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Islam And Science

Unit ist

Lesson no 1
A survey of relevant Quranic verses related to the universe.

Introduction

Short Note on the Origin of the Universe

• Big Bang Theory: Modern science suggests that the universe began around 13.7 billion years ago from a
very dense and hot point, almost like “nothing.” Before this, there was no space, time, matter, or energy.
• Expansion of the Universe: After the Big Bang, the universe started expanding, meaning space itself
grew. This led to the gradual formation of stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies.
• Quranic Reference: The Quran refers to the universe as “as-samawat wal-ard,” meaning the heavens and
the earth, which aligns with the scientific understanding of the universe.
• Connection Between Science and Quran: The Quran’s description of the universe and its creation is
consistent with modern scientific theories, showing harmony between faith and science.

Q no 1: A survey of relevant Qur’anic Verses Related to the Universe

The Qur’an gives great attention to the creation of the universe and contains detailed descriptions of its stages.
These descriptions align closely with modern scientific discoveries, many of which were made only in the last 60
years. It is remarkable how a book revealed in the 7th century contains information that matches current scientific
knowledge, which was not known to humans at that time. This has led many unbiased observers to conclude that
the Qur’an could not have been written by a human being.

The Big Bang and Qur’anic Reference

Scientific evidence suggests that the universe began with a massive explosion called the Big Bang, which brought
space, time, and matter into existence. This theory, which replaced the Steady State Theory, was developed in the
1920s by Alexander Friedmann, a Russian meteorologist, and Georges Lemaitre, a Belgian mathematician. The Big
Bang originated from an extremely dense point known as a singularity.

The Qur’an refers to this in Surah Al-Anbiya (21:30):

“Do not the unbelievers see that the skies (space) and the earth (matter) were joined together (as one unit of
creation) and we ripped them apart?”

This verse describes the joining and separation of matter and space, aligning perfectly with the concept of the Big
Bang.
Formation of Galaxies and Stars

After the Big Bang, the universe was in the form of hot gases (mainly hydrogen and helium). These gases
condensed under gravitational pull to form galaxies. Over time, individual stars were formed within these galaxies.

The Qur’an describes this stage in Surah Fussilat (41:11):

“Then He took hold of the sky when it was smoke.”

Here, the term “smoke” accurately represents the hot gas in the early stages of the universe, as opposed to
clouds or cold gas.

Motion of Stars and Planets

Once stars were formed, their motion needed to be governed by a precise system. The kinetic energy of these
stars and planets keeps them in motion, but gravity ensures they stay in orbits instead of flying off into space.
This balance allows planets like Earth to revolve around the Sun, making life possible.

The Qur’an mentions this balance in Surah Ar-Rahman (55:5):

“The sun and the moon follow courses precisely computed.”

It further describes the balance in Surah Ar-Rahman (55:7):

“And the sky He raised and set the balance.”

Intricate Orbits and Mathematical Precision

The universe is a system of precise orbits, where planets revolve around stars, and stars orbit the centers of their
galaxies. This mathematical precision maintains order and sustains life on Earth. Without this balance, planets
would either crash into stars or drift away into space, making life impossible.

Conclusion
The Qur’an’s descriptions of the universe’s creation, the Big Bang, the formation of galaxies, and the balance of
celestial movements align with modern scientific findings. These verses highlight the divine wisdom and accuracy
of the Qur’an, offering insights far beyond the knowledge of the 7th century.

Q no 2: The creation of the heavens and the Earth

The Qur'an does not tell the story of Creation in one continuous way like the Old Testament. Instead, it talks about
different parts of Creation in verses scattered throughout the book. These verses explain the steps of Creation
with different levels of detail. To understand the full picture, we need to gather and study all these verses
together. This scattered approach is not only used for Creation but also for other topics in the Qur'an, like natural
events or human-related issues. For each topic, we must bring the verses together to fully understand them.
events or human-related issues. For each topic, we must bring the verses together to fully understand them.

Q no 3: The six periods of creation

The Six Periods of Creation and Verses 9-12, Surah 41

**The Six Periods of the Creation**

1. **Common Translation of "Yaum":**
- The Arabic word "yaum" is commonly translated as "day" in the Qur'an.
- In Surah 7:54, it is mentioned: "Your Lord is God Who created the heavens and the earth in six days."

2. **Alternate Meaning of "Yaum":**

- The word "yaum" can also mean "periods" or "long lengths of time."
- It signifies an indefinite but long duration, as supported by other Qur'anic verses like 32:5 and 70:4.

3. **Historical Perspective:**
- Early commentators noted that "yaum" might refer to long ages rather than 24-hour days.
- This interpretation aligns with Yusuf Ali's commentary, which emphasizes "very long periods or ages."

4. **Scientific Relevance:**
- Modern science confirms that the creation of the universe involved lengthy stages rather than literal days.
- While the Qur'an does not specify six exact scientific stages, it aligns with the concept of extended phases of
creation.

5. **Purpose of Using "Days":**

- It is suggested that "days" were used in the Qur'an to resonate with prevailing beliefs among Jews and
Christians at the time of Islam’s emergence, avoiding unnecessary conflict.

**Verses 9-12, Surah 41 (Summary and Analysis)**

1. **Creation of the Earth:**
- Allah created the earth in two periods.
- The verses challenge disbelief in the Creator and condemn associating partners with Him.

2. **Formation of Earth’s Features:**

- Mountains were established, and the earth was blessed.
- Sustenance was measured and provided in four periods, proportionate to needs.

3. **Creation of the Heavens:**

- The heavens initially existed as smoke (a gaseous state).
- Allah commanded the heavens and the earth to obey, and they submitted willingly.
 - Allah commanded the heavens and the earth to obey, and they submitted willingly.

4. **Seven Heavens:**
- The heavens were organized into seven layers in two periods.
- Each heaven was assigned its function through divine revelation.

5. **Adornments and Protection:**

- The lowest heaven was adorned with luminaries (stars) and provided with protective measures.
- This reflects the wisdom and power of Allah.

#### **Key Themes and Reflections**

- **Submission to Divine Order:**
- The heavens and the earth’s willingness to obey Allah highlights their complete submission to His will.

- **Symbolism of Numbers:**
- The "seven heavens" may have a symbolic meaning, representing completeness and order in the universe.

- **Scientific Parallels:**
- The gaseous state of the heavens aligns with modern cosmological theories about the universe’s early state.

Q no 4: The Formation of the Universe and the Composition of the Worlds

1. Formation of the Universe

The Qur’an presents a summary of the creation process in two significant verses:
• Surah 21:30 explains that the heavens and the earth were once a single entity (ratq) before being
separated (fatq). This aligns with modern science, suggesting a singular origin of the universe, similar to the Big
Bang theory.
• Surah 41:11 mentions the heavens as “smoke” (dukhan), representing a gaseous state, which scientists
confirm as the early stage of the universe’s formation.

The Qur’an uses terms like “ratq” (fusion) and “fatq” (separation), indicating a scientific understanding of the
universe’s beginning. These concepts are also linked to the existence of multiple worlds, emphasizing the
vastness of creation.

2. Seven Heavens and Their Significance

The Qur’an frequently mentions “seven heavens” (samawat), symbolizing plurality rather than a fixed number.
The number 7 in Arabic and other ancient cultures often represents abundance or multiplicity. Key verses include:
• Surah 2:29 highlights God’s creation of the earth and seven heavens in harmony.
 • Surah 23:17 refers to seven paths above us, reflecting cosmic balance.
• Surah 67:3 and Surah 71:15-16 emphasize the perfection of creation, describing the sun as a lamp (siraj)
and the moon as a light (nur).

These verses highlight the precise and harmonious organization of the heavens, aligning with Newton’s law of
attraction, which explains the stability of celestial systems.

