Part of Speech Examples:

Parts of speech are among the first grammar topics  She plays cricket every day.
we learn when we are in school or when we start
our English language learning process. Parts of  Darshana and Arul are going to the
speech can be defined as words that perform movies.
different roles in a sentence. Some parts of speech  My friends visited me last week.
can perform the functions of other parts of speech
too.

“one of the classes into which words are divided 4. Adverb

according to their grammar, such as noun, verb, - are words that are used to provide more
adjective, etc.” information about verbs, adjectives and
other adverbs used in a sentence. There
8 PARTS OF SPEECH are five main types of
1. Nouns adverbs namely, adverbs of
- are words that are used to name people, manner, adverbs of degree, adverbs of
places, animals, ideas and things. Nouns frequency, adverbs of time and adverbs
can be classified into two main of place. Some examples of adverbs are
categories: Common nouns and Proper today, quickly, randomly, early, 10 a.m.
nouns. Common nouns are generic like etc.
ball, car, stick, etc., and proper nouns are Example:
more specific like Charles, The White
House, The Sun, etc.  Did you come here to buy an umbrella?
(Adverb of place)
Examples:
 I did not go to school yesterday as I was
 She bought a pair of shoes. (thing) sick. (Adverb of time)
 I have a pet. (animal)  Savio reads the newspaper everyday.
2. Pronouns (Adverb of frequency)
- are words that are used to substitute a  Can you please come quickly? (Adverb
noun in a sentence. There are different of manner)
types of pronouns. Some of them
are reflexive pronouns, possessive  Tony was so sleepy that he
pronouns, relative could hardly keep his eyes open during
pronouns and indefinite pronouns. I, he, the meeting. (Adverb of degree)
she, it, them, his, yours, anyone, nobody,
5. Adjective
who, etc., are some of the pronouns.
- are words that are used to describe or
Examples: provide more information about the noun
or the subject in a sentence. Some
 I reached home at six in the evening. (1st examples of adjectives include good,
person singular pronoun) ugly, quick, beautiful, late, etc.
 Did someone see a red bag on the Example:
counter? (Indefinite pronoun)
 The place we visited yesterday
3. Verb was serene.
- are words that denote an action that is
being performed by the noun or  Did you see how big that dog was?
the subject in a sentence. They are also
 The weather is pleasant today.
called action words. Some examples of
verbs are read, sit, run, pick, garnish,
come, pitch, etc.
 6. Prepositions  Declarative sentences make a statement.
- are words that are used to link one part of Example: The sky is blue.
the sentence to another. Prepositions  Imperative sentences give a command
show the position of the object or subject or make a request. Example: Please close
in a sentence. Some examples of the door.
prepositions are in, out, besides, in front  Interrogative sentences ask a question.
of, below, opposite, etc. Example: What time is it?
 Exclamatory sentences express strong
Examples: emotion. Example: What a beautiful
 The child hid his birthday sunset!
presents under his bed. Sentence Structures
 Mom asked me to go to the Independent clause can work alone as a complete
store near my school. sentence, but a dependent clause (also known as a
 The thieves jumped over the wall and subordinate clause) needs to join with an
escaped before we could reach home. independent clause to form a complete sentence.

7. Conjunctions A dependent clause is also called a subordinate

- are a part of speech that is used to clause.
connect two different parts of a 1. Simple Sentence Structure
sentence, phrases and clauses. Some - A simple sentence consists of one
examples of conjunctions are and, or, for, independent clause. (An independent
yet, although, because, not only, etc. clause contains a subject and verb and
Examples: expresses a complete thought.)

 Meera and Jasmine had come to my Examples:

