as | z | 2 +az + az + b = 0 , where a is a
fixed complex number and b a fixed real number.

Centre of this circle is –a and radius = | a | 2 –b.

Explanation:
Let z0 be the centre of the circle and P(z) be any point on the circle.
P(z)


C(z0)

Then | z – z 0 |= r
or | z – z 0 |2 = r 2 or (z – z 0 ) (z – z 0 ) = r 2
or (z − z0 ) ( z − z0 ) = r 2 or zz – z 0 z – z 0 z + z 0 z 0 – r 2 = 0
or zz – z 0 z – z 0 z+ | z 0 | 2 –r 2 = 0 or z z + az + a z + b = 0 …(1)
where a = –z0, b = | z0 | – r = a real number.
2 2

Clearly centre of the circle (1) is z0 i.e. –a and radius

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
12
COMPLEX NUMBER

= | z 0 | 2 – r 2 = | a | 2 – r 2 = aa – r 2

24. Complex slope of a line:

(a) If z1 and z2 are two unequal complex numbers represented by points P and Q, then
z1 – z 2
is called the complex slope of the line joining z1 and z2 (i.e. of line PQ) and is
z1 – z 2
denoted by 
z – z2
Thus w= 1 .
z1 – z 2

(b) The two lines having complex slopes w1 and w2 are parallel if and only if w 1 = w2.

Explanation;
z1 – z 2
w1 = (complex slope of AB)
z1 – z 2
z3 – z4
w2 = (complex slope of CD)


z3 – z4


B(z2)


A(z1)
D(z4)

C(z3)
AB | | CD
 angle between AB and CD = 0 or 
 z – z1  z 2 – z1
 arg  2  = 0 or  is real
 z4 – z3  z4 – z3
 z 2 – z1   z 2 – z1  z1 – z 2 z3 – z4
   =    =  w1 = w2
 z 4 – z 4   z3 – z 4  z1 – z 2 z3 – z4

(c) The two lines having complex slopes w1 and w2 are perpendicular if and only if w1 =
– w2.

Explanation :
AB ⊥ CD

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
13
COMPLEX NUMBER

C(z3)

/2
A(z1) H B(z2)

D(z4)
  z – z4  
 angle between AB and CD =  arg  3  = 
2  z 2 – z1  2
z3 – z4 z3 − z 4
 is purely imaginary  is purely imaginary.
z 2 – z1 z1 − z 2
 z3 – z4   z – z4  z1 – z 2 z3 – z4
   = – 3   =–
z –z  z –z z1 – z 2 z3 – z4
 1 2   1 2 
 w1 = – w2
a coeff. of z
(d) Complex slope of the line az + az + b = 0 is given by w = – =–
a coeff. of z
(e) The equation of the line PQ is z – z1 = w (z – z1 )
| z1 – z 2 | | z1 – z 2 | z – z2
Clearly | w | = = = 1 =1
| z1 – z 2 | | z1 – z 2 | z1 – z 2

25. (a) Equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining z1 and z2 is
(z – z1 )(z – z1 ) = (z – z 2 ) (z – z 2 )
Explanation:
Let C be the middle point of AB. Let P(z) be any point on the perpendicular bisector of AB.
Then PA = PB  | z – z1 |=| z – z 2 |
P(z)

90º
A(z1) C B(z2)

or | z – z1 | 2 =| z – z 2 | 2 or (z – z1 ) (z – z1 ) = (z – z 2 ) (z – z 2 )

(b) Equation of the circle through three non–collinear points z1, z2, z3 is
 z – z1   z 2 – z 3   z – z 2   z1 – z 3 
  =  
 z – z  z – z   z – z  z – z 
 1  2 3   2  1 3 

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
14
COMPLEX NUMBER

P(z)

C(z3)

A(z1) B(z2)
Explanation:
Let P(z) be any point on the circle through z1, z2 and z3, then
 z 2 – z   z1 – z 3 
    is real.
 z1 – z   z 2 – z 3 
 z – z   z1 – z 3   z 2 – z   z1 – z 3  (z 2 – z ) (z1 – z 3 ) (z 2 – z) (z 1 – z 3 )
or  2    =     or =
 z1 – z   z 2 – z 3   z1 – z   z 2 – z 3  (z1 – z ) (z 2 – z 3 ) (z1 – z) (z 2 – z 3 )
 z – z 2   z1 – z 3   z – z 2   z1 – z 3   z – z1   z 2 – z 3   z – z 2   z1 – z 3 
or   =   or   =  
 z – z z – z   z – z z – z   z – z  z – z   z – z  z – z 
 1  2 3   1  2 3   1  2 3   2  1 3 