3. Existence of Multiple Earths

The Qur’an mentions the existence of multiple earths similar to our own:
• Surah 65:12 states that God created seven heavens and a similar number of earths. This idea suggests
the possibility of other habitable planets, a concept that modern astronomy is exploring.

4. Things Between the Heavens and the Earth

The Qur’an often refers to what exists between the heavens and the earth, highlighting the cosmic materials and
entities in space. Verses such as Surah 20:6, Surah 25:59, and Surah 50:38 discuss the presence of galaxies,
stars, and other phenomena between these realms. The Qur’an also emphasizes that this creation reflects God’s
omnipotence and limitless power.

Unlike the Bible, the Qur’an explicitly denies that God experienced weariness during the creation process,
affirming His infinite strength.

5. Scientific Insights in the Qur’an

The Qur’an provides numerous reflections on the heavens and the universe, many of which align with modern
scientific discoveries. Examples include:
• The differentiation between the sun as a lamp (source of energy) and the moon as a light (reflector).
• The accurate description of the early universe as a gaseous state.
• References to cosmic balance and stability, which science has only recently understood.

The Qur’an avoids the inaccuracies found in ancient cosmological theories and instead provides timeless insights
that align with modern knowledge.

6. Qur’anic Approach to Science and Creation

The Qur’an’s descriptions of the universe reveal divine wisdom far beyond the knowledge of the 7th century. It
avoids errors common in other religious texts and emphasizes reflection on God’s power and knowledge. For
example:
• The Qur’an explains that creation was completed in six stages without any fatigue, contrasting with the
Biblical narrative that mentions God resting on the seventh day.
Biblical narrative that mentions God resting on the seventh day.
• It refrains from incorporating human theories about the universe, which were later proven inaccurate.

7. Qur’an’s Miraculous Nature

The Qur’an contains around 40 verses related to astronomy, which reflect on the Creator’s glory and the
organization of the universe. These descriptions are accurate and precise, demonstrating the divine origin of the
Qur’an. Critics who claim these insights were due to the Arabs’ knowledge of astronomy fail to recognize that
advanced science in Islamic civilizations came long after the Qur’an was revealed.

Conclusion

The Qur’an provides detailed insights into the formation of the universe and its organization, aligning with modern
scientific discoveries. From the description of the heavens and earth’s separation to the existence of multiple
earths and cosmic materials, the Qur’an encourages reflection on the greatness of God’s creation. Its accuracy
and depth stand as evidence of its divine origin, making it a timeless guide for understanding the universe.

Q no 5: General reflections concerning the sky

Reflections on the Sky in the Qur'an

The Qur'an often calls attention to the sky, urging humanity to reflect on its creation, order, and significance. In
Surah Qaf (50:6), God addresses mankind, asking:
"Do they not look at the sky above them, how We have built it and adorned it, and there are no rifts in it?"

This verse highlights the flawless design of the heavens. Another verse states:
"God created the heavens without any pillars that you can see..." (31:10)
Similarly, Surah Ar-Ra'd (13:2) emphasizes:
"God is the One Who raised the heavens without any pillars that you can see, then He firmly established Himself
on the throne and subjected the sun and moon."

These verses reject the ancient belief that the sky is held up by physical supports. Instead, they direct attention
to the unseen forces maintaining celestial harmony.

The Balance in the Universe

The Qur'an repeatedly points to the divine order sustaining the universe. For instance:
"The sky (God) raised it..." (55:7)
"God holds back the sky from falling on the earth unless by His leave." (22:65)

Science shows that the equilibrium of celestial bodies depends on the gravitational forces between them. The
distance and mass of these bodies ensure stability. For example, the Moon’s gravitational pull influences Earth’s
tides. If celestial objects were too close, collisions would occur. The Qur'an attributes this precision to divine will:
"Say: Who is Lord of the seven heavens and Lord of the tremendous throne?" (23:86)

The Sun, Moon, and Stars in Divine Order

The Qur'an describes the subjection of celestial bodies to specific roles:

"The sun and moon (are subjected) to calculations." (55:5)
"For you (God) subjected the sun and the moon, both diligently pursuing their courses. And for you He subjected
the night and the day." (14:33)

This order benefits humanity in practical ways, such as marking time and aiding travel. For example, the moon’s
phases are described metaphorically:
"And for the moon We have appointed mansions till she returns like an old shriveled palm branch." (36:39)

The comparison to a curled palm branch reflects the crescent moon's shape during its cycle.

Stars and Guidance

The stars also serve practical and spiritual purposes:

"God is the One Who has set out for you the stars, that you may guide yourselves by them through the darkness
of the land and sea." (6:97)
"God sets on the earth landmarks, and by the stars (men) guide themselves." (16:16)

This guidance was especially meaningful in ancient times when people relied on celestial navigation.

Celestial Phenomena and Timekeeping

The Qur'an further emphasizes the role of celestial phenomena in understanding time:
"God is the One Who made the sun a shining glory and the moon a light, and for her ordained mansions, so that
you might know the number of years and the reckoning (of time)." (10:5)

These observations allowed early societies to develop calendars and track years. The Qur'an presents these signs
as evidence of God’s wisdom:
"Verily in this are signs for people who are wise." (16:12)

Conclusion

The Qur'an’s reflections on the sky highlight both its beauty and its role in maintaining the universe’s balance.
These verses serve as reminders of God’s power and encourage humanity to reflect on creation. By observing the
heavens, people are invited to recognize the divine order and gain a deeper appreciation of their place in the
cosmos.

Nature of heavenly bodies

Q no 6:The sun and the moon

1. Sun and Moon:

The Qur'an describes the Sun as "diya" (shining glory) and the Moon as "nur" (light).
"Diya" means bright or shining, while "nur" refers to light.

2. Qur'anic Verses:

Al-Qur'an 25:61: The Sun is called a lamp, and the Moon is a light.

Al-Qur'an 71:15-16: The Moon is a light, and the Sun is a lamp.

Al-Qur'an 78:12-13: The Sun is described as a blazing lamp.

3. Descriptions:
The Moon is "munir" (a body that gives light), which comes from the same root as "nur."
The Sun is compared to a "siraaj" (torch) or "wahhaaj" (blazing lamp).

4. Scientific Understanding:
The Sun generates its own heat and light through internal processes.
The Moon is an inert body that reflects the Sun’s light and does not produce light itself.

5. Cultural Relevance:
People in Prophet Muhammad’s time easily distinguished between the Sun (hot and blazing) and the Moon (cool
and reflective).

6. Qur'an and Science:

The Qur'anic descriptions align perfectly with modern scientific knowledge.

There is no contradiction between the Qur'an's explanation and what we know about the Sun and Moon today.

(A)The stars

1. Stars are heavenly bodies, like the Sun, that produce their own light.

2. They are involved in various physical processes, with light generation being the most noticeable.
3. The word "star" (Arabic: najm, plural nujum) is mentioned 13 times in the Qur'an.

4. The root meaning of "najm" is "to appear" or "to become visible."

5. The term refers to any visible heavenly body, whether it generates light or reflects it.

6. To specify it as a star, an extra description is often added.

7. For example, in Surah At-Tariq (86:1-3):

"By the sky and the Night-Visitor, who will tell you what the Night-Visitor is? It is the Star of piercing brightness."

Here, the star is described as "piercing brightness," referring to its ability to shine through the night.

8. The word thaqib (piercing) is used to describe a star that shines through darkness or refers to shooting stars.

9. Shooting stars are mentioned in the Qur'an (37:10) as a result of combustion (burning).

10. These verses use stars as symbols of significance, emphasizing their role in the universe.

(B) The planets

1. Planets in the Qur'an:

The Qur'an mentions celestial bodies but does not explicitly describe planets as we know them today.

2. Planets’ Characteristics:
Planets do not emit their own light; they reflect the Sun's light and orbit around it. Earth is one of them.

