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    Markus Buttiker - The Quantum Hall Effect

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    Quantum Hall effect Markus Buttiker Ecole de Physique des Houches (france) from October 1st to October 12th, 2007. Edge states connect the contacts in the same way: in the absence of of backscattering the two conductors are equivalent. Ideal contacts generate a non-equilibrium population of edge states ideal contacts populate all edge states equally.

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    Markus Buttiker - The Quantum Hall Effect

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    Quantum Hall effect Markus Buttiker Ecole de Physique des Houches (france) from October 1st to October 12th, 2007. Edge states connect the contacts in the same way: in the absence of of backscattering the two conductors are equivalent. Ideal contacts generate a non-equilibrium population of edge states ideal contacts populate all edge states equally.

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    Quantum Hall effect Markus Buttiker Ecole de Physique des Houches (france) from October 1st to October 12th, 2007. Edge states connect the contacts in the same way: in the absence of of backscattering the two conductors are equivalent. Ideal contacts generate a non-equilibrium population of edge states ideal contacts populate all edge states equally.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    220 views23 pages

    Markus Buttiker - The Quantum Hall Effect

    Uploaded by

    Greamxx
    Quantum Hall effect Markus Buttiker Ecole de Physique des Houches (france) from October 1st to October 12th, 2007. Edge states connect the contacts in the same way: in the absence of of backscattering the two conductors are equivalent. Ideal contacts generate a non-equilibrium population of edge states ideal contacts populate all edge states equally.

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    of 23

    The Quantum Hall Effect

    Markus Buttiker University of Geneva


    International School "Quantum Metrology and Fundamental constants, 'Ecole de Physique des Houches" (France) from October 1st to October 12th, 2007.

    Generalized longitudinal and Hall resistances


    2DEG pattterened into a multirpobe conductor Four-probe resistance

    Generalized longitudinal resistance

    Generalized Hall resistance

    Quantum Hall effect

    For all (generalized ) Hall and longitudinal resistances!!

    Edge states: smooth potential


    equipotential line velocity Transition from N=3 to N= 2 edge states

    Integer quantum Hall Effect


    Von Klitzing, et al, PRL 1980

    GaAs/AlGaAs T = 0.3 K BJ&BJ, 1992

    Electron Focusing

    skipping orbit

    van Houten et al. , Phys. Rev. B39, 8556 (1989)

    electron focusing

    Skipping orbits
    2DEG

    (semi-classical) quantization

    immune to disorder

    Edge states
    Halperin, Phys. Rev. B25, 2185 (1982)

    bulk; Landau levels

    edge states

    Hall Cross

    In the two geometrically very different conductors, edge states connect the contacts in the same way: in the absence of of backscattering the two conductors are equivalent.

    Same R_H and same R_L

    Transmission and conductance


    Buttiker, PRL 57, 1761 (1986); IBM J. Res. Developm. 32, 317 (1988)

    Four-probe resistances
    Buttiker, PRL 57, 1761 (1986); IBM J. Res. Developm. 32, 317 (1988)

    10

    G has eigenvalue zero!

    Current contacts Voltage probes

    11

    Strengths of transmission approach

    Includes contacts Treats all contacts on equal footing

    Treats longitudinal and Hall conductance on equal footing

    All conductances (whether longitudianl or Hall )depend on states at the Fermi energy only

    Quantum Hall effect


    Buttiker, Phys. Rev. B38, 9375 (1988)

    12

    13

    Quantized longitudinal resistances


    Buttiker, Phys. Rev. B38, 9375 (1988) N edge states in the bulk, K edge states reflected

    QHE: Non-ideal contacts


    Left: Transition from 2DEG to metallic contact Right: Transmission through a quantum point contact

    14

    With ideal contacts between contacts with reflection the Hall resistances remain quantized and the longitudinal resistances remain zero! However..

    15

    QHE: Non-ideal contacts


    Non-ideal contacts generate a non-equilibrium population of edge states Ideal contacts populate all edge states equally; they relax a non-equilibrium population: this process is inelastic

    Conductor with non-ideal contacts separated by ideal contacts which generate inelastic relaxation

    Hall resistances are quantized Longitudinal resistances zero

    Inelastic relaxation (equilibration among edge channels) helps quantization! Quantum Hall effect does not require global phase coherence!!

    16

    Selective Injection and Detection


    B. Van Wees et al, PRL 62, 1181 (1989); H. van Houten et al., PRB 39, 8556 (89) Selective population and detection of non-equilibium populations Contact 1: Injector Contact 2: Detector

    Contact 1 reflects K edge states Contact 2 reflects L edge states

    Injection into outermost edge state only, successive opening o detector contact B. W. Alphenaar, et al. PRL (1990)

    Experimental proof of existence of edge states


    Selective generation of currents in edge states and their selective detection is the best proof we have for the relevance of the edge states. Obviously in a bulk picture (no boundary effects) such experiments would seem impossible to explain.

    17

    However misunderstandings and misconceptions and simply lack of Information still lead often to objections.

    Gauge and Topology


    Laughlin, PRB 23, 5632 (1981)

    18

    Niu and Thouless, PRB 35, 2188 (1987)

    Response to Aharonov-Bohm flux Requires global phase coherence

    Current distribution at equilibrium


    U

    19

    Smooth potential

    Equilibrium current density pattern (diamagnetic current) Equilibrium electrostatic potential The equilibrium current through any cross-section of the conductor vanishes

    Current distribution in the presence of transport


    T. Christen and M.B. PRB 53, 2064 (1996)
    U
    L

    20

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    Cg
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

    Density of states

    Linear transport regime Electrochemical capacitance Current at the edge Edge to bulk ratio Current in the bulk

    Potential must be calculated from Poisson equation

    S. Komiyama and H. Hirai, Phys. Rev. B 54, 2067 (1996)

    Current distribution: Summary

    ..the study of the local current distribution dos not prove or disprove Edge channel formulation

    C. W. J. Beenakker and H. van Houten, in Solid State Physics: Advances in Research and Applications, edited by H. Ehrenreich and D. Turnbull (Academic, San Diego, 1991). Vol. 44, p. 177

    21

    Physical properties of the QHE


    Large voltages

    Hot spots, cyclotron rad. emission Temperature Intermediate 1K < T < 10K

    s = -0.01 and -0.51 after Ref. 88 Tsui ..but also experiments with positive s See Shklovskii, universal prefactor, PRL 74, 150-3 Low, kT < 1 VRH exponent alpha = Field dependent hopping model Polyakov and Shklovskii, Phys. Rev. B48, 11167 (1993)

    Summary
    Transmission, conductance and resistance Treats longitudinal and Hall resistances on an equivalent footing Quantum Hall effect: electron motion along edge states, absence of backscattering Contacts, non-equilibrium injection and detection of edge states Edge states an experimental reality Current distribution

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