Transformers

What is a Transformer
• A transformer is an electrical apparatus
designed to convert alternating voltages from
one voltage to another. It can be designed to
"step up" or "step down" voltages and works
on the magnetic induction principle.
Some Transformer types
• Air-core
transformers
are unsuitable
for use in
power
distribution, but
are frequently
employed in
radio-
frequency
applications
Some Transformer types
• In general,
transformers have
iron cores. This
will help majority
of the flux link
through
secondary
winding
 Some Transformer types
Auto Transformer (VARIAC)

• Autotransformer has only one single

voltage winding which is common to both
sides. This single winding is “tapped” at
various points along its length to provide a
percentage of the primary voltage supply
across its core. A autotransformer can also
be used to step the supply voltage up or
down by reversing the connections.
 Some Transformer types
Transformers in Power Supplies

• In a basic power supply the input power

transformer has its primary winding connected to
the mains (line) supply. A secondary winding,
electro-magnetically coupled but electrically
isolated from the primary is used to obtain an AC
voltage of suitable amplitude.
Some Transformer types
Isolation Transformers
The isolation transformers
operate in the same way as
other transformer types. But
the main task is to provide the
isolation in the electrical
system. This means that the
primary and secondary voltage
values are equal in solation
transformer. This is obtained
with an same number of turns
on the primary and secondary
windings. This will help to
reduce spikes in the
secondary.
 Instrument Transformers
• Instrument Transformers are used in AC system
for measurement of electrical quantities i.e.
voltage, current, power, energy, power factor,
frequency. Instrument transformers are also used
with protective relays for protection of power
system.
• Basic function of Instrument transformers is to
step down the AC System voltage and current.
The voltage and current level of power system is
very high.
 Instrument Transformer Types
• Current Transformer (C.T.)
• Potential Transformer (P.T.)
 Some Transformer types
Current Transformer (CT)

CT is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is

proportional to the current being measured in its primary. This is used to measure high
currents. The secondary winding will supply a current to an ammeter. Secondary circuit
gets reduced current in proportion to primary currents. Secondary side should not left
open as the voltage is dangerously high. Most current transformers have a the standard
secondary rating of 5 amps with the primary and secondary currents being expressed as a
ratio such as 100/5. This means that the primary current is 20 times greater than the
secondary current so when 100 amps is flowing in the primary conductor it will result in 5
amps flowing in the secondary winding
Current Transformer Connections
Potential Transformer
• Primary of
P.T. is having
large no. of
turns.
Primary is
connected
across the
line
(generally
between on
line and
earth).
 Pulse Transformer

Pulse transformer is used for isolation. It is to provide isolation between power

circuit and triggering circuit(an electronic circuit) as any fluctuations in the main
power source may destroy or deteriorate the triggering circuit
 Some Transformer Types

132kV to 33kV

• A power transformer is a device that transfers electrical

energy from one circuit to another without changing
the frequency. It works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction and can step up or step
down the voltage level of an alternating current (AC)
supply.
Power Transformer
33kV to 11kV
Hermitically sealed.
Hermetically sealed
oil transformers
are normally
manufactured with
a sealed tank
equipped with fins
that allow for the
expansion at the
said temperature
variations. The
tightness of the
tank is up to 0.5
Bar.
Some Transformer types
• A single phase
transformer is a type
of transformer
which operates on
single-phase power.
 Some Transformer types

A three-phase transformer is made of three sets of primary

and secondary windings, each set wound around one leg of
an iron core assembly. Essentially it looks like three single-
phase transformers sharing a joined core as in Figure below.
Three phase transformer core has three sets of windings.
Main components of a Power
Transformer
Transformer Can Explode
• May due to
insulation failure,
over voltage, surges
Thermally Induced
due to overloading,
failure of cooling
system, blockage of
axial spaces or over
excitation(over
voltage or under
frequency) and many
other reasons
 Protection Devices For Transformers
• Buchholz (Gas) Relay
• Pressure Relay
• Oil Level Monitor Device
• Winding Thermometer
 Protection Devices For
Transformers Buchholtz Relay
 Protection Devices For Power
Transformers Buchholtz Relay
If any internal fault occurs in the transformer
like insulation failure of windings, core heating
etc. which causes heat in the main tank will be
responsible for the decomposition of
transformer oil. Decomposition makes gases and
oil level may go down. Initially the top valve
operate and activate alarm circuit. Further
decomposition will activate the second relay and
cut off the transformer from supply.
 Protection Devices For Power
Transformers Oil Level Monitor Device
Transformers with oil conservator (expansion
tank) often have an oil level monitor. Usually,
the monitor has two contacts for alarm. One
contact is for maximum oil level alarm and the
other contact is for minimum oil level alarm.
 Protection Devices For Power
Transformers- Pressure Relay
• Many power transformers with an on-tank-
type tap changer have a pressure protection
for the separate tap changer oil compartment.
This protection detects a sudden rate-of-
increase of pressure inside the tap changer oil
enclosure.
 Protection Devices For Transformers
Thermometers
• Thermometers detect winding temperature as
well as oil temperature. If there is a sudden
increase, in several steps it activates signals
and finally isolate the transformer from supply
lines.
Power Transformer Construction Core
Types
Core Type