3. Ancient Knowledge:
Ancient people knew about five planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.

4. Modern Discoveries:
Three more planets—Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto—were discovered recently.

5. Term "Kawakib":
The Qur'an uses the word "Kawakib" (plural of Kawkab) for heavenly bodies, possibly referring to planets.

6. Joseph’s Dream:
In Surah Yusuf (12:4), Prophet Joseph sees eleven stars in his dream, but this is a symbolic vision.
In Surah Yusuf (12:4), Prophet Joseph sees eleven stars in his dream, but this is a symbolic vision.

7. Light in Surah An-Nur:

In Surah 24:35, the Qur'an compares light to a shining glass, resembling a glowing planet reflecting sunlight.

8. Planets in Other Verses:

Some verses mention celestial bodies (e.g., Surah 6:76, 82:1-2), but their exact nature is unclear.

9. Surah As-Saffat (37:6):

The Qur'an states, "We adorned the lowest heaven with planets," possibly referring to the solar system.

10. Lowest Heaven:

The "lowest heaven" might mean the solar system, as planets are the closest celestial bodies to Earth, apart from
the Sun.

11. Qur'an and Modern Science:

The Qur'an's descriptions align with modern knowledge of planets reflecting sunlight and adorning the heavens.

Q no 7: Celestial Organization

The Qur’an provides insights into celestial phenomena, particularly the orbits of the Sun and Moon, and mentions
their motion through space. Two key verses highlight these facts, emphasizing that the Sun and Moon each move
in their own orbits, without contradicting modern scientific understanding. Remarkably, the Qur’an does not
adopt the geocentric view (Earth as the center of the universe), which was widely accepted at the time of its
revelation. Instead, it presents a perspective consistent with later discoveries, showing that the Sun and Moon
follow defined paths in space.

Q no 8: The Existence of the Moon's and the Sun's Orbits

1. The Arabic word "falak" is used in the Quran and is translated as "orbit" by Hamidullah.

2. Earlier French translators of the Quran translated "falak" as "sphere", which was its original meaning.

3. Older scholars found it difficult to understand the circular paths of the Sun and Moon due to limited
astronomical knowledge.

4. Hamza Boubekeur highlighted various interpretations of "falak," such as:

An axle like a mill's rod.

A celestial sphere.
Zodiac signs.
Speed or wave.

5. Tabari, a 10th-century scholar, advised: "We should remain silent about things we do not understand."

6. The Quran introduced the concept of the orbits of the Sun and Moon, which was unknown in Prophet
Muhammad's time.

7. This concept was only explained scientifically centuries later, proving the Quran's advanced knowledge.

~Key Point
The Quran's mention of the Sun and Moon’s orbits ("falak") shows its insight beyond the knowledge of its time,
clarified later through science.

Q no 9:The Sequence of Day and Night

At one time, people believed that the Earth was the center of the universe, and the Sun moved around it. If that
belief were true, it would make sense to talk about the Sun’s movement to explain day and night. However, the
Qur’an does not mention this idea. Instead, it explains the sequence of day and night in a unique and accurate
way, as shown in these verses:
1. ”(God) covers the day with the night which is in haste to follow it …”
(Surah 7:54)
This verse describes how night follows day quickly and continuously.
2. “And a sign for them (human beings) is the night. We strip it of the day, and they are in darkness.”
(Surah 36:37)
Here, the night is presented as a sign from God. It describes how the day is taken away, leaving darkness.
3. “Hast thou not seen how God merges the night into the day and merges the day into the night?”
(Surah 31:29)
This verse explains how God causes the day and night to blend into one another in a smooth transition.
4. “He coils the night upon the day and He coils the day upon the night.”
(Surah 39:5)
This verse uses the term “coils” (from the Arabic verb kawwara), which means wrapping one thing around
another, like a turban being wrapped.

The Process of Coiling

The last two verses are especially important because they describe how night and day wrap around each other.
The word “coil” is a perfect description of what happens on Earth due to its shape and movement. The original
Arabic word kawwara means “to wrap or coil,” as one would coil a turban.

What Happens in Space?

What Happens in Space?

Astronauts, especially those who traveled to the Moon, have observed and photographed how day and night work
on Earth:
• The Sun always lights up one side of the Earth (except during an eclipse).
• The other side of the Earth remains in darkness.
• As the Earth rotates on its axis, the lit side and dark side switch places, creating day and night.
• This rotation takes 24 hours to complete.

The Qur’an’s description matches this modern understanding, even though these facts were not known when the
Qur’an was revealed. The verse about “coiling” describes the process perfectly, as if the Earth’s round shape and
rotation were already understood.

Orients and Occidents

In addition to explaining day and night, the Qur’an also talks about the concepts of “Orients” and “Occidents”
(plural forms of East and West). This means that the Sun rises and sets at different points throughout the year.

Here are some relevant verses:

1. “Lord of Orients and Occidents.” (Surah 70:40)
This verse highlights that there are multiple points where the Sun rises and sets.
2. “Lord of the two Orients and the two Occidents.” (Surah 55:17)
This refers to the two extreme points of the Sun’s rising and setting, which change with the seasons.
3. “The distance between the two Orients.” (Surah 43:38)
This verse uses the image of the two Orients to describe the vastness of space and the Earth.

What Does This Mean?

If you observe the sunrise and sunset carefully, you will notice that the Sun does not rise and set in the same
place every day. It shifts slightly throughout the year:
• In summer, the Sun rises and sets further north.
• In winter, it rises and sets further south.
• This creates the two extremes of the Orients and Occidents, with many points in between.

This phenomenon occurs because of the Earth’s tilt and orbit around the Sun.

Conclusion

The Qur’an provides an accurate and poetic description of the sequence of day and night, as well as the Sun’s
movements. It speaks about concepts like:
• The Earth’s rotation, which causes day and night to alternate.
• The “coiling” of day and night, which reflects the Earth’s round shape.
 • The multiple points of sunrise and sunset, which change with the seasons.

These descriptions align perfectly with modern scientific discoveries, even though they were revealed over 1,400
years ago. This demonstrates the depth and timeless nature of the Qur’an’s teachings about the natural world.

Q no 10: Evolution of the Heavens

The study of the universe shows a continuous process of evolution that started with the formation of primary
nebulae. These large clouds of gas and dust eventually led to the creation of galaxies, stars, and planets. The
solar system, including the Sun, is part of this ongoing evolutionary process. Modern science explains that the
universe is still evolving, with celestial bodies continuously changing.

The Qur'an, revealed over 1400 years ago, mentions similar concepts, pointing to divine omnipotence. The Qur'an
refers to the Sun and the Moon, stating that both follow fixed paths for appointed terms. These ideas are
mentioned in Surah 13:2, Surah 31:29, Surah 35:13, and Surah 39:5. Additionally, Surah 36:38 describes the Sun
as running to a "settled place" (mustagarr), indicating a destination or end point in its journey.

Modern astronomy supports these Qur'anic descriptions. The Sun, like all stars, has a lifecycle. It is currently in
its early stage, where hydrogen atoms are being converted into helium through nuclear reactions. Scientists
estimate that the Sun is about 4.5 billion years old, and this phase of hydrogen conversion is expected to last
another 5 billion years. After this, the Sun will expand, cool, and enter its next stage. In the final stage, it will
shrink into a "white dwarf," a dense and dim star. This evolutionary process shows that the Sun, like other stars,
has a beginning, a middle, and an end.

The Qur'an’s reference to the Sun’s "settled place" aligns with the scientific understanding of stellar evolution. It
implies that the Sun is not static but constantly moving and changing. The Moon, too, follows a specific path in
relation to the Sun. These ideas reflect the divine order in the universe and show how celestial bodies are subject
to Allah’s command.

