UNIT-III

IMAGE AND GRAPHICS

Bitmap (BMP):
Bitmap (BMP) is an image file format that can be used to create and store computer graphics. A
bitmap file displays a small dots in a pattern that, when viewed from afar, creates an overall
image. A bitmap image is a grid made of rows and columns where a specific cell is given a value
that fills it in or leaves it blank, thus creating an image out of the data.
To create a bitmap, an image is broken into the smallest possible units (pixels) and then the color
information of each pixel (color depth) is stored in bits that are mapped out in rows and columns.
The complexity of a bitmap image can be increased by varying the color intensity of each dot or
by increasing the number of rows and columns used to create the image. However, when a user
magnifies a bitmap image enough, it eventually becomes pixalated as the dots resolve into tiny
squares of color on a grid.
VECTOR DRAWING:-
Vector graphics are graphics that computers render by using mathematical formulas. This allows
the image to be scaled up many times without distortion, unlike something in MS Paint which
uses raster graphics (graphics made up of pixels).
Vector graphics are primarily used for logos, icons on your computer, and wallpapers due to
their scalability.
In computer graphics, a vector graphic or vector image is an image made up paths (lines with a
starting and ending points). These paths, all based on mathematical expressions, consist of basic
geometric shapes, such as lines, polygons, and curves. The key advantage of using vector
graphics as opposed to raster images is their ability to scale without compromising image
quality. For example, you could use a vector graphic to help make a banner or sign.
There are many different file formats (file extensions) used to create a vector graphic. The most
common vector file types include .ai, .eps, .pdf, and .svg. One of the most popular programs used
to view and create vector images is Adobe Illustrator.
Image/Graphic File Formats:-
Graphic images are stored digitally using a small number of standardized graphic file formats,
including bit map, TIFF, JPEG, GIF, PNG; they can also be stored as raw, unprocessed data.
There are likely billions of graphic images available on the World Wide Web, and with few
exceptions, almost any user can view any of them with no difficulty. This is because all those
images are stored in what amounts to a handful of file formats. Before discussing the principal
graphics file formats, however, we need to review the two fundamental types of graphics: raster
and vector.
Image file format:-
BMP
The simplest way to define a raster graphic image is by using color-coded information for each
pixel on each row. This is the basic bit-map format used by Microsoft Windows. The
disadvantage of this type of image is that it can waste large amounts of storage. Where there’s an
area with a solid color, for example, we don’t need to repeat that color information for every new
contiguous pixel. Instead, we can instruct the computer to repeat the current color until we
change it. This type of space-saving trick is the basis of compression, which allows us to store
the graphic using fewer bytes. Most Web graphics today are compressed so that they can be
transmitted more quickly. Some compression techniques will save space yet preserve all the
information that’s in the image. That’s called “lossless” compression. Other types of
compression can save a lot more space, but the price you pay is degraded image quality. This is
known as “lossy” compression.
TIFF
Most graphics file formats were created with a particular use in mind, although most can be used
for a wide variety of image types. Another common bit-mapped image type is Tagged Image File
Format, which is used in faxing, desktop publishing and medical imaging. TIFF is actually a
“container” that can hold bit maps and JPEGs and allows (but doesn’t require) various types of
compression.
JPEG
The Joint Photographic Experts Group created the JPEG standard in 1990 for the efficient
compression of photographic images. JPEG allows varying levels of lossy compression, letting
you trade off quality against file size. Progressive JPEG is a way to rearrange the graphic data to
permit a rough view of the entire image even when only a small portion of the file has been
downloaded. The JPEG standard includes 29 distinct coding processes, but not all of them need
to be used. If an image has flat areas of single color that transition sharply to contiguous areas,
JPEG doesn’t work as well as GIF.

JPEG 2000 is a wavelet-based standard designed to supersede the original. It offers improved
compression, including lossless compression, and supports multiple resolutions in a single file,
but it has only limited support in current Web browsers.
GIF
The Graphic Interchange Format takes an image and re-creates it using a palette of no more than
256 colors. These palettes can be totally different for different images. GIF is a very efficient
format that achieves very good compression for non photographic images. GIF also permits the
creation of animated images by allowing a file to contain several different frames (each with its
own palette) and to switch between them with a specified delay. In addition, GIF images are one
of the few types that can have a transparent background, meaning that there’s no need to always
display a rectangular area.
PNG
Portable Network Graphics is a standard developed in 1996 as an alternative to and improvement
on GIF, but without the patent issues and palette restrictions. PNG can compress an image more
than GIF and supports improved background transparency/opacity but allows only single images,
without animation.