CITM/CSE/DBMS

LAB MANUAL
FOR
DBMS LAB

CITM CSE

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1.
SQL BASICS
The structure queries language is a language that enable to create and operate on relational
database ,which are sets of related information stored in tables .
SQL has clearly established itself as the standard relational database language.

PROCESSING CAPABILITY OF SQL:

The various capability of sql are:

1. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE(DDL):
The sql DDL provides commands for
defining relations schemas ,deleting relations ,creating index and modifying relations
schemas.

2. INTERACTIVE DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE(DML):

The sql DML
includes the queries language based on both the relational algebra and the tuples relational
calculas. It includes also command to insert ,delete and modifying in the database.

3. EMBEDDED DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:

The embedded form of sql is
designed for use within general purpose programming language such as pl/1,cobol
,fortran,pascal and c.

4. VIEW DEFINITION :
The sql DDL also includes commands for defining views

5. AUTHORIZATION :
The sql DDL includes command for specifying access rights to
relation and views.

6. INTEGRITY:
The sql provides forms of integrity checking. Future products and
standard of sql are likely to include enhanced features for integrity checking .

7. TRANSACTION CONTROL:
Sql includes command for specifying the beginning and
ending of transaction along with commands to have a control over transaction
processing.

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THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN SQL EXPRESSIONS CONSISTS OF

THREE CLAUSES:
 SELECT
 FROM
 WHERE

A typical sql query has the form

Select a,b,c,d………
From a1,b1,c1………
Where p;

1. SELECT CLAUSE:
select branch-name from loan;
it will select all branch-name from the loan table

2. WHERE CLAUSE:
select loan-number from loan
where amount between 8000 and 9000
it will select all loan-number from loan where amount is between the 8000
and 9000

3. FROM CLAUSE:
select customer-name,borrower.loan-
number,amount
from borrower,loan
where borrower.loan-no=loan.loan-no

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2.

TO CREATE DATABASE

SQL> create table Gaurav

2 ( rollno int,
3 name char(20),
4 branch char(20),
5 sem int );

Table created.

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3.
CREATION OF TABLE WITH CONSTRAINTS:
SQL> create table Gaurav
2 ( empid int constraint v1 primary key ,
3 epmnm char(20) constraint v2 unique,
4 desig char(20) default 'clerk',
5 dept char(20) constraint v3
6 check(dept in('edp','fin')),
7 salary int constraint v4 not null);

Table created.

Description of the above table:

SQL> desc Gaurav;

Name Null? Type
------------------------------- -------- ----
EMPID NOT NULL NUMBER(38)
EPMNM CHAR(20)
DESIG CHAR(20)
DEPT CHAR(20)
SALARY NOT NULL NUMBER(38)

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8.
ALTER TABLE :
(a) Adding column : (ADD clause)
SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 add (marks int);
Table altered.

(b) Adding multiple columns clause) :

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 add (fav_sub char(20),stdid int);

Table altered.

(c) Changing column width :(MODIFY clause)

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 modify branch char(10);

Table altered.

(d) Dropping column :(DROP clause)

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 drop column stdid;

Table altered

(e) Adding NOT NULL : (MODIFY clause)

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 modify (rollno int not null);

Table altered.

(f) Dropping NOT NULL : (DROP clause)

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 modify (rollno int not null);

Table altered

(g) Adding check constraint : (ADD clause)

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 add constraint v11 check(branch in('it','csc'));
Table altered.

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(h) Dropping check constraint : (DROP clause)

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 drop constraint v11;

Table altered.

(i) Adding Primary key :

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 add constraint v11 primary key(name);
Table altered
.
(j) Removing Primary Key :
SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 drop constraint v11;

Table altered.

(k) Dropping a primary key that have a dependent table:

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 drop primary key cascade;

Table altered.

(l) Adding Foreign Key :

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 add constraint v11 foreign key(rollno)
3 references employee;

Table altered.

(m) Dropping Foreign Key :

SQL> alter table Gaurav
2 drop constraint v11;

Table altered.

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The description of above altered table:

SQL> desc Gaurav;
Name Null? Type
------------------------------- -------- ----
ROLLNO NOT NULL NUMBER(38)
NAME CHAR(20)
BRANCH CHAR(10)
SEM NUMBER(38)
MARKS NUMBER(38)
FAV_SUB CHAR(20)
STDID NUMBER(38)

4.

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ADD A RECORD TO DATABASE:

(1) Simple insertion:
SQL> insert into Gaurav
2 values(8031,'Gaurav','CSE',4,760,'OOPS',1);

1 row created.