Modern data also reveal that the solar system's conditions will not remain the same in the distant future. Stars,
including the Sun, undergo predictable changes, eventually reaching their final stages. This understanding
supports the Qur'anic concept of appointed terms for celestial bodies.

The comparison between Qur'anic verses and modern science highlights the compatibility of divine revelation
with scientific discoveries. The Qur'an provides timeless truths about the universe, which modern astronomy has
only recently been able to confirm.

Q no 11: The expansion of the universe

The universe is expanding, which is one of the greatest scientific discoveries. This means galaxies are moving
away from each other. Scientists noticed this through a "redshift" in the light from galaxies, showing they are
moving further apart.

This idea comes from Einstein’s theory of relativity and is supported by observations in space. As the universe
grows, galaxies move faster the farther they are from us, sometimes even near the speed of light.

The Qur'an mentions something similar in Surah 51, verse 47: "The heaven, We have built it with power. Verily, We
are expanding it." Here, the word "heaven" (sama') refers to the universe, and the verse aligns with modern
science’s concept of an expanding universe.

Lesson no 2
The origin of the life

Introduction

There are two main ideas about how life started:

1. Biogenesis: This idea says that life always comes from other life. For example, animals, plants, and
humans all come from living parents.
2. Abiogenesis: This idea says that life started from non-living things. A long time ago, on the early Earth,
chemical reactions may have created the first living things.

Scientists believe that abiogenesis is a strong possibility, but they have not proven exactly how life began. Once
life started, it became easier to study how it evolved from simple cells into the many different plants, animals, and
humans we see today.

However, most Muslims and Christians believe that life began because God created it. They believe God made the
first living beings. Some people also believe in evolution but think that God guided the process with His wisdom
and plan.

In simple terms, there are two big ideas: one says life came from non-living things, and the other says life was
created by God. Scientists and believers try to understand this in their own ways.

Q no 1:A survey of relevant Quranic verses related to the origin of life

The Qur’ān provides a profound and multi-layered explanation of the origin of life, which becomes clearer as
human knowledge advances. Its teachings emphasize Allah’s infinite wisdom, power, and the purpose of creation.

1. Qur’ān’s Universality
• The Qur’ān explains life in a way that is relevant for all times.
 • It holds deep knowledge that can be understood better as science progresses.
• Allah invites humans to reflect on their creation to realize the truth of the Hereafter.

2. Life Originates from Water

• The Qur’ān declares that all living beings are created from water (21:30).
• Science confirms that water is essential for life:
• 80% of a cell is made of water; the rest is carbon and other matter.
• Reproduction in animals starts with the transfer of fluids like sperm and egg.
• Without water, life cannot exist.

3. Creation from Clay

• Adam was created from clay (15:26), which represents carbon and water, the building blocks of life.
• Just as clay combines soil and water to form a moldable material, cells combine carbon and water to
form life.
• This process highlights the simplicity yet sophistication of Allah’s creation.

4. Human Reproduction
• The Qur’ān explains that humans descend from a “despised fluid” (32:7-8), referring to sperm.
• This fluid carries life and symbolizes Allah’s creative power.

5. Scientific Compatibility
• Qur’ānic descriptions align with modern scientific findings about life and the universe.
• Science shows that life developed through water, carbon, and reproduction, as the Qur’ān described
1400 years ago.

6. Reflection and Divine Wisdom

• The Qur’ān encourages humans to think about their creation:
• “Let man think from what he is created!” (86:5).
• Recognizing the humble origins of life leads to understanding Allah’s greatness.
• Allah’s ability to create life from nothing proves His power to recreate it in the Hereafter.

7. Purpose of Creation
• Humans are reminded to reflect on their purpose in life.
• Allah’s creation of the universe (moon, sun, heavens) shows His wisdom and invites humans to
recognize His majesty (71:13-17).

Key Qur’ānic Verses

1. Reflection on Creation
• “Let man think from what he is created!” (86:5):
Humans are urged to reflect on their humble beginnings.
2. Allah’s Creative Power
 • “It is He Who begins creation and repeats it; for Him, it is easy…” (30:27):
Allah created everything and can recreate it with ease.
3. Life from Water
• “We made every living thing from water.” (21:30):
Water is the basis of all life.
4. Creation from Clay
• “We created man from sounding clay, from mud molded into shape.” (15:26):
Adam was created from clay, highlighting Allah’s power.
5. Human Progeny
• “He created man from clay, and his progeny from a despised fluid.” (32:7-8):
Humans descend from a simple fluid, showing the humble beginnings of life.
6. Stages of Creation
• “He created you in stages… made the moon a light, the sun a lamp, and grew you from the earth
gradually.” (71:13-17):
Allah created everything step by step with wisdom and purpose.

Conclusion

The Qur’ān presents a clear and harmonious explanation of life’s origin, compatible with science and logic. By
reflecting on these teachings, humans are reminded of Allah’s power, wisdom, and the reality of the Hereafter.
These verses inspire gratitude, understanding, and recognition of the Creator’s greatness.

Q no 2: Origins of Life from the Qur'an and Science

1. Life Came From water

The Qur'an states life began from water:

"We made from water every living thing." (Qur'an, 21:30)

Science confirms life’s aquatic origin. Protoplasm, the basis of living matter, is mostly water (80-85%).

Water supports life on Earth; it's vital for cells and reproduction.

Earth’s surface is 70-80% water, showing water’s dominance.

2. Creation and Evolution

First organisms were single-celled and aquatic, evolving into plants and animals.

The Qur'an refers to human creation in stages:

"He has created you in diverse stages." (Qur'an, 71:14)

Early life started in "smooth, wet clay," similar to swampy environments where life could thrive.

3. Reproduction and Development

Early organisms reproduced by division, evolving into reproduction via male and female pairs.

Humans and animals were created from a "despised water" (sperm and egg).

The Qur'an highlights the stages of human development, from fertilized egg to a complete being.
"He created man of stinking clay, like pottery." (Qur'an, 55:14)

4. Water as the Basis of Life

All living beings are made of water:

"Allah has created every animal from water." (Qur'an, 24:45)

Animals are categorized as those crawling, walking on two legs, and four-legged creatures.

5. Humans as a Special Creation

Humans were created with intellect and free will, making them superior to angels.

God taught Adam knowledge, showcasing human potential.

The Qur'an emphasizes humans' higher status due to their ability to learn and choose.

6. Creation Process

The Qur'an describes creation in stages:

From clay:
"We created the human being from stinking, wet clay." (Qur'an, 15:26)

Genetic material: Sperm and egg form the basis of human development.

Shaping and spirit: God shaped humans and breathed His spirit into them.

7. Evolution and Adaptation

The Qur'an hints at a process of creation involving change and adaptation:
"He began the creation of humans from clay." (Qur'an, 32:7)

Life evolved from water to land organisms, with humans emerging as a higher form.

8. Scientific Accuracy

The Qur'an aligns with modern science, rejecting myths prevalent 1400+ years ago.

Fossilization (humans turning into stones or iron) is acknowledged:

"Even if you are stones or iron, you will be resurrected." (Qur'an, 17:50)

This reflects knowledge of biological processes unknown at the time of revelation.

9. The Universe and Life’s Balance

The Qur'an highlights the perfect balance in creation, including Earth's environment, water ratio, and atmospheric
conditions.
"He created the heavens and the earth with the right proportions." (Qur'an, 14:19)

10. Human Superiority and Free Will

Humans are given intellect to choose between good and evil.

Angels acknowledged Adam’s superiority when commanded to prostrate to him.