(c) The equation of the circle having centre at the point z0 and radius r is | z – z 0 |= r or
zz – z 0 z – z 0 z + z 0 z 0 = r 2
(d) The equation of the circle having z1 and z2 as the extremities of one of its diameter is
z – z1 z – z 2
+ =0
z – z1 z – z 2

26. (a) Triangle with vertices z1, z2, z3 is equilateral

 z12 + z 22 + z 32 – z1z 2 – z 2 z 3 – z 3 z1 = 0
z1 z 1' 1
(b) Triangle with vertices z1, z2, z3 and triangle with z1' , z '2 , z 3' are similar if z 2 z '2 1 =0
z3 z 3' 1

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
15
COMPLEX NUMBER

PRACTICE AT YOUR HOME

1. A(z1), B(z2) and C(z3) be the vertices of an equilateral triangle in the argand plane such that
|z1| = |z2| = |z3|. Then which of the following is false ?
z 2 + z3 z 2 − z3
(a) is purely real (b) is purely imaginary
2z1 − z 2 − z3 2z1 − z 2 − z3
z  z −z 
(c) arg  1  = 2 arg  3 2  (d) none of these
 z2   z1 − z 2 

 + 
2. If ,  are complex numbers, then the maximum value of is
()
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) > 2 (d) < 1

x2 y2 1  x y  31 x y i 
3. If the square root of 2
+ 2
+  + + is   + −  , then m is
y x 2i  y x  16 y x m
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) none of these

4. If (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + anxn, then (a0 − a2 + …..)2 + (a1 − a3 + ….)2 is equal to
1 − 2n
(a) 3n (b) 2n (c) (d) none of these
1 + 2n

n
1+ i  2  −1 1 
5. The least positive integer n for which   =  sec + sin −1 x  (where x  0, −1  x  1)
 1 − i    x 
is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8

1 − ix
6. The relation between the real number a and b, which satisfy the equation = a − ib for
1 + ix
some real value of x, is
a−b
(a) (a − b) (a + b) = 1 (b) =1
a+b
(c) a2 + b2 = 1 (d) none of these

7. If z1, z2, z3 are three distinct complex numbers and a, b, c are three positive real numbers
a b c a2 b2 c2
such that = = , then + + is
| z 2 − z3 | | z 3 − z1 | | z1 − z 2 | z 2 − z3 z3 − z1 z1 − z 2
a 2 (z 22 + z32 ) + b 2 (z32 + z1 ) 2 + c 2 (z12 + z 22 )
(a) (b) 0
z12 + z 22 + z32
a 2 (b2 − c2 )z12 + b2 (c2 − a 2 )z 22 + c2 (a 2 − b 2 )z32
(c) (d) none of these
z1z 2 + z 2 z3 + z3 z1

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
16
COMPLEX NUMBER

8. If a complex number z is satisfying the relation |z − 8 − 6i| + |z − 14 −6i|=10, then maximum

value of arg(z) is
33 − 609 33 + 609 33
(a) tan −1 (b) tan −1 (c) tan −1 (d) none of these
48 48 48

2r z +z
9. If z r = cis where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, then 0 1 =
4 z 2 + z3
(a) 1 (b) − 1 (c) i (d) − i

z−2
10. If amp. = 0 and z0 = 3 + 4i, then
2z + 3i
(a) z0 z + z0z = 12 (b) z0z + z0 z = 12 (c) z0 z + z0 z = 0 (d) none of these

11. If the complex numbers z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + ib, z3 = 0 form an equilateral triangle (a, b are real
numbers between 0 and 1), then
3
(a) a = 3 + 1, b = − (b) a = 2 − 3, b = 2 − 3
2
1 3
(c) a = , b = (d) none of these
3 4

12. The locus of the points representing the complex numbers z for which |z|−2
= | z − i | − | z + 5i | = 0 is
(a) a circle with centre at the origin (b) a st. line passing thro’ the origin
(c) the single point(0, −2) (d) none of these

13. Let z1, z2, z3 …. be a sequence of complex numbers defined by z1 = − 1 − i and z n +1 = z n2 − i

for all n  1 when i = −1 . Then | z1994 | equals to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

14. Let z = 1 − t + i t 2 + t + 2 , where t is a real parameter. The locus of z in the Argand plane is :
(a) a hyperbola (b) an ellipse (c) a st. line (d) none of these

15. Let z be a non−real complex number lying on the circle | z | = 1. Then z is equal to
 arg z   arg z   arg z 
1 − i tan   1 + i tan   2 − i tan  
(a)  2  (b)  2  (c)  2  (d) none of these
 arg z   arg z   arg z 
1 + i tan   1 − i tan   2 + i tan  
 2   2   2 

16. Given that | z − 1 | = 1, where z is a point on the Argand plane. Then

2−z z−2 z+2
(a) = i tan(arg z) (b) = i tan(arg z) (c) = i tan(arg z) (d) none of these
z z z