(2) Accepting values from users:

SQL> insert into Gaurav
2 values(&rollno,&name,&branch,&sem,&marks,&fav_sub,&stdid);
Enter value for rollno: 6302
Enter value for name: ‘Sourabh’
Enter value for branch: 'IT'
Enter value for sem: 4
Enter value for marks: 833
Enter value for fav_sub: 'PL'
Enter value for stdid: 1
old 2: values(&rollno,&name,&branch,&sem,&marks,&fav_sub,&stdid)
new 2: values(6302,'Sourabh','IT',4,833,'PL',1)

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for rollno: 6058
Enter value for name: 'Sudhir'
Enter value for branch: 'CSE'
Enter value for sem: 4
Enter value for marks: 730
Enter value for fav_sub: 'DBMS'
Enter value for stdid: 2
old 2: values(&rollno,&name,&branch,&sem,&marks,&fav_sub,&stdid)
new 2: values(6058,'Sudhir','CSE',4,730,'DBMS',2)

1 row created.

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(3) Inserting values into specific columns:

SQL> insert into Gaurav

2 (rollno,name,branch,sem)

3 values(7006,'Amit','cse',2);

1 row created.

The above inserted table is shown below:

SQL> select *from Gaurav;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------

6070 Vikas CSE 4 760 OOPS 1

6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1

6058 Sudhir CSE 4 730 DBMS 2

7006 Amit cse 2

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7.
UPDATING TABLES(MODIFY):
(a) Updating without where clause:
SQL> update Gaurav

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2 set name='Goru';

4 rows updated.

SQL> select *from Gaurav;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB

STDID
--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1
6302 Goru IT 4 833 PL 1
6058 Goru CSE 4 730 DBMS 2
7006 Goru cse 2

(b) Updating with where clause:

SQL> update Gaurav
2 set name='dada' where rollno=6302;

1 row updated.

SQL> select *from Vikas_kapoor;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1
6302 dada IT 4 833 PL 1
6058 Gaurav CSE 4 730 DBMS 2
7006 Gaurav CSE 2

14.
Generating sub query:
SQL> update Gaurav
2 set name=(select name from Gaurav where rollno=6302)
3 where rollno=6058;

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1 row updated.

SQL> select *from Gaurav;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1
6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1
6058 Sourabh CSE 4 730 DBMS 2
7006 Amit cse 2

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6.
DELETING RECORDS:
(a) Delete (SINGLE record)
SQL> delete from Gaurav
2 where rollno=7006;

1 row deleted.

SQL> select *from Vikas_kapoor;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------

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6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1

6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1
6058 Sourabh CSE 4 730 DBMS 2

(b) Delete (MULTIPLE record)

SQL> delete from Gaurav
2 where branch='CSE';

2 rows deleted.
SQL> select *from Gaurav;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1

(c) Delete (ALL records)

 USING TRUNCATE
SQL> truncate table Gaurav;

Table truncated.

SQL> select *from Gaurav;

no rows selected

(d) Delete (ALL records)

 USING DELETE
SQL> delete from Gaurav;

1 rows deleted.

SQL> select *from Gaurav;

no rows selected

(e) Deleting using sub query

SQL> delete from Gaurav
2 where rollno=(select rollno from Gaurav where name='Sudhir');

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1 row deleted.

SQL> select *from Gaurav;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1
6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1

DROPPING TABLE:
(a) Dropping a table that has a primary key:
SQL> drop table s;

Table dropped.

(b) Dropping a table that has a foreign key:

SQL> drop table sp;

Table dropped.

RETRIEVING DATA :
(a) Retrieving all records:
SQL> select *from Gaurav;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1
6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1
7006 Amit CSE 2 729 FCP 1
6058 Sudhir CSE 4 729 DBMS 2
6047 Richa CSE 4 782 CAO 2

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(b) Retrieving specific columns:

SQL> select rollno,branch,name from Gaurav;

ROLLNO BRANCH NAME

--------- ---------- --------------------
6070 CSE Goru
6302 IT Sourabh
7006 CSE Amit
6058 CSE Sudhir
6047 CSE Richa

(c) Printing with user defined headings:

SQL> select rollno as rno, branch as stream, name as stdname from Vikas_kapoor;

RNO STREAM STDNAME

--------- ---------- --------------------
6070 CSE Goru
6302 IT Sourabh
7006 CSE Amit
6058 CSE Sudhir
6047 CSE Richa

(b) Using Logical operators(AND, OR, NOT):

SQL> select * from Gaurav
2 where(branch='CSE' AND marks=729);

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
7006 Amit CSE 2 729 FCP 1
6058 Sudhir CSE 4 729 DBMS 2

