IoT

Fundamentals
Slide #3
28 March 2022
Contents
Elements of IoT:
- Sensors
- Connectivity
- Data Processing
- User Interface

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How IoT Works?

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 IoT has countless use cases in a variety of industries
such as logistics, healthcare, maintenance,
Introduction manufacturing, and construction. The ultimate goal
of applying IoT in businesses is to save time and
money and boost efficiency (Junnila, 2022).

Let’s take a look on how IoT works:

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 •Bill Gates
“I choose a lazy
person to do a hard
job. Because a lazy
person will find an
easy way to do it”

20XX 5
 Basic Fundamental of IoT
Sensors

Connectivity

Elements of IoT
Data Processing

User Interface

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SENSORS
What is sensors?

A sensor is a The specific

device that input could be
detects and light, heat,
responds to motion,
some type of moisture,
input from the pressure, or
physical any one of a
environment great number
(Junnila, 2022)
of other
environmental
phenomena.

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 Type of Sensors

5.
1. Temperature 2. Humidity 3. GPS 4. Level
Accelerometer
Sensors Sensors Trackers Sensors
Sensors

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 Sensors
Temperature Sensors Level Sensors
Temperature sensors play a critical role in many IoT Eg: Waste management - level sensors enable trash
applications. For example, maintaining the right bins to be emptied only when needed. Another use
temperature is crucial for many manufacturing case for level sensors is measuring tank levels (e.g.
processes & cold chain monitoring in food and fuel) in liquid asset inventory.
pharmaceutical industries
Humidity Sensors Accelerometer Sensors
Used in many manufacturing processes including Measures the vibration, or acceleration of motion of
pharmaceutical manufacture and paper making. a structure. It detect excess vibration of a
Humidity sensors can also be used in greenhouse manufacturing machine or unauthorized movement
monitoring .
of an object that should be stationary (anti-theft
GPS Sensors protection).

Used to track an asset’s geographical position. They

can be used in vehicles or shipping containers.

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Connectivity
What is it?
The connection can
be achieved via wired
The piece of or wireless network.
the IoT puzzle However, most IoT
which enables applications require
the “things” to more range so it is
communicate more suitable to use
and exchange wireless connectivity.
data

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 Types of Connectivity

1. LP-WAN

2. Cellular
Connectivity
3. Satellite

4. Bluetooth
& Wi-Fi
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 Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) Cellular

• LPWAN technology is based on • Cellular connectivity is the most

the idea of sending small amounts familiar option: it’s the one your
of data intermittently (a few times mobile phone uses to send and
a day, for example), which makes receive data.
the low power consumption • Benefit:
possible. • provides communication over long
distances in addition to a high
• Characteristic of LPWAN: bandwidth.
1.Low power consumption (uses small • good availability
batteries that last for years)
• Downside:
2.Communication over long distances • high costs and high power consumption
(measured in kilometers)
• Eg: used for tracking expensive
assets (vehicles, shipping containers,
• nnn etc.)
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 Satellite Bluetooth (Low-Energy) and WiFi

• Has high bandwidth and high • Good for short-range

range, but it also comes with a communication.
very high power consumption. • Higher bandwidth than
• It works anywhere on Earth. LPWANs and lower power
• Eg: consumption than satellite and
• receive information about cellular.
shipping containers when they
are travelling in the middle of an
ocean

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 Summary of the Connectivity
LPWAN Cellular Satellite Bluetooth & WiFi

Range High High High Low

Bandwith Low High High High

Power Low High High Low

Consumption

Costs Low High High Low

all the options above have their pros and cons depends on IoT usage

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 Data Processing
What is Data Processing?

Data is collected
and translated - Something the end
into usable user can react to.
information - Data refers to raw,
unorganized facts, and
performed by a it usually is fairly
data scientist or useless until it is
team of data processed. Once the
data is processed, it is
scientists. called information.

20XX Contoso business plan 15

 Collection

Storage Preparation

Data
Processing
Cycle

Output Input

Processing

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 DATA PROCESSING CYCLE (Duggal, 2022)
Data Collection Preparation

• The type of raw data collected has • Data preparation or data cleaning is
a huge impact on the output the process of sorting and filtering
produced. the raw data to remove unnecessary
and inaccurate data.
• Raw data should be gathered
from defined and accurate • Raw data is checked for errors,
sources so that the subsequent duplication, miscalculations or
findings are valid and usable. missing data, and transformed into a
suitable form for further analysis and
• Raw data can include monetary processing.
figures, website cookies, • This is done to ensure that only the
profit/loss statements of a highest quality data is fed into the
company, user behaviour, etc. processing unit.

20XX Contoso business plan 17

 Input Processing

• The raw data is converted into • The raw data is subjected to various data
machine readable form and fed processing methods using machine
learning and artificial intelligence
into the processing unit. algorithms to generate a desirable
• It can be in the form of data output.
entry through a keyboard, • This step may vary slightly from process
scanner or any other input to process depending on the source of
data being processed (data lakes, online
source. databases, connected devices, etc.) and
• Data input is the first stage in the intended use of the output
which raw data begins to take (examining advertising patterns, medical
diagnosis from connected devices,
the form of usable information determining customer needs, etc.).
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 Output Storage

• The data is finally transmitted • Allows for quick access and

and displayed to the user in a retrieval of information
readable form like graphs, whenever needed, and also
tables, vector files, audio, video, allows it to be used as input in
documents, etc. the next data processing cycle
• Members of the company or directly.
institution can now begin to • When data is properly stored, it
self-serve the data for their can be quickly and easily
own data analytics projects. accessed by members of the
organization when needed.

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 Examples of Data Processing

A stock trading software An e-commerce A self-driving car A digital marketing

that converts millions of company uses the uses real-time data company uses
stock data into a simple search history of from sensors to demographic data of
graph customers to detect if there are people to strategize
recommend pedestrians and location-specific
similar products campaigns.
other cars on the
road

20XX Contoso business plan 20

 User Interface
What is a User Interface?
- Consists of the features
by which a user interacts
with a computer system
Building includes screens, pages,
interfaces in buttons, icons, forms,
etc.
software or
computerized - The most obvious
examples of user
devices, interfaces are softwares
focusing on and applications on
looks or style computers and
smartphones.

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 UI for IoT
Physical UI Connectivity Performance Simplicity
• Identify the need of • There are different • Graphs are a great • To deliver the
approaches to how often
physical UI on the data is sent to the cloud & way to present large information to the
IoT device processed. amount of data in a user in the simplest
• Eg: A small LED light • Eg: If we had a location meaningful way, and way possible.
tracker sending information they also help with
on an IoT sensor to the cloud every three • Eg: Visualization
device to tell the hours, the UI should inform the performance of makes the
user that the device the user clearly that it’s not the UI. information easier
is on. real-time information that • A long list of events to understand.
he/she sees. The UI could
let the user know “Last or messages needs
message received 2 hours to be shown in the
ago – next message UI, usually only a
expected in 1 hour”, for
example. part of the data is
loaded to be shown
at a time
(pagination).

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 Example of IoT
processess
First, we collect data about the
temperature and the location with our
sensor devices (step 1). After that we
use a network solution to send the data
to a cloud service (step 2), where the
data is transformed into useful
information via data processing (step
3). Finally, the information is delivered
to the end user via user interface (step
4).

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What say you? Let’s do Activity #3

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 Thank you

Dr. Norharyanti Mohsin

[email protected]

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