17. If z1 and z2 both satisfy the relation z + z = 2 | z − 1| and arg(z1 − z 2 ) = , then Im(z1 + z2) is
4
equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
17
COMPLEX NUMBER

1
18. If arg(z1/ 3 ) = arg(z 2 + zz1/ 3 ) , then | z | =
2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

19. The complex numbers z1 and z2 and the origin form an isosceles triangle with vertical angle
2
if
3
(a) z12 + z22 = z1z 2 (b) z12 + z 22 + z1z2 = 0 (c) z12 + z 22 = 3z1z 2 (d) none of these

z2
20. If is always real, then
z −1
(a) z lies only on a circle
(b) z lies only on the real axis
(c) z lies either on the real axis or on a circle
(d) none of these

21. If z satisfies | z − 1| < | z + 3 |, then  = 2z + 3 − i satisfies :

(a) |  − 5 − i | < |  + 3 + i | (b)| − 5| < | + 3| and Re () > 1

(c) Im (i) < 1 (d) |arg ( − 1) | <
2

22. If ,  and  are the roots of x3 − 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0 ( is a cube root of unity), then
 −1  −1  −1
+ + is
 −1  −1  −1
3
(a) (b) 2 (c) 22 (d) 32


23. Let a and b be two fixed non−zero complex numbers and z is a variable complex number. If
the lines az + az + 1 = 0 and bz + bz − 1 = 0 are mutually perpendicular, then
(a) ab + ab = 0 (b) ab − ab = 0 (c) ab − ab = 0 (d) ab + ab = 0 .

z1 − 2z 2
24. z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that is unimodular whereas z2 is not
2 − z1 z2
unimodular. Then | z1 | =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

25. Length of perpendicular from  to the line az + az + c = 0 (where c is real) is

| a + a + c | | a + a + c | | a + a + c | . | a |
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2|a | 2

26. Suppose z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle | z | = 2. If
z1 = 1 + 3 i and z1, z2, z3 are in the clockwise sense, then
(a) z2 = 1 − 3i ; z3 = 2 (b) z2 = 2, z3 = 1 − 3i
(c) z2 = 1 − 3i , z3 = − 2 (d) none of these

27. The common roots of the equation z3 + 2z2 + 2z + 1 = 0 and z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 are
(a) 1,  (b) 1, 2 (c) , 2 (d) none of these
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
18
COMPLEX NUMBER

28. Let z be a root of x5 − 1 = 0, with z  1 Then the value of z15+ z16 + z17 +….+ z50 is equal to :
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  (d) none of these

1  22
29. The value of 2 22 43 is equal to :
3 33 64
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

 1  1   1  1   1  1 
30. The value of the expression  1 +  1 + 2  +  2 +   2 + 2  +  3 +  3 + 2  + .........
              
 1  1 
+  n +  n + 2  , where  is an imaginary cube root of unity, is
    
n(n 2 + 3) n(n 2 + 2) n(n 2 + 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
3 3 3

31. Value of is equal to

a) -1 b) 1
c) 0 d) None of these
32. Locus of , is
a) A circle b) A semi circle
c) A straight line d) None of these
33. If are four complex numbers represented by the vertices of a quadrilateral
taken in order such that then the quadrilateral
is
a) A square b) A rectangle c) A rhombus d) A cyclic quadrilateral
34. When is purely imaginary, the locus described by the point in the argand diagram
is a
a) Circle of radius b) Circle of radius
c) Straight line d) Parabola

35. Given if
a) b)
c) d) None of these

36. If is a polynomial of degree with rational coefficients and and 5

are three roots of , then the least value of is
a) 5 b) 4 c) 3 d) 6

37. The modulus and amplitude of are respectively

a) 256 and b) 256 and

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
19
COMPLEX NUMBER

c) 2 and d) 256 and

38. The centre of a regular polygon of sides is located at the point and one of its
vertex is known. If be the vertex adjacent to then is equal to
a)

b)

c)
d) None of these

39. If and (where ), then is

a) 0
b)

c) d)

40. If and , then lies on

a) A parabola b) A straight line
c) A circle d) An ellipse

41. If is a complex number, then represents

a) -axis
b) A circle
c) -axis
d) A line parallel to -axis
42. Let then is
equal to
a) 0
b)
c)
d)

43.
If then the value of is

a) b)

c) d)

44. is equal to
a) b)
c) d)

45. If is an imaginary cube root of unity and ,

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
20
COMPLEX NUMBER

then is equal to
a) b) c) d)

46. The equation of a circle whose radius and centre are respectively, is
a)
b)
c)
d) None of the above
47. The number of solutions for the
equations is
a) One solution b) 3 solutions
c) 2 solutions d) No solution
48. The amplitude of is
a) b) c) d)