"And We created you, then fashioned you." (Qur'an, 7:11)

11. Resurrection and New Creation

The Qur'an emphasizes God’s power to recreate humans, even if turned to dust, stones, or iron.
"When we are bones and dust, are we going to be resurrected?" (Qur'an, 17:49)

12. The Role of Spirit

God’s spirit gives humans the ability to function and distinguish right from wrong.
"He shaped him and breathed into him His Spirit." (Qur'an, 32:9)

Conclusion:
The Qur'an provides a detailed and scientifically accurate description of life’s origins, creation stages, and the
unique role of humans. It confirms truths later discovered by science, highlighting its divine source.
Lesson no 3
Embryology

Introduction
Embryology is the study of how a baby grows inside the mother’s womb, from the start of pregnancy to birth. The
Qur’ān mentions the creation of humans in many verses, highlighting the miraculous process. Some details
mentioned in these verses were impossible for people in the 7th century to know. These include:
1. Humans are not created from the entire semen but from a tiny part of it (sperm).
2. The male determines the baby’s gender.
3. The human embryo attaches to the mother’s uterus like a leech.
4. The embryo develops in three dark layers inside the womb.

At the time of the Qur’ān’s revelation, people knew that a baby’s creation involved the male’s semen and that birth
happened after nine months. However, the details mentioned above were beyond the knowledge of that time.
These facts were confirmed by modern science in the 20th century.

Q no 1: Human Creation and Embryology: Qur’an and Science

In ancient times, Aristotle summarized the theories about human creation. Two main ideas existed:
1. First Theory: Some believed that a fully formed tiny human existed in a man’s sperm.
2. Second Theory: Others thought a fully formed tiny human was created from the woman’s menstrual
blood.

Both groups didn’t realize that the sperm of the man and the egg of the woman both play a role in creating the
embryo. It wasn’t until the 18th century that Italian scientist Spallanzani discovered that both the man’s sperm
and the woman’s egg are needed for human creation. This idea was confirmed by Van Beneden in 1783, and the
theory of the tiny human in sperm was rejected.
• In 1888-1909, Boveri showed that chromosomes carry genetic information.
• In 1912, Morgan identified the role of genes in heredity.

Thus, the understanding that the embryo is formed from the man’s sperm and the woman’s egg only became clear
in the 18th century and confirmed in the early 20th century.

The Qur’an’s Remarkable Explanation

The Qur’an, however, mentioned the process of human creation from a “mingled fluid” (nutfa amshaj) long before
science discovered it.
In the Qur’an, Allah says:
“We created man from a drop of mingled fluid, to test him, and We gave him hearing and sight.”
(Surah Al-Insan: 2)
Explanation of “Nutfa Amshaj”

The word “amshaj” in the Qur’an means “mingled,” referring to the mixture of the man’s sperm and the woman’s
egg.
This was confirmed by a Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
A Jewish man asked the Prophet (peace be upon him), “What is man created from?”
The Prophet (peace be upon him) replied:
“Man is created from both the man’s fluid (nutfa) and the woman’s fluid.”
The Jewish man acknowledged that this was also said by previous prophets.

Summary
The stages of embryonic development as mentioned in the Qur’an will be discussed in the following pages,
highlighting the scientific facts confirmed in each stage of development.

Q no 2:Sperms

Sperms are made in the testicles, which form from cells below the kidneys in the body and then move to the lower
abdomen during the last weeks of pregnancy. A man’s fluid, called semen, has important parts that help in
fertilization. These parts are:
1. Sperms: The sperms must be strong and move well to reach and fertilize the egg.
2. Prostaglandin: This is a substance in the semen that causes the uterus to contract. This helps the
sperms move through the uterus to find the egg.
3. Energy and Neutralizing Fluids: The semen has fluids that give energy to the sperms and neutralize the
acids at the entrance of the uterus, so the sperms can move easily.

When millions of sperms (around 500 million to 600 million) enter the vagina, only one sperm will reach the egg
and fertilize it. The sperm has to travel a long way to the Fallopian tube, where fertilization happens. The Fallopian
tube connects the ovary to the uterus. The journey is full of obstacles, and it’s like how difficult it is for a person
to reach the moon.

Once the sperm reaches the egg and fertilizes it, the egg’s outer layer changes quickly, stopping other sperms
from entering. The sperm carries 23 chromosomes, and one of them decides the baby’s gender. The sperm can
carry either an X or a Y chromosome, while the egg always carries an X chromosome. If a sperm with a Y
chromosome meets the egg, the baby will be a boy (XY). If the sperm has an X chromosome, the baby will be a girl
(XX). So, the father (the sperm) decides whether the baby is a boy or a girl.

After 5 hours of the sperm fertilizing the egg, the first cell, called a zygote, is formed. This cell has 46
chromosomes (23 from the mother and 23 from the father). At this stage, the genetic traits from both parents
start to show, and this is called genetic programming. The zygote divides quickly and moves from the Fallopian
tube to the uterus, where it attaches to the uterus wall, just like a seed grows in soil.

The uterus is a safe place for the embryo to grow and develop. It takes about 6 days for the fertilized egg (zygote)
to travel to the uterus. Once it reaches the uterus, it attaches to the wall and starts to grow. This is known as the
blastocyst stage. After about 15 days, the next stage begins, known as Alaqah (a stage where the embryo looks
like a blood clot).

The uterus is designed to keep the embryo safe and help it grow into a fully developed baby.

Q no 3:Reflection and comment’s on related Quranic verses

Creation of Humans (Qur’anic Perspective)

1. Meaning of Nutfa:
• “Nutfa” means a small drop of water. It refers to sperm, which is part of the fluid from which humans are
created.
2. Sulalah:
• Sulalah means “extract” or “the best part.”
• Humans are created from a small part of the semen, not the whole fluid.
3. Qur’anic Verses:
• Qur’an 32:7-8: Allah started the creation of humans from clay and made their descendants from a small,
despised fluid (Sulalah).
• Qur’an 86:5-6: Humans are created from flowing water.
• Qur’an 75:36-37: Humans are made from a fluid drop that is ejected.
4. Scientific Connection:
• The Qur’an states that humans are made from a small part of the semen, which modern science
confirms.
• The Qur’an also explains that the gender of a baby (male or female) is determined by the sperm, not the
egg.
5. Mingled Nutfa (Qur’an 76:2):
• The word “Amshaj” (mingled) refers to the mixture of male and female chromosomes in the sperm and
egg.
• This mixture creates the embryo.
6. Role of Testicles:
• Testicles, which produce sperm, originally form near the kidneys in the back and later descend.
• Qur’an 7:172: The Qur’an mentions that the origin of human seeds is in the back.
7. Womb as a Safe Place:
• The Qur’an describes the womb as a “secure and safe place” for the baby to grow.
• Qur’an 77:21-23: The embryo is firmly settled for a fixed period (gestation time).
8. Miracle of the Qur’an:
• The Qur’an revealed these facts about human creation 1400 years ago, long before modern science
discovered them.
• This proves that the Qur’an is a divine book from Allah.

Q no 4: Al-Alaqa (Leech-like Clot) -

1. Duration:
• The Alaqa stage begins on the 15th day of development and ends around the 23rd or 24th day.
2. Appearance:
• The embryo resembles a leech (a small creature found in ponds).
• It is attached to the uterus lining through the umbilical cord.
3. Blood Formation:
• Blood forms in the shape of small closed islands during this stage.
• This blood does not yet circulate in blood vessels, giving it the appearance of clotted blood.
4. Unique Feature:
• Normally, the body rejects foreign objects. However, the uterus does not reject the alaqa, even though
half of its genetic material comes from the father (an external source).

This stage highlights the precise and unique process of human development.

Q no 5:Reflection and comments on related Quranic verses

1. The Journey Starts with a Drop of Fluid (Nutfa)

• The process begins with the nutfa, which refers to the fluid-drop or sperm.
• This stage marks the first step of human creation.