Shell Type
Power Transformer Construction core
lamination

• These
laminatio
ns will
reduce
eddy
currents
in the
core
Transformer Actions
Transformer Actions
 Voltage Induced in a Transformer
• When an alternating
voltage V1 (ex.100V) is
applied to the primary, an
alternating flux is set up
in the core.
• This alternating flux links
both the windings and
induces EMFs E1 and E2
in them according to
Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic
induction.
• The EMF. E1 is termed as
primary EMF and EMF E2
is termed as
secondary EMF
• Voltage V2 is the
secondary output voltage
 Transformer Ratios
The voltage ratio of an ideal transformer (one with no
losses) is directly related to the turns ratio, while the current
ratio is inversely related to the
turns ratio:
Turns in primary
Turns in secondary
=
Voltage in primary
Voltage in secondary
=
Current in secondary
Current in primary
Transformer Ratios
 Equation of Power- Ideal Transformer
In an ideal transformer(no losses)
Power in Primary side= Power in secondary side
Primary Voltage x Primary Current= Secondary
Voltage x Secondary Current
Vp x Ip=Vs x Is
 Ideal Transformer

• No winding resistance
• No leakage flux
• No core losses
Example
?

?
 Transformers
• The following points may be noted :
(i) The transformer action is based on the laws of
electromagnetic induction.
(ii) There is no electrical connection between the
primary and secondary.
The AC. power is transferred from primary to
secondary through magnetic flux.
(iii) There is no change in frequency .Output power
has the same frequency as the input power.
EMF Equation of a Transformer
 EX
• A 200kVA 3300/240 V ,50Hz single phase
transformer has 80 turns on the secondary
winding. Assuming an ideal transformer
calculate,
• i) primary and secondary currents
• Ii) the number of primary turns
• Iii) Max. value of flux
Real Transformer dot convention
 Losses in a Practical Transformer
• Copper Losses
• Core Losses
Losses in a Practical Transformer
Losses in a Practical Transformer
 Transformer Equivalent Circuit
An equivalent circuit of a transformer is a graphical
representation of a transformer circuit in which the resistance
and leakage reactance are imagined to be external to the
winding. The exact equivalent circuit of a transformer can be
referred to the primary or secondary side.
 Equivalent circuit of a loaded
transformer referred to primary
Loaded transformer Total current in
primary side and voltage drop
 No load Losses in a Practical
CORE LOSS
CURRENT AND
MAGNETIZING
Transformer
CURRENT
No load Losses in a Practical
Transformer
 Transformer tests
• Transformer tests are done to find the
parameters of the equivalent circuit with
reasonable assumptions
• Tests are
1. Open circuit test
2. Short circuit test
Open circuit test
Short Circuit Test
Ex
 Transformer Cooling Methods
Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) Cooling
The oil natural air natural cooling is used in oil
immerged type transformers. The most of the
transformers of the medium and large ratings
have their core and windings immerged in
dielectric oil, which acts both as cooling
medium and insulating medium.

The oil immerged transformers are enclosed in

a sheet steel tank. The heat generated in the
core and windings being transferred to the oil.
The heated oil becomes lighter and rises to the
top and the cool oil takes its place from the
bottom of the transformer tank.
 Transformer Cooling Methods

Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF) Cooling

In this method of cooling, the heated oil is circulated from the top of the
transformer tank to a heat exchanger and the blast of air is forced through the heat
exchanger by turning on a fan. Then, the cool oil is returned to the bottom of the
transformer tank.

This method of cooling is used for higher rating transformers like transformers
which are used in substations and generating stations.
 Transformer Cooling Methods
• Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF) Cooling
• In the oil forced water forced cooling
method, the heated oil is circulated from the
top of the transformer tank to a heat
exchanger where the pressurized water is
used to separate the heat from the oil. The
cool oil is then returned to the bottom of the
transformer tank.
• This type of cooling is mainly used for very
large transformers with a 100 MVA ratings
like at generating stations.
Transformer Cooling Methods OFWF
EX
 Transformer Cooling
Air Natural (AN) Cooling
• The air natural (AN) cooling is used in dry type, self-cooled
transformers. In this method, the natural circulation of surrounding
air is used for cooling of the transformer. The windings of the
transformer are protected against the mechanical damages by a
sheet metal enclosure. The air natural cooling is used for low
voltage small transformers upto a few kVA.

Air Forced (AF) or Air Blast (AB) Cooling

• The air forced (AF) cooling is used in the dry type, forced-air cooled
transformers. In this method, a continuous blast of filtered cool air
is forced with the help of a fan through the core and windings of
the transformer for cooling. This method is used for cooling of the
transformers upto 15 MVA
 Example
1. A 2200/200 V transformer draws a no load primary
current of 0.6A and absorbs 400W. Find the
magnetizing current and iron loss currents.
2. The ratio of turns of a single phase transformer
primary to secondary is 8. the resistances of primary
and secondary windings are 0.85ohms and
0.125ohms respectively and leakage reactances are
4.8ohms and 0.07ohms respectively. Find the voltage
to be applied to primary to obtain a current of 150A
in secondary when the secondary terminals are short
circuited ignoring magnetizing current