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Atoms 2

The document provides an overview of chemistry, focusing on the particulate nature of matter, which is composed of atoms, molecules, and ions. It explains the kinetic theory of particles, the differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures, and describes the three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Additionally, it outlines atomic structure, detailing the components of atoms, their charges, and the processes of changing states of matter.

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14 views5 pages

Atoms 2

The document provides an overview of chemistry, focusing on the particulate nature of matter, which is composed of atoms, molecules, and ions. It explains the kinetic theory of particles, the differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures, and describes the three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Additionally, it outlines atomic structure, detailing the components of atoms, their charges, and the processes of changing states of matter.

Uploaded by

mboromapriscillah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry: is the study of matter and the changes matter can undergo

PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

All material is made up of matter


Matter: is anything that occupies space and got mass
Matter is made up of tiny invisible particles
Forms of particles in which matter can exist: Atoms
Molecules
Ions

KINETIC THEORY OF PARTICLES

Particles have energy and are always in constant motion. The energy responsible for
movement is called kinetic energy. The movement of particles depends on the force
between the particles (holding them together)
ATOMS
Atom: is the smallest indivisible part of an element that can exist on its own
 All matter is made of atoms, and atoms are indestructible and cannot be broken
down into pieces
 All the atoms of a particular element are identical to each other and different from
the atoms of other elements
 Atoms are rearranged in a chemical reaction
 Compounds are formed when two or more different kinds of atoms join together
ELEMENTS, COMPOUND AND MIXTURES

Elements

Element is a substance made from only one type of atom.


For example

Carbon is made entirely from carbon atoms.


Sodium is made entirely from sodium atoms.
An element cannot be broken down (chemically) into a more simple substance.
The periodic table shows all the elements. Atoms of the same element have the same
atomic number.
Compounds
A compound is a substance made from two or more elements which have reacted
chemically with each other.
A compound is a completely new material which will often have totally different
properties from the elements which made it.
For example

The element sodium is a highly reactive metal.


The element chlorine is a yellow-green poisonous gas (non-metal).

When the two react together, they form a compound called sodium chloride.
Sodium chloride is common salt, which you eat with food. You wouldn't want to eat the
elements!
You cannot separate the elements of a compound by physical methods.
It can only be done by using more chemical reactions or by passing electricity through it
(if it conducts electricity).
Mixture

A mixture contains two or more substances which have not reacted chemically with each
other.
A mixture is made of little bits of each substance mixed together.
A mixture can be separated by physical methods, a compound can not.
For example

A mixture of iron filings and sulfur can be separated by using a magnet to attract the iron.
Iron is a magnetic material but sulphur is not.
If a mixture of iron filings and sulfur is heated the iron reacts with the sulfur and the
compound iron sulfide is formed.

The compound iron sulfide is not a magnetic material and cannot be separated by using a
magnet.

THE THREE STATE OF MATTER

Matter exists in 3 states namely: Liquid


Gas
Solid
GAS

 A gas has no fixed shape or volume, but always spreads out to fill any container.
 There are almost no forces of attraction between the particles so they are
completely free of each other.
 The particles are widely spaced and scattered at random throughout the container
so there is no order in the system.
 The particles move rapidly in all directions, frequently colliding with each other
and the side of the container.
 With increase in temperature, the particles move faster as they gain kinetic
energy.
LIQUIDS
 A liquid has a fixed volume at a given temperature but its shape is that of the
container which holds the liquid.
 There are much greater forces of attraction between the particles in a liquid
compared to gases, but not quite as much as in solids.
 Particles in liquid state are further apart than solid but much closer than in gases.
 Particles moving rapidly in all directions but more frequently collisions with each
other than in gases due to shorter distances between particles.
 With increase in temperature, the particles move faster as they gain kinetic
energy, so increased collision rates, increased collision energy and increased rate
of diffusion.
SOLIDS
 A solid has a fixed volume and shape at a particular temperature unless physically
subjected to some force.
 The greatest forces of attraction are between the particles in a solid and they pack
together as tightly as possible in a neat and ordered arrangement.
 The particles are too strongly held together to allow movement from place to
place but the particles vibrate about their position in the structure.
 With increase in temperature, the particles vibrate faster and more strongly as
they gain kinetic energy.

CHANGES OF STATE OF MATTER (physical change)

Any substance can exist in each of the 3 states of matter depending on the condition of
temperature and pressure

Melting: is the process where by solid particles turned into a liquid. The temperature at
which a solid turned is called its melting point
Freezing: Is the process where by liquid particles turned into a solid. the temperature at
which a liquid turned is called freezing point.
Evaporation: Is the process whereby liquid turns into a gas
Condensation: is the process whereby a gas turns into a liquid
Sublimation: is the process whereby a solid turns into a gas e.g. Carbon dioxide, Iodine

Atomic Structure

Atoms consist of electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons.
Protons and neutrons have a relative mass of 1 and electrons have a negligible mass.
Neutrons are neutral, but protons and electrons are electrically charged. Protons have a
relative charge of +1 and electrons have a relative charge of -1.

Atoms

Everything is made of atoms.


An atom is the smallest piece of a substance that can exist.
7 million atoms joined together in a straight line would be about 1mm long

All atoms have a nucleus (the big bit in the middle). The nucleus contains protons and
neutrons.

All atoms have electrons. For any atom, the number of protons is the same as the number
of electrons.

If an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion.

This is a picture of a sodium atom. It has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons.

The electron structure is 2, 8, 1.


Each proton has an electrical charge of +1.
Each electron has an electrical charge of -1.

The neutron has no charge (it is neutral). An atom has the same number of protons and
electrons

so the overall charge is zero (it is neutral).

Summary

Relative Mass Relative Charge


Particle
Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 1/1840 -1

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