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Digital Signal Processing

Fifth Edition

Chapter 5
Frequency-Domain
Analysis of LTI Systems

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Figure 5.1.1 Magnitude and phase responses for the MA system in Example
5.1.2, with M = 4.

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Figure 5.1.2 Magnitude and phase responses for the system in Example 5.1.3
with a = 0.9.

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Figure 5.1.3 Magnitude frequency response functions of MA and exponential
smoothers.

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Figure 5.1.4 Time- and frequency-domain input–output relationships in LTI
systems.

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Figure 5.2.1 Geometric interpretation of the contribution of a pole and a zero
to the Fourier transform (a) magnitude: the factor Vk/Uk, (b) phase: the
factor k −  k.

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Figure 5.2.2 A zero on the unit circle causes |H()| = 0 and  = ]zk. In
contrast, a pole on the unit circle results in |H()| =  at  = ]pk.

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Figure 5.2.3 Magnitude and phase of system with H(z) = 1/(1 − 0.8z−1).

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Figure 5.3.1 Block diagram for zero-phase non-causal filtering using a causal
filter.

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Figure 5.3.2 The zero-phase exponential filter improves smoothing and results
in perfect alignment between the original and smoothed signals.

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Figure 5.4.1 Magnitude responses for some ideal frequency-selective
discrete-time filters.

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Figure 5.4.2 Response of a MA filter with M = 4 to the sinusoid
x(n) = cos(0.2n)u(n).

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Figure 5.4.3 Pole–zero patterns for several lowpass and highpass filters.

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Figure 5.4.4 Magnitude and phase response of (1) a single-pole filter and (2) a
one-pole, one-zero filter; H1(z) = (1 − a)/(1 − az−1), H2(z) = [(1 − a)/2][(1 +z−1)/(1
− az−1)], and a = 0.9.

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Figure 5.4.5 Magnitude and phase response of a simple highpass filter;
H(z) = [(1 − a)/2][(1 − z−1)/(1 + az−1)] with a = 0.9.

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Figure 5.4.6 Magnitude and phase response of a simple bandpass filter in
Example 5.4.2; H(z) = 0.15[(1 − z−2)/ (1 + 0.7z−2)].

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Figure 5.4.7 Pole-zero pattern and the corresponding magnitude, phase, and
group delay frequency responses of a digital resonator with r = 0.8 and
r = 0.95.

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Figure 5.4.8 Frequency response characteristics of digital resonator with zeros
at  = 0 and  =  and (1) r = 0.8 and (2) r = 0.95.

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Figure 5.4.9 Frequency response characteristic of a notch filter.

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Figure 5.4.10 Frequency response characteristics of a notch filter with a notch
at  =  /4 or f = 1/8; H(z) = G[1 − 2 cos 0 z−1 + z−2].

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Figure 5.4.11 Frequency response characteristics of two notch filters with
poles at (1) r = 0.85 and (2) r = 0.95; H(z) = b0[(1 − 2 cos 0 z−1 + z−2)/
(1 − 2r cos 0 z−1 + r2 z−2)].

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Figure 5.4.12 Time series of daily minimum temperatures in the city of
Melbourne and the output of a notch filter that has removed the yearly seasonal
component from the data.

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Figure 5.4.13 Pole-zero pattern and magnitude response function of a MA
filter with M = 5 (top) and the corresponding comb filter with L = 3 (bottom).

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Figure 5.4.14 (a) Spectrum of unfiltered electron content data; (b) spectrum
of output of solar filter; (c) spectrum of output of lunar filter.

[From paper by Bernhardt et al. (1976). Reprinted with permission of the American Geophysical Union.]

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Figure 5.4.15 Impulse response, pole-zero pattern, and magnitude response
of the basic reverberator with L = 10 and r = 0.8.

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Figure 5.4.16 Block diagram of a basic reverberator with a filter in the
feedback loop.

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Figure 5.4.17 Impulse response, pole-zero pattern, and magnitude response
of the lowpass reverberator with L = 10, r = 0.8, a = 0.3.

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Figure 5.4.18 Pole–zero patterns of (a) a first-order and (b) a second-order all-
pass filter.

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Figure 5.4.19 Frequency response characteristics of an all-pass filter with
system function H (z) = (r2 − 2r cos 0 z−1 + z−2)/(1 − 2r cos 0 z−1 + r2 z−2),
r = 0.9, 0 = /4.

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Figure 5.4.20 Digital sinusoidal generator.

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Figure 5.4.21 Realization of the coupled-form oscillator.

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Figure 5.5.1 System T in cascade with its inverse T−1.

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Figure 5.5.2 Two possible regions of convergence for H(z) = z/ (z − ½)

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Figure 5.5.3 Phase response characteristics for the systems in (5.5.10) and
(5.5.11).

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Figure 5.5.4 Homomorphic system for obtaining the cepstrum {cy(n)} of the
sequence {y(n)}.

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Figure 5.5.5 Separating the two cepstral components by “lowpass” and
“highpass” windows.

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Figure 5.5.6 Inverse homomorphic system for recovering the sequences {x(n)}
and {h(n)} from the corresponding cepstra.

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Figure P5.6

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Figure P5.10

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Figure P5.13

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Figure P5.21

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Figure P5.48

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Figure P5.49

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Figure P5.54

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Figure P5.55

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Table 5.1* UNIT 1

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Table 5.2* UNIT 2

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Copyright

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