2. Nutfa Transforms into ‘Alaqa (Leech-like Clot)

• The Qur’ān says:
“Then of that fluid-drop (nutfa) We created a leech-like clot (’alaqa).” (23:14)
• The Arabic word ‘alaqa has three meanings:
1. Leech: A leech clings to and sucks blood, just like the embryo at this stage clings to the uterus and
draws nutrients from the mother.
2. Something that Clings: The embryo attaches itself to the uterine wall.
3. Clotted Blood: The embryo looks like a clot due to its closed blood vessels.

3. Why the Word “Thumma” (Then) is Used Here

• The Qur’ān uses thumma (then) to indicate a time delay because this stage (nutfa to alaqa) takes more
than 10 days.
• This shows the sequence is not immediate but happens gradually.

4. Rapid Transformation to Mudgha (Chewed-like Lump)

 • After the embryo reaches the ‘alaqa stage, it quickly transforms into mudgha (a lump that looks like
chewed flesh).
• The Qur’ān says:
“Then We changed the Alaqa (leech-like clot) into a Mudgha (chewed-like lump).” (23:14)
• Here, the word fa (then) is used, showing that this transformation is rapid and happens within 2 days
(Day 24–26).

5. The Miracle in the Qur’ānic Words

• The Qur’ān uses different conjunctions (thumma and fa) to describe the stages of development.
• Thumma: Indicates a delay between stages (nutfa to alaqa).
• Fa: Shows rapid progression (alaqa to mudgha).
• This precision matches modern embryology, showing the accuracy and miracle of the Qur’ān.

6. Additional Verses Confirming These Stages

• Another verse describes these stages:
“Was he not a drop of sperm emitted? Then he became a leech-like clot; then did Allah make and fashion him in
due proportion.” (75:37–38)
• This highlights the gradual and perfect development of the human being.

7. Why is the Surah Called “Al-Alaq”?

• Surah Al-Alaq is named after this stage because it signifies a crucial moment in human creation when
the embryo clings to the womb, beginning its development.

Summary:
• The Qur’ān precisely describes the stages of human development with accurate terminology.
• The words thumma and fa reflect the speed of each stage, matching modern science.
• These verses remind us of the miracle of creation and Allah’s profound knowledge.

Q no 6: The Mudgha Stage (Chewed-Like Lump of Flesh )

1. What is the Mudgha Stage?

After the embryo passes through the Alaqah (clinging clot) stage, it enters the Mudgha stage. This happens
around Day 24 to Day 26 of development.
• The word “Mudgha” in Arabic means something that looks like chewed flesh.
• If you look at the embryo at this stage, it looks like a small piece of meat with tiny bulges that resemble
teeth marks. These bulges are the somites, which later form the backbone and muscles.

2. What Happens in the Mudgha Stage?

• At first, the embryo doesn’t have clear structures or organs (this is called unformed Mudgha).
• Later, some basic organs start forming, like the eyes, tongue, and lips. This is called formed Mudgha.
 • Around the 5th week, the heart starts beating. By this time, the placenta and amniotic sac (the
protective layers around the baby) have also developed.

3. When Does This Stage End?

The Mudgha stage ends around Day 40, which is about 6 weeks of pregnancy.

4. What Does the Qur’an Say?

The Qur’an explains this process in a very beautiful and precise way. For example:
• Surah Al-Mu’minun (23:14):
“Then We made the clot into a lump (Mudgha).”
• Surah Al-Hajj (22:5):
“We made you a lump (Mudgha), formed and unformed, to show you Our power.”
• This refers to the formed Mudgha (the baby) and the unformed Mudgha (the placenta).

5. What Did Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) Say?

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) explained this stage in a hadith:
• A baby’s creation happens in three stages:
• First, 40 days as a nutfah (drop of fluid).
• Then, 40 days as a clot (alaqah).
• Then, 40 days as a lump (mudgha).
• After these stages, Allah sends an angel who writes four things about the baby:
• Their provision (rizq).
• Their age.
• Whether they will be happy or unhappy.
• And finally, the soul is breathed into the baby.

6. Key Takeaway
This stage shows Allah’s power in how a human is created step by step. It’s amazing that the Qur’an described the
process so accurately, even 1400 years ago, in a way that modern science now confirms!

Q no 7: The stage of bones

1. What happens during the 6th week?

In the 6th week, the baby (embryo) inside the mother’s womb starts forming a basic skeleton made of cartilage (a
soft material that later becomes bone). However, the embryo still doesn’t look like a human being yet.

2. What happens during the 7th week?

At the end of the 6th week and the beginning of the 7th week, a big change happens quickly. The shape of the
embryo starts to look more like a human. This happens because:
• The cartilage skeleton spreads throughout the body.
• The face, head, and limbs start to become noticeable.

This is the stage where the baby begins to have a clear human form.

3. What does the Qur’an say about this?

The Qur’an describes this process beautifully and accurately in the verse:
“Then We made the lump of flesh into bones, and We clothed the bones with flesh, then We developed it into
another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best of creators.”

Here’s what this verse tells us:

• First, the “lump of flesh” (mudgha) turns into bones.
• Then, flesh (muscles) covers the bones.
• After that, the embryo becomes a complete human form, which is a miraculous stage.

The Qur’an even uses the word “fa” in Arabic, which means “immediately” or “quickly,” to show how fast these
changes happen.

4. What does science say about this?

Modern science agrees with what the Qur’an says. Scientists explain that:
• By the 42nd day (end of the 6th week), the skeleton starts to appear, and the embryo begins to look
human.
• By the 7th week, the shape of the head, limbs, and even eyes and lips become clear.
• Later, in the 10th week, external features like gender (boy or girl) can also start to be seen.

5. Why is this important?

This stage is very important because it’s the moment when the embryo transforms from just a simple lump of
flesh into a human shape. It shows how perfectly Allah creates everything, step by step, in the womb.

Q no 8: The stages of Muscle

The Stage of Muscles (Clothing the Bones with Flesh):

1. What Happens in This Stage?
• At this stage, muscles begin to grow around the bones.
• These muscles tightly cover the bones, making the human shape clearer.
• Now, the different parts of the body start to connect properly.
 2. When Does This Stage Happen?
• It starts at the end of the 7th week of pregnancy.
• It finishes by the end of the 8th week.
• This is called the “end of formation stage” because the basic body structure is now complete.
3. Movement Starts:
• After the muscles are fully formed, the embryo (baby in the womb) can start to move.
4. What Did Scientists Think Before?
• Scientists used to believe that bones and muscles developed at the same time.
• Some people thought this was different from what the Qur’an says.
5. What Did We Learn Later?
• With modern technology, scientists discovered that the Qur’an is 100% accurate.
• First, the bones form in the embryo.
• Then, muscles grow around these bones and cover them, just as the Qur’an describes.

Qur’anic Reference:

Allah says in the Qur’an:

“And clothed the bones with flesh; then We developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to
create.” (Surah Al-Mu’minun, 23:14)

Key Lesson:

This verse shows the miracle of Allah’s creation and how perfectly everything happens in the womb. Modern
science now agrees with what the Qur’an said more than 1,400 years ago!

Q no 9: The stage of Nash’ah (developing and viability)

1. New Stage Starts at 8 Weeks: After the 8th week of pregnancy, a new stage begins where important
changes happen in the baby’s development. The baby starts growing faster compared to the earlier weeks.

2. Baby’s Size and Shape Changes (9-12 Weeks): Between the 9th and 12th week, the baby’s head, body,
and limbs (arms and legs) start to become more balanced and regular in size.

3. Organs Prepare to Function: The baby’s organs and systems (like the heart, lungs, etc.) become more
ready to start working.

4. Baby Can Live Outside the Womb (22-26 Weeks): From the 22nd to the 26th week (around 6 months of
pregnancy), the baby is ready to live outside the mother’s womb. At this stage, the baby’s lungs are ready to help
with breathing, and the nervous system can help control the baby’s body temperature.
 5. First Sense to Develop - Hearing: The first sense to develop is hearing. The baby can hear sounds after
the 24th week of pregnancy.