49. If is a complex cube root of unity, then is equal to

a) 1 b) c) d) 0

Assertion-Reason

Directions: The following questions consist of two statements, one labelled the ‘Assertion
(A)’ and the other labelled the ‘Reason (R)’. You are to examine these two statements
carefully and decide if the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are individually true and if so,
whether the reason is a correct explanation of the item Assertion. Select your answer to
these questions using the codes given below and mark your answer sheet accordingly:
Codes:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

     
1. Assertion (A): If xn = cos  n  + isin  n  , then the value of x1. x2. x3…… is equal to
2  2 
-1.
Reason (R): (cosθ + i sinθ)n = cos n θ + i sin n θ.

 z −1 
2. Assertion (A): A complex number Z satisfies the condition arg  = .
 z + 1 4
y
Reason (R): The argument of a complex number Z (≠ 0) is defined as tan-1   .
x

3. Assertion (A): Two complex number z1 and z2 are such that z1 + z2 = z1 + z2.
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
21
COMPLEX NUMBER

Reason (R): z1 + z2  z1 + z2.

7−z 1
4. Assertion (A): Let z be a complex number such that f ( z ) =  f (z) = z
1− z 2
2
Reason (R): The complex number is z = 1 + 2i.

5. Assertion (A): If be a complex number such that 2

+ + 1 = 0 and 31 =
Reason (R): is not cube root of unity.

Complex Numbers

Q.No. Ans. Q.No. Ans. Q.No. Ans. Q.No. Ans. Q.No. Ans.
1 D 11 B 21 B 31 D 41 D
2 B 12 C 22 D 32 B 42 C
3 C 13 A 23 D 33 B 43 B
4 B 14 A 24 B 34 A 44 C
5 B 15 B 25 B 35 A 45 A
6 C 16 B 26 C 36 A 46 A
7 B 17 C 27 C 37 B 47 A
8 B 18 A 28 B 38 A 48 D
9 B 19 B 29 A 39 A 49 D
10 D 20 B 30 B 40 B 50

Solutions
1. Since | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 |
 OA = OB = OC
A(z1)

O
B(z2)
C(z3)

 origin is the circumcentre of equilateral triangle ABC.

z  2 z −z  
 arg  1  = AOB = and arg  3 2  = ABC =
 z2  3  z1 − z 2  3
z  z −z 
 arg  1  = 2 arg. 3 2  is true
 z2   z1 − z 2 
r2 r2
+
z 2 + z3 z2 + z3 z 2 z3
Let =  = =
2z1 − z 2 − z3 2z1 − z2 − z3 2r 2 r 2 r 2
− −
z1 z 2 z3
[ z2 z2 = r2 i.e. | z2 | = r, | z1 | = r,| z3 | = r]
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
22
COMPLEX NUMBER

z1 (z 2 + z 2 ) z 2 + z3
= | z1 z1 + z 2 z2 = z3 z3 =
2z 2 z3 − z1z3 − z1z 2 2z 2 z3
− z 2 − z3
z1
z z
Now  =  if 2 2 3 = 2z1
z1
i.e. if z 2 z3 = z12 i.e. if re2 / 3 .re4 / 3 = r 2
2 2
i.e. if r = r which is true.
  is wholly real i..e. (a) is true.
Similarly (b) is true
Hence (d) is correct

 +      |  ||  | |  ||  | |  ||  | |  ||  |
2. = +  + = + = + =2
|  | () |  | |  | () |  ||  | |  ||  | |  ||  | |  ||  |
 (b) is correct.

2
x y i  x2 y2 1  x y  31
3. Since  + −  = 2
+ 2
+  + + [By the given condition]
 y x m y x 2i  y x  16
2
 x y  2i  x y  i 2 x 2 y 2 1  x y  31
  +  −  + + 2 = 2 + 2 +  + +
 y x  m y x  m y x 2i  y x  16
x2 y2 2i  x y  1 x 2 y 2 1  x y  31
 + +2−  + − 2 = 2 + 2 +  + +
y2 x2 m y x  m y x 2i  y x  16
 1  2  x y  1  x y  31
 2− 2  +  +  =  + +
 m  im  y x  2i  y x  16
1 31 2 1
 2 − 2 = and = i.e. m=4
m 16 m 2
 (c) is correct.


4. Since (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + anxn

 (1 + i)n = a0 + a1i + a2i2 + …. + anin = (a0 − a2 +a4+…) + i(a1 − a3 + a5 − ….)
 |(1 + i)n |2 = (a0 − a2 + a4 − ….)2 + (a1 − a3 + a5 − …..)2
 (( 2)n )2 = (a 0 − a 2 + a 4 ....)2 + (a1 − a3 + a5 − ….)2
 2n = (a0 − a2 + a4 …..)2+ (a1 − a3 + a5 − ….)2
Thus, (b) is correct.