birthday party.  I like coffee.
 Jane did not go to work as she was sick.  Mary likes tea.
 Unless you work hard, you cannot score 2. Compound Sentence Structure
good marks. - A compound sentence is two (or more)
 I have not finished my project, yet I went independent clauses joined by a
out with my friends. conjunction or semicolon. Each of these
clauses could form a sentence alone.
8. Interjections - and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so (conjunction)
- words that are used to convey strong
emotions or feelings. Some examples of Examples:
interjections are oh, wow, alas, yippee,  I like coffee and Mary likes tea.
etc. It is always followed by an  Mary went to work but John went to the
exclamation mark. party.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE  Our car broke down; we came last.
3. Complex
Sentence structure refers to the construction and - A complex sentence consists of an
organization of sentences in English. Proper independent clause plus a dependent
sentence structure is crucial for clear and effective clause. (A dependent clause starts with a
communication. subordinating conjunction or a relative
pronoun, and contains a subject and verb,
A complete sentence has a subject (who or what
but does not express a complete thought.)
the sentence is about) and a predicate (what is said
- after, although, as, because, before, how,
about the subject).
if, once, since, than, that, though, till,
Types of Sentences
 until, when, where, whether, while (some  If the verb ends in -x, –ss, –sh, –ch, –tch,
common subordinating conjunctions or –zz, you add –es to the end to match
- that, which, who, whom, whose (5 the third-person singular.
relative pronouns)
My snake hisses to say “I love you.”
Examples:
She only matches with creeps in online dating.
 We missed our plane because we were
late.  If the verb ends in a consonant + y,
 Our dog barks when she hears a noise. remove the y and add –ies to match the
 He left in a hurry after he got a phone third-person singular.
call. Atlas carries the world on his shoulders.
4. Compound- Complex Sentence
Structure The new drone flies higher than the old one.
- A compound-complex sentence consists
 However, with words that end in a vowel
of at least two independent clauses and
+ y, follow the normal format and add
one or more dependent clauses.
only –s to make the third-person
Examples: singular.

 John didn't come because he was ill so My roommate stays in his bedroom from morning
Mary was not happy. to night.
 He left in a hurry after he got a phone call
 If the subject-verb agreement rules seem
but he came back five minutes later.
complicated, there is some good
SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENT news: the simple past and simple future
don’t change based on the number or
Subject-verb agreement, also called “subject-verb person of the subject. Both singular and
concord,” refers to matching the subject and verb plural subjects use the same form for
of a sentence in tense, aspect, and mood those tenses.
(abbreviated as TAM), which translates to number,
person, and gender. They will be here tomorrow

English doesn’t use grammatical gender (except He will be here tomorrow

for pronouns), and only the verb be changes based
 The only exception is, again, the verb be,
on whether it’s first, second, or third person. That
which changes between was and were
means most English subject-verb agreement is
based on the subject in the simple past
about quantity: if the subject is singular, the verb
tense.
must be singular; if the subject is plural, the verb
must be plural. I was young once.
Usage and subject-verb agreement We were young once.
 Basically, most subjects except third-  On the other hand, the perfect tenses
person singular use the standard form of change their auxiliary verb depending on
a verb in the present tense. the number of the subject. Singular
subjects use has, and plural subjects use
The dogs roll in the mud.
have.
 However, if the subject is third-person
They have not seen the movie yet, so no spoilers.
singular, you must use the singular form
of the verb when speaking in the present She has not seen the movie yet, so no spoilers.
tense. Most of the time, this means
adding an -s to the end of the verb.

The dog rolls in the mud. RULES

1. When using the negative form in the present - [Together, singular] The team goes to practice at
tense, only the verb do needs to match the subject. 4:00.

- She does not like reading before bed. - [Separately, plural] The team go to their own
homes after practice.
- She likes reading before bed.
8.Verbs used in alternative forms, such as gerunds,
2. Likewise, in questions that involve the word do, infinitives, or participles, do not need to follow
only do needs to match the subject. subject-verb agreement. However, the main verbs
- Do you know where the train station is? of the sentence still do.

- Does anyone know where the train station is? - The coach makes running mandatory.

3. If the subject consists of multiple nouns joined - The coaches make running mandatory.
by the conjunction and, treat the subject as plural 9. Unless you’re using an appositive or other
and use the plural form of the verb. descriptive phrase, do not put a comma between
- Lucas and Maxine are in love! subjects and verbs.

- Only Lucas is in love. - The holiday is becoming a total disaster.

4. If the subject consists of multiple singular 10. The words each and every count as singular
nouns joined by or, treat the subject as singular. when they’re used as the subject, even if they’re
followed by multiple nouns.
- Penne or rigatoni works fine for the recipe.
- Each window and door needs to be sealed.
However, if the subject consists of multiple plural
nouns joined by or, treat the subject as plural. - Every doctor, nurse, and technician gets free
training here.
- Cats or dogs make good friends.
11. Likewise, these words always act as singular
If there’s a combination of singular and plural subjects, even when they describe more than one
nouns joined by or, the verb follows the number of thing:
the final one listed.
- Either blue or green works for the wallpaper
- The teacher or the students have to inform the color.
principal.

- The students or the teacher has to inform the

principal.

5. If there is more than one active verb, as with

compound predicates, all the verbs must agree
with the subject.

- After work, I go shopping, pick up the kids, cook

dinner, and then relax for the night.

6. Mass nouns, otherwise known as “uncountable

nouns” or “noncount nouns,” act as singular
subjects.

- Love makes the world go around.

7. Collective nouns can be either singular or

plural, depending on whether they act together or
separately.