6. Second Sense to Develop - Sight: The second sense that develops is sight. By the 28th week, the baby’s
eyes become sensitive to light, and they can start to see.

7. No New Organs or Systems: During this time, no new organs or systems are formed. The uterus
(mother’s womb) continues to give food and a safe environment for the baby to grow until it is ready for birth.

So, in simple terms, during these weeks, the baby grows, its organs get ready to work, and it starts developing
senses like hearing and sight!

(II)Reflections on Quranic verses

The Development of the Human Embryo According to the Qur’an

The development of a baby in the mother’s womb happens in stages, and the Qur’an describes these stages
clearly. Let’s break it down step by step:

1. Clothing the Bones with Flesh:

Around the 9th week of pregnancy, the bones are covered with muscles and flesh. The Qur’an says that after this,
the baby starts to change into a fully formed creature, a human being. This is when the baby starts to look like a
real human, with distinct limbs and features. Allah says:
“Then We clothed the bones with flesh; then We developed out of it another creature.” (Qur’an 23:14)

2. Growth and Development (Nash’ah):

This stage is where the baby grows rapidly. From the 9th week onward, the growth rate of the baby increases
quickly compared to earlier stages.

3. Creation of Another Creature (Khalqan Akhar):

This phrase refers to the baby transforming into a human form with clear features like arms, legs, and other
organs. At this point, the baby is no longer just a small embryo but has started becoming a human baby.

4. Three Layers of Protection:

In the Qur’an, Allah mentions that the baby is protected by “three veils of darkness.” Modern science tells us that
the baby is surrounded by three protective layers:
• The amnion membrane that holds fluid and protects the baby from injury.
• The chorion membrane.
• The decidua membrane.
These layers help the baby stay safe as it grows.
 5. The Duration of Pregnancy:
The Qur’an mentions that the pregnancy lasts for 30 months:
“The bearing of him (the child) and the weaning of him is thirty months.” (Qur’an 46:15)
But in another verse, it mentions 24 months:
“And in two years was his weaning.” (Qur’an 31:14)
From these verses, we understand that the baby is ready to live outside the womb after about 6 months of
pregnancy, which matches what science says.

6. The Development of Senses:

One interesting point is the development of senses. The first sense to develop in the baby is hearing. By the 24th
week, the baby can hear sounds. The sense of sight develops later, around the 28th week, when the baby can see
light.
The Qur’an says:
“We created man from a drop of fluid, and then We gave him hearing and sight.” (Qur’an 76:20)
“It is He who has created for you the faculties of hearing, sight, feeling, and understanding.” (Qur’an 23:78)
The Qur’an mentions hearing before sight, which matches the scientific finding that hearing develops before
sight.

Conclusion:

The Qur’an accurately describes the stages of human development in the womb, from the growth of the baby to
the development of its senses. It is amazing how the Qur’an’s descriptions align with modern science.

Q no 10 : The stage of labour

1. The Stages of Labor

When the baby has grown fully in the mother’s womb after 9 months (around 38 weeks), it’s time for the baby to
be born. Allah mentions in the Qur’an that each baby has a set time to grow in the womb:
• “And We cause whom We will to rest in the wombs for an appointed term.” (Qur’an 22:5)
This shows that the time for the baby to stay in the womb is fixed by Allah.

2. Benefits of Dates for a Woman in Labor

Before we talk about labor itself, it’s important to know that dates are good for women during childbirth. The
Qur’an tells us about the mother of Prophet Isa (peace be upon him), Maryam, who was given dates during labor:
• “Shake the trunk of this palm tree towards you, and fresh dates will fall down.” (Qur’an 19:23-26)

Dates have many health benefits. They are rich in fiber, which helps prevent constipation and helps make labor
easier. Dates also provide energy because they have a lot of sugar (glucose), and they help the muscles in the
uterus contract, making labor easier.
3. The Four Stages of Labor
Labor is the process of giving birth, and it happens in four stages:

Stage 1: The Opening of the Cervix

This stage lasts about 7-12 hours. The cervix (the opening of the womb) starts to open up (dilate) and the
muscles of the uterus begin to contract. This is caused by hormones like Oxytocin and others that help the
process. The woman may feel pain or discomfort during this stage.

Stage 2: The Baby is Born

This stage lasts about 30-50 minutes. After the cervix is open enough, the baby begins to come out. The baby’s
head is the first part to emerge. Even though the baby’s head is bigger than the birth canal, the woman’s body
helps make space for the baby to be born, as Allah says in the Qur’an:
• “Then He makes his path smooth for him.” (Qur’an 80:20)

Stage 3: The Placenta is Delivered

After the baby is born, the placenta (the part that gave the baby nutrients) is delivered. This usually takes about
15 minutes.

Stage 4: The Uterus Contracts

After the placenta is delivered, the uterus continues to contract. This helps stop any bleeding and ensures the
uterus goes back to its normal size. This stage can last for up to two hours.

After birth, the baby starts a new life outside the womb. The umbilical cord is cut, and the baby begins to breathe
on its own.

That’s the basic process of labor! It’s a natural and powerful event that Allah has designed perfectly for mothers
and babies.

Q no 11: Scientific interpretation

In the Qur’an, the terms used to describe the final stages of development match what we know from modern
embryology. From the 8th week of pregnancy until the end, the baby goes through a period of growth and
development. During this time, the baby starts to form features that are specific to humans. This stage is called
the fetal stage. The baby’s shape goes from being unclear to becoming a recognizable human form.

Sum up
key points
1. When the male and female cells combine, a new life begins to form in the mother’s womb.
2. The Qur’an describes the stages of the baby’s development from the time the cells combine until birth.
 3. The Qur’an also explains how the baby’s gender is determined by the male cell.
4. Modern science agrees with these descriptions, showing that the Qur’an’s details about embryology are
accurate.
5. Unlike modern science, which uses numbers and codes, the Qur’an explains these stages in a way that is
easy for everyone to understand.
6. This shows that the Qur’an’s knowledge is miraculous and comes from an all-knowing source.
7. The accuracy of these descriptions has been confirmed by scientists, including non-Muslims like
Professor Keith Moore.

Lesson no 4
Environment

Introduction
Everything around us that affects living things is called the environment. The word “environment” comes from the
French word Environner, which means “to surround.” The environment includes all living (biological) and non-
living (non-biological) things around us. According to the Environment Protection Act, 1986, the environment is
made up of all physical and biological surroundings and their interactions. In simple terms, the environment is
everything that includes water, air, land, and their relationships with humans, animals, plants, and other materials.

The environment is important for everyone. It affects all people, no matter their job or age, and we also affect it
through our actions. The environment is both a global and local topic.

Global Environmental Problems

Some issues, like global warming, ozone layer depletion, forest destruction, energy resource loss, and loss of
biodiversity, affect the entire planet. These problems require us to think and plan on a global level.

Local Environmental Problems

Some problems are specific to certain areas, such as:

• Impact of mining or hydroelectric projects
• Disposal and management of solid waste
• River or lake pollution
• Soil erosion and waterlogging
• Salinization (increased salt) in soil
• Fluorosis (caused by excess fluoride) in local populations
• Arsenic pollution in groundwater

Q no 1: Environmental Science
 1. What is Environmental Science?
• Environmental science studies the surroundings of living things, including physical, chemical, and
biological factors.
• It focuses on human activities and their effects on the environment.

2. History of Science and Specialization:

• In the past, educated people could talk about many subjects like art, science, and philosophy.
• Over time, scientific knowledge increased, and no single person could understand everything.
• Scientists became specialists in specific areas.