1
5. In − 1  x  1, sec −1 = cos −1 x
x
1 
 sec −1   + sin −1 x = cos −1 x + sin −1 x =
x 2
n
1+ i 
n
 (1 + i) 2 
   =1    =1  in = 1
1− i   2 
Hence least positive integral value of n = 4.

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
23
COMPLEX NUMBER

1 − ix
6. = a − ib
1 + ix
 1 − ix = (a − ib) ( 1 + ix)= a + aix − ib + bx
 1 − a + ib = x (1 + ai + b)
(1 − a) + ib (1 − a) + ib b − i(1 + a) b(1 − a) + b(1 + a) + i[b 2 − (1 − a 2 )]
 x= = . =
b + i(1 + a) b + i(1 + a) b − i(1 + a) b 2 + (1 + a) 2
2b + i(b 2 + a 2 − 1)
=
b 2 + (1 + a) 2
 x is real if b2 + a2 − 1 = 0 i.e. if a2 + b2 = 1
 (c) is correct.

a b c
7. Let = = = K (say)
| z 2 − z3 | | z3 − z 2 | | z1 − z 2 |
 a2 = K2 | z2 − z3 |2
 a2 = K2 (z2 − z3) ( z2 − z3 )
a2
 = K 2 ( z2 − z3 )
z 2 − z3
b2
Similarly, = K 2 (z3 − z1 )
z3 − z1
c2
= K 2 (z1 − z2 )
z1 − z 2
a2 b2 c2
Adding, we get + + =0
z 2 − z3 z3 − z1 z1 − z 2
Hence (b) is correct.

8. Since z satisfies | z − 8 − 6i | + | z − 14 − 6i | = 10 …(1)

 locus of z is an ellipse with foci (8, 6) and (14, 6) and length of its major axis = 10
(x − 1) 2 (y − 6) 2
(1) can be written as + =1
25 16
 14 + 8 6 + 6 
[ centre of the ellipse  ,  = (11,6)
 2 2 
2a = 10  a=5
2ab = (14 − 8)2 + (0)2 = 6
3
 10e = 6  e=
5
 9 
b2 = a2 (1 − e2) = 25 1 −  = 16]
 25 
 16x + 25y − 352x − 300 y + 2436 = 0
2 2
….(2)
Pair of tangents of (2) from the origin can be found as
10x2 − 66xy + 48y2 = 0 …(3)
Max. and Min. arguments of z are slopes of the lines given by (3)
33 + 604
 Max. Arg. z = tan −1
48

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
24
COMPLEX NUMBER


cis + cis
9. z 2 + z1 = 2 = 1 + i = −1
3 −1 − i
cis + cis
2

z−2 (x − 2) + iy
10. =
2z + 3i 2x + i(2y + 3)
 z−2 
Amp.   = amp.[(x − 2) + iy] − amp. [2x + i (2y + 3) ]
 2z + 3i 
y 2y + 3 y 2y + 3
 0 = tan −1 − tan −1  =
x−2 2x x−2 2x
 3x − 4y = 6
z0 z = (3 + 4i) (x + iy) = (3x − 4y) + i (4x + 3y)
Find z0 z = ...., z0z = ...., z0 z = ...........
Find z0z + z0 z . This will come out to be 12

11. For equilateral triangle a2 + 1 = b2 + 1= (a − 1)2 + (1 − b)2

 a = b and
a2 + 1 = (a − 1)2 + (1 − a)2 = 2 (a − 1)2 = 2a2 − 4a + 2
 a2 − 4a + 1 = 0
4  16 − 4
 a= =2 3
2
Since 0 < a < 1,  a = 2 − 3, b = 2 − 3

12. | z | − 2 = | z − i | − | z + 5i | = 0
|z|−2=0  |z|=2
 x2 + y2 = 4 …(1)
Again | z − i | = | z + 5i |
 | x + iy − i | = | x + iy + 5i |
 x2 + (y − 1)2 = x2 + (y + 5)2
 x2 + y2 − 2y + 1 = x2 + y2 + 10y + 25
 12y = − 24  y = − 2 …(2)
(1) and (2) meet if x2 + 4 = 4
i.e., x=0
 reqd. locus is a single pt. (0, −2)

13. zn+1 = z 2n − i for all n1

z2 = z12 − i = ( − 1 − i )2 − i = 1 + i2 + 2i − i = i
z3 = z22− i = i2 − i = − 1 − i
z4 = i, z5 = − 1 − i, z6 = i and so on.
Then zn = i if n is even.
 | z1994 | = | i | = 1

14. x + i y = 1 − t + i (t2 + t + 2)
 x = 1 − t, y = t2 + t + 2
 t=1−x and y2 = t2 + t + 2
= (1 − x) + (1 − x) + 2
2

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
25
COMPLEX NUMBER

= 1 + x2 − 2x + 1 − x + 2
2
 3 7
y = x − 3x + 4 =  x −  +
2 2

 2 4
2
 3 7
y2 −  x −  = , which is a hyperbola.
 2  4
15. Since | z | = 1  z = cos  + i sin 
Where arg z = 
1 − tan 2  / 2 2 tan  / 2
Now z = + i.
1 + tan  / 2
2
1 + tan 2  / 2
2
   1 + i tan  arg z 
 1 + i tan  1 + i tan  
1 − tan  / 2 + 2i tan  / 2
2
 2 2 =  2 
= = =
1 + tan 2  / 2       arg z 
1 + i tan 1 − i tan  1 − i tan 2 1 − i tan  
 2  2  2 

16. Since | z − 1 | = 1
 z − 1 = cos  + i sin 
i.e. z = 1 + cos  + i sin 
  
= 2cos 2 + 2isin cos
2 2 2
  
= 2cos  cos + i sin 
2 2 2
 
arg z =  i tan (arg z) = i tan
2 2
Also z − 2 = − 1 + cos  + i sin 
  
= −2sin 2 + 2isin cos
2 2 2
  
= 2isin  cos + isin 
2 2 2
z−2 
 = i tan = i tan(arg z)
z 2
z−2
Thus, = i tan ( arg z )
z

17. Let z=x+iy

z+z
 =x
2
z+z
Also from the given relation =| z − 1|=| x + iy − 1|
2
i.e. x = | ( x − 1) + iy |
 x2 = ( x − 1)2 + y2
= x2 − 2x + 1 + y2
 2x = 1 + y2
If z1 = x1 + iy1, z2 = x2 + iy2
Then 2x1 = 1 + y12 ; 2x2 = 1 + y 22
 2 | x1 − x 2 |= y12 − y22 = (y1 + y2 )(y1 − y2 )

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
26
COMPLEX NUMBER


But arg | z1 − z 2 |=
4
y1 − y 2 
 tan −1 =
x1 − x 2 4
y1 − y 2 
 = tan = 1
x1 − x 2 4
 2 = (y1 + y2) . 1
 y1 + y2 = 2
 Im(z1 + z2) = 2

18. ( ) 1
(
Arg z1/ 3 = Arg z 2 + zz1/ 3
2
)
 (
2Arg(z1/ 3 ) = Arg z 2 + zz1/ 3 )  Arg(z 2 / 3 ) = Arg(z 2 + zz1/ 3 ) = 0

 z 2 + zz1/ 3   z 
 Arg  =0  Arg  z 4 / 3 + 1/ 3  = 0
 z 2 / 3   z 
 
 z   4/3 z   4/3 z 
 Im  z 4 / 3 + 1/ 3  = 0   z + 1/ 3  =  z + 1/ 3 
 z   z   z 
z z (z)(z)1/ 3 z(z)1/ 3
 z4 / 3 + = (z)4 / 3 +  z4 / 3 + = (z) 4 / 3 +
z1/ 3 z1/ 3 | z |2 / 3 | z |2 / 3
1
 z 4 / 3 − (z)4 / 3 = 2/3
[(z)4 / 3 − (z)4 / 3 ]  | z |2/3 = 1 [ z z]
|z|
 |z|=1

19. Here OA = OB
2
z1 − 0 OA 3 i
 = e (By Coni−method)
z 2 − 0 OB

z1 2 2 1 3 z1 1 3
 = cos + isin =− +i  + =i
z2 3 3 2 2 z2 2 2
z12 1 z1 3 z12 z1
 + + =−  + +1 = 0
z 22 4 z2 4 z 22 z2
 z12 + z1z 2 + z 22 = 0

20. Let z = x + iy
z2
Since is real = K (say) where K  R
z −1
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
27
COMPLEX NUMBER

(x + iy) 2
 =K
x + iy − 1
 x2 + 21xy − y2 = K(x − 1) + iKy
 x2 − y2 = K (x − 1) …(1)
2xy = Ky …(2)
(2) gives either y = 0 or K = 2x
If K = 2x, then x2 − y2 = 2x2 − 2x
 x2 + y2 − 2x = 0 which is a circle.
Thus z lies either on the real axis y = 0 or on a circle.