3. Grouping of Sciences:
• To simplify, sciences are grouped into categories:
• Life Sciences: Study living things (e.g., biology, biochemistry).
• Earth Sciences: Study the Earth’s physical and chemical properties (e.g., geology, meteorology).
• Environmental Sciences: Study the environment and how humans affect it.

4. Unique Focus of Environmental Science:

• Environmental science connects life sciences and earth sciences.
• It examines how human actions, like construction, farming, and industry, impact the environment.
• It also suggests solutions to reduce environmental damage.

5. Environmental Science and Responsibility:

• Human activities can harm the environment, leading to changes in laws or treaties.
• Environmental science helps predict and manage these effects.
• Industries must now consider their environmental impact.

6. Modern Importance:
• Many countries now require Environmental Impact Assessments for large projects.
• These assessments ensure that decisions consider environmental consequences.
• Courses in planning and industry now include environmental science topics.

7. Challenges and Controversies:

• Environmental science can lead to debates because suggested changes may cost money.
• While everyone benefits in the long term, some people or industries may lose financially in the short
term.

8. Conclusion:
• Environmental science helps protect nature by studying and managing the impact of human activities.
• It is now a vital subject in education and industry planning.
Q no 2: Environmental Pollution

To live a healthy and normal life, all living beings—humans, animals, plants, and even microorganisms—need a
clean and supportive environment. A healthy environment has a specific balance. When harmful substances are
added to it, this balance is disturbed, and the environment becomes polluted. These harmful substances are
called pollutants.

What is Environmental Pollution?

It means any unwanted change in the air, water, or soil that can harm living beings or damage property.

Types of Pollution:
1. Air Pollution
• Air pollution happens when harmful gases and substances mix with the air we breathe.
• Causes: Factories, power plants, vehicles, burning fossil fuels, and agricultural activities.
• Pollutants: Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and radioactive substances.
• Effects: These pollutants harm human and animal health, especially the lungs and the respiratory
system.
2. Water Pollution
• Water pollution occurs when harmful changes happen in water, making it unfit for use.
• Causes: Industries, power plants, coal mines, oil wells, agricultural run-off, dirty drains, rainwater
washing roads, and chemicals from the air.
• Effects: Polluted water becomes unsafe for drinking, farming, and supporting aquatic life.

In short, pollution harms the environment and all forms of life. It is important to reduce pollution to keep the
environment clean and healthy for everyone.

Q no 3 : Role of an Individual in Preventing Pollution

Every person plays an important role in preventing pollution. If everyone makes small efforts, we can create a big
impact not just in our communities but globally because the environment has no boundaries. It is our
responsibility to protect the earth and create a safe environment for all living beings. By making small changes in
our daily lives, we can reduce pollution. Here are some simple ways to help:

1. Save Energy:
Use electricity wisely. Turn off lights and devices when not needed. Wear warm clothes instead of using heaters.
2. Use Renewable Energy:
Support and adopt energy sources like solar and wind power.
3. Practice the 3Rs:
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle waste materials to minimize garbage.
4. Use Public Transport:
Travel by buses or trains, ride bicycles, or walk instead of using cars.
5. Avoid Harmful Fuels:
Promote cleaner fuels like solar-powered hydrogen instead of fossil fuels.
6. Use Eco-Friendly Products:
Prefer biodegradable detergents, organic fertilizers, and natural cleaning products like baking soda or vinegar.
7. Reduce Plastic Use:
Avoid littering plastic bags and use reusable ones instead.
8. Plant Trees:
Protect existing trees and plant new ones to clean the air and improve the environment.
9. Prevent Water Pollution:
Avoid throwing harmful chemicals, paints, or oils into drains or water bodies.
10. Conserve Water:
Use only the necessary amount of water and avoid wastage.

Islamic Perspective on Pollution

The Qur’an reminds us that human actions have caused damage to the environment:
“Corruption has appeared on land and sea because of what people have done, so they may taste the
consequences of their actions and return to the right path” (Qur’an 30:41).

This verse teaches us that the harm we face is due to our own mistakes, and we must change our ways to fix it. As
Muslims, we should apply the guidance of the Qur’an to address current environmental issues. Protecting the
earth is not just a responsibility but also a way to show gratitude for Allah’s blessings.

By making personal changes and taking action, we can protect the environment for ourselves and future
generations.

Q no 4:Conservation in Islam

In Islam, wasting resources is strongly discouraged. The Qur’ān says, “But waste not by excess: for Allah loveth
not the wasters” (6:141). This teaches us to be mindful of how we use resources like water. For example, when
making ablution (wudu) before prayer, even if we have plenty of water, we should use it sparingly. This rule helps
us be more responsible with water and other natural resources, recognizing them as blessings from Allah. By
following this principle, we develop respect for the environment.

2. The Importance of Planting Trees

Planting trees is highly valued in Islam and is considered a continuous act of charity. The Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him) said that if you plant a tree, any benefit that comes from it, whether eaten by people or
animals, is counted as charity for the one who planted it. This shows the great reward for such an act.
Additionally, if a person has a sapling ready to be planted and the Day of Judgment arrives, they are encouraged
to plant it, showing the importance of caring for nature even in the most challenging times.

[“ Sanctity” means the quality of being sacred, holy, or very important.

It refers to something that is respected and treated with great care due
to its special or divine value. For example, the sanctity of life means
that life is considered sacred and should be protected.]

The equilibrium of all life

The Balance of Life in Islam

In Islam, all creatures, from animals to plants, are believed to praise and glorify Allah in their own unique way. The
Qur’an reminds us that everything in the heavens and on Earth, including the sun, moon, stars, trees, and animals,
worship Allah (Qur’an, 22:18). Each of these creatures serves a purpose in the world, contributing to the balance
of life. Even the smallest ant and the largest lion are part of a larger system, where each one depends on the other
(Qur’an, 6:38). This balance, known as the “chain of life,” is something humans are encouraged not to disturb.
The Qur’an warns against going beyond what Allah has set as the measure for life, urging us to protect this
balance (Qur’an, 55:7-9). Therefore, actions like deforestation and killing animals without reason are discouraged
in Islam.

Humans as Stewards of the Earth

Islam teaches that everything we own is actually a trust given to us by Allah. We are responsible for taking care of
what we have and using it in a way that pleases Him. The Qur’an states that we should give of what we have been
entrusted with, especially in charity (Qur’an, 57:7). This belief extends to how we treat natural resources and the
environment.

Humans are also considered vicegerents, or caretakers, of the earth. The Qur’an mentions that Allah made
humans vicegerents after earlier generations, to see how they behave (Qur’an, 10:14). Corruption and harm on
Earth, like destroying crops and animals, are actions that Allah dislikes (Qur’an, 2:205). Allah created everything
perfectly, and we are instructed to preserve that order and not cause harm to the earth (Qur’an, 32:7; 7:56).

Sum up
In this section, the author explains that by not following the teachings of the Qur’an, we have disturbed the
natural balance of the environment. It is now our responsibility to fix this and restore that balance, which will
require effort and personal change. We must act as stewards of the Earth, taking care of the resources entrusted
to us by God. This includes protecting ecosystems and the various forms of life God has created, such as animals,
birds, insects, and plants.

Some changes we can make are simple and manageable, like reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. We can
conserve water and other resources and even help reverse deforestation by planting trees. It’s time to focus on
the principles set out by God, such as the verse “Man shall have nothing but what he strives for” (Qur’an 53:39).

We have caused harm to the Earth, but it is our duty to make things right. The current environmental crisis calls on
religious leaders to inspire their followers to become more aware of environmental issues. Islam’s teachings
already provide plenty of guidance for this, and now it’s up to us to take action and make personal changes.

16 January 2025
Thursday
12:00PM

“We will show them Our signs in the horizons and within themselves until
it becomes clear to them that it is the truth.” (Surah Fussilat 41:53)

Syed Saiqa Manzoor

Syed Mehak Nayeem
(Midoora Tral)