21. Since |z−1|<|z+3|

 | z − 1 |2 < | z + 3 | 2
 (z − 1) ( z − 1) < (z + 3) ( z + 3)
 zz − z − z + 1 < zz + 3z +3z + 9
 − 8 < 4z + 4 z
−3+i −3−i + −6
 −2 < z + z = + =
2 2 2
 −4   +  − 6
 2 +
+ +
 1  1
2 2
 Re () > 1
Again |  − 5 |2 < |  + 3 |2
If (  − 5)(  − 5)  (  + 3)(  + 3)
i.e. if  − 5 − 5 + 25   + 3 + 3 + 9
i.e. if 16 < 8 + 8 
i.e. if 2 <  +  , which is true.
Thus |  − 5 | < |  + 3 | and Re () > 1

22. x3 − 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0
 (x − 1)3 + 8 = 0  (x − 1)3 = (−2)3
3
 x −1  x −1
   =1  = (1)1/ 31, , 2
 −2  −2
 x = 1 − 2, 1 − 2, 1 − 22, = −1, 1 − 2, 1 − 22
  = − 1,  = 1 − 2,  = 1 − 22
  − 1 = 2,  − 1 = − 2,
 − 1 = −2 2
 −1  −1  −1 −2 −2 −22
+ + = + +
 − 1  − 1  − 1 −2 −22 −2
1 1
= + + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 32.
 

23. az + az + 1 = 0 …(1)
bz + bz − 1 = 0 …(2)
(1) and (2) are ⊥ if ab + ab = 0

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
28
COMPLEX NUMBER

z1 − 2z 2
24. Clearly =1
2 − z1 z2
 z1 − 2z 2  z1 − 2z2 
    =1
 2 − z1 z2  2 − z1z 2 
 z1z1 − 2z1z2 − 2z1z2 + 4z2 z2 = 4 − 2z1z2 − 2z1z2 + z1z2 z1z2
 | z 1 |2 + 4 | z 2 |2 = 4 + | z 1 |2 | z 2 |2
 | z1 |2 [1 − | z2 |2 ] = 4 [ 1 − | z2 |2 ]
 | z 1 |2 = 4 [ | z2 |  1]  | z1 | = 2
25. Putting a =  + i, z = x + iy, the given line becomes 2 (x + y) + c = 0
Let  = x1 + iy1 i.e., (x1, y1)
| 2(x1 + y1 ) + c | | a + a + c |
 reqd. length of perpendicular = =
2  2 + 2 2|a |
Hence (b) is correct.


26. We have z1 − z 2 = (z 3 − z 2 )e i 2

i
z 2 − z 3 = (z1 − z 3 )e 3

z 3 − z1 = (z 2 − z1 )e −i 3
z3
/3

2 2

/3 /3
z1 z2
2
Again | z − 0 | = 2
represents a circle with origin (centre) at 0 + 1.0 and radius 2.
Im(z)

z1 (1 + 3i)

z3
O
Re(z)

z2
2
−i
Now z 2 = z1e 3
 1 3   1 + 3i   1 − 3 + 2 3i 
(
= 1 + 3i  − − )i  (
= − 1 + 3i  )  = −   = 1 − i 3i
 2 2   2   2 
4
−i
z3 = z1e 3

 1 3 3i 2 − 1 −4
= (1 + 3i)  − + i  = = = −2
 2 2  2 2
Hence (c) is correct.
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
29
COMPLEX NUMBER

27. z3 + 2z2 + 2z + 1 = 0 …(1)

 (z + 1) (z2 + z + 1) = 0
 z = − 1, , 2 are the roots of (1).
Again when z = −1, z1985 + z100 + 1
= (−1)1985 + (−1)100 + 1
= −1 + 1 + 1 = 1  0
When z = , z1985 + z100 + 1
= 1985 + 100 + 1
= (3)661 2 + (3)33.  + 1
= 2 +  + 1
=0 [ 3 = 1]
When z =  , z2 1985
+ z100 + 1
= (2)1985 + (2)100 + 1
= 3970 + 200 + 1
=  + 2 + 1 = 0
Hence common roots are , 2
 (c) is correct.

28. Since z is root of x5 − 1 = 0

 z5 − 1 = 0 i.e. z5 = 1
Clearly z , z , ….. , z are in G.P. with common ratio z and number of terms = 36
15 16 50

z15 (1 − z36 )
 z15 + z16 + …. + z50 =
1− z
(z5 )3 (1 − (z 5 )7 .z) (1 − z)
= =1 =1
1− z 1− z

1  22
22 −  4 − 22
29. Operate R3 − 3R1, we get 0 22 −  4 − 22 =
3 − 3 6 − 62
0 3 − 3 0 − 62
= (12 − 12−62 + 6) − (12 − 12−62 +6)=0

 1  1 
30. TK =  K +  K + 2  = ( K + 2) (K + )
    
= K2 + K(2 + ) + 3
= K2 − K + 1
n n
 Sn =  TK =  (K 2 − K + 1)
K =1 K =1
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) n(2n 2 + 3n + 1) − 3n 2 − 3n + 6n n 3 + 2n n(n 2 + 2)
= − +n = = =
6 2 6 3 3
31. (d)

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
30
COMPLEX NUMBER

32. (b)
We have,

It is clear from the figure that it a semi circle

33. (b)

Diagonals bisect each other

Given that,
Angle at
So, it form a rectangle

34. (a)
Let

Since, it is purely imaginary, therefore real part must be equal to zero

It represents the equation of circle and its radius

Therefore, locus of in argand diagram is a circle of radius

35. (a)
We have,
Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
31
COMPLEX NUMBER

By componendo and dividendo

or

and
[this is obviously true]
The condition is

or
or

36. (a)
Since, and 5 are the some roots of polynomial of degree . As
we know that conjugate are also the roots of the polynomial. Therefore, and
are also the roots of the polynomial.
The least value of is 5
37. (b)
Let

Modulus and amplitude

38 (a)
Let be the vertex with affix . There are two possibilities of can be obtained
by rotating through either in clockwise or in anti-clockwise direction.

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
32
COMPLEX NUMBER

39. (a)
Since, and

40. (b)
Since, =1

[put ]

Which shows that lies on a straight line.

41. (d)

is perpendicular bisector of

42. (c)
We have,

and

43. (b)

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
33
COMPLEX NUMBER

44. (c)

45. (a)

46. (a)
Equation of circle whose centre is and
radius is , is

47. (a)
Let

put

Taking Ist and IInd terms

…(i)
Taking IInd and IIIrd terms
…(ii)
Taking Ist and IIIrd terms
…(iii)
From Eq. (i),
From Eqs. (i) and (iii),
On putting the value of and in Eq. (ii), we get

One solution exists.

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
34
COMPLEX NUMBER

48. (d)
Let

49. (d)

Assertion –Reason
Solution

            
1. x1 .x 2 .x 3 .....xn =  cos + i sin   cos 2 + i sin 2  ..... cos  n  + i sin  n 
 2 2  2 2  2  2 
       
= cos  + 2 + .... + n  + i sin   + 2 + ... + n 
2 2 2  2 2 2 
1 1 1  1 1 1 
= cos   + 2 + ... + n  + i sin  + 2 + ... + n 
2 2 2  2 2 2 
 1 1 1 1/2 
= cos  + i sin   2 + 22 + ... + 2n = 1 − 1/2 = 1
 
= −1
 ( a ) is true.

z − 1 x + iy − 1
2. Let z = x + iy, then =
z + 1 x + iy + 1

=
( x − 1) + iy ( x + 1) − iy
. =
(x 2
+ y 2 − 1) + i ( 2y )
( x + 1) + iy ( x + 1) − iy ( x + 1)
2
+ y2
z −1 
Since arg . =
z +1 4
 2y
tan = 2
4 x + y2 − 1
2y
 1= 2  x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 2y
x + y2 − 1
 x 2 + y 2 − 2y − 1 = 0
Which represents a circle.
 ( a ) is true.

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
35
COMPLEX NUMBER

3. Put z1 = r1ei , z 2 = r2ei

1 2

 z1 = r1 , z 2 = r2
Arg z1 = 1 , Arg. z 2 = 2
Now z1 + z 2 = r(cos 1 + i sin 1 ) + r2 ( cos 2 + i sin 2 )

( r1 cos 1 + r2 cos 2 ) + ( r1 sin 1 + r2 sin 2 ) = r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 cos ( 1 − 2 )

2 2
=

= r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 if 1 − 2 = 0 = r1 + r2 if 1 = 2

= z1 + z 2 if Arg. z1 = Arg. z 2
i.e. if Arg. z1 − Arg. z 2 = 0
 ( c ) is true.

7−z
4. f (z) = where z = 1 + 2i
1 − z2
 z = 1+ 4 = 5
7−z 7 − 1 − 2i 6 − 2i 6 − 2i 3−i
f (z) = = = = =
1− z 2
1 − (1 + 2i )
2
1 − (1 − 4 + 4i ) 4 − 4i 2 − 2i

3−i 3−i 9 +1 10 5 1
f (z) = = = = = = z
2 − 2i 2 − 2i 4+4 2 2 2 2
1
Hence f (z ) = |z |
2
 (a ) is true.

2
5. Since + +1=0
−1  1 − 4 −1  3i
 = = =  or 2
2 2
Take =
31 = 31 = 30 .  = ( 3 ) . = (1) . =  = 
10 10


 = 2   31 = ( 2 )
31
Take = 62 = 60 .2 = (1) 2 = 2 = 
Hence 31 = .
 ( c ) is true.

Reg. & Corp. Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.)-324005
Website : www.resonance.ac.in | E-mail : [email protected]
Toll Free : 1800 258 5555 | CIN: U80302RJ2007PLC024029
36