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SQL> select * from Gaurav

2 where(branch='cse' OR marks>750);

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1
6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1
6047 Richa CSE 4 782 CAO 2

(c) Using BETWEEN AND:

SQL> select * from Gaurav
2 where marks between 730 and 800;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1

6047 Richa CSE 4 782 CAO 2

(d) Using IN Function:

SQL> select * from Gaurav
2 where marks in(729,760,782);

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1
7006 Amit CSE 2 729 FCP 1
6058 Sudhir CSE 4 729 DBMS 2
6047 Richa CSE 4 782 CAO 2

(e) Using LIKE Operator:

1). percent:
SQL> select * from Gaurav
2 where name like '%h%';

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1
6058 Sudhir CSE 4 729 DBMS 2

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6047 Richa CSE 4 782 CAO 2

2). underscore:
SQL> select * from Gaurav
2 where marks like '8 ';

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1

3). IS NULL:
SQL> select * from Gaurav
2 where stdid is null;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
7006 Amit CSE 2 729 FCP

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9.
ORDERING RECORDS:
a). ascending:
SQL> select * from Gaurav
2 order by name asc;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
7006 Amit CSE 2 729 FCP 1
6047 Richa CSE 4 782 CAO 2
6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1

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6058 Sudhir CSE 4 729 DBMS 2

6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1

b). descending:
SQL> select * from Gaurav
2 order by name desc;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM MARKS FAV_SUB STDID

--------- -------------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------
6070 Goru CSE 4 760 OOPS 1
6058 Sudhir CSE 4 729 DBMS 2
6302 Sourabh IT 4 833 PL 1
6047 Richa CSE 4 782 CAO 2
7006 Amit CSE 2 729 FCP 1

a). concat:
SQL> select name || ',' || branch from Gaurav;

NAME||','||BRANCH
-------------------------------
Goru ,CSE
Sourabh ,IT
Amit ,CSE
Sudhir ,CSE

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Richa ,CSE

b). initcap:
SQL> select initcap(name) from Gaurav;

INITCAP(NAME)
--------------------
Goru
Sourabh
Amit
Sudhir
Richa

c). lower:
SQL> select lower(name) from Gaurav;

LOWER(NAME)
--------------------
vikas
sourabh
amit
sudhir
richa

d). upper:
SQL> select upper(name) from Gaurav;

UPPER(NAME)
--------------------
VIKAS
SOURABH
AMIT
SUDHIR
RICHA

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11.
ORACLE FUNCTION:
a). add_months:
SQL> select sysdate, add_months('9-april-2005',4) from dual;

SYSDATE ADD_MONTH
--------- ---------
08-APR-05 09-AUG-05

b). last_day:
SQL> select sysdate,last_day('9-april-2005') from dual;

SYSDATE LAST_DAY(
--------- ---------
08-APR-05 30-APR-05

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c). months_between:
SQL> select sysdate, months_between(sysdate,'02-nov-1985')from dual;

SYSDATE MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,'02-NOV-1985')
--------- -------------------------------------
08-APR-05 233.22555

d). next_day:
SQL> select sysdate,next_day('9-april-2005','monday')from dual;

SYSDATE NEXT_DAY(
--------- ---------
08-APR-05 11-APR-05

Ceil:
SQL> select ceil(months_between(sysdate,'02-nov-1985'))from dual;

CEIL(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,'02-NOV-1985'))
-------------------------------------------
234

Floor:
SQL> select floor(months_between(sysdate,'02-nov-1985'))from dual;

FLOOR(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,'02-NOV-1985'))
--------------------------------------------
233

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Mod:
SQL> select mod(10,7) from dual;

MOD(10,7)
---------
3
Power:
SQL> select power(2,3) from dual;

POWER(2,3)
----------
8

Sqrt:
SQL> select sqrt(10) from dual;

SQRT(10)
---------
3.1622777

Abs:
SQL> select abs(10)from dual;

ABS(10)
---------
10

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS:

 AVG()
SQL> select avg(marks) from Gaurav;

AVG(MARKS)
----------
766.6
 MAX()
SQL> select max(marks) from Gaurav;
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MAX(MARKS)
----------
833

 MIN()
SQL> select min(marks) from Gaurav;

MIN(MARKS)
----------
729

 SUM()

SQL> select sum(marks) from Gaurav;

SUM(MARKS)
----------
3833

 COUNT()
SQL> select count(name) from Gaurav;

COUNT(NAME)

SQL> select count(*) from Gaurav;

COUNT(*)

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10.
GROUPING FUNCION
GROUP BY clause:
SQL> select sum(marks) from Gaurav
2 group by stdid;

SUM(MARKS)
----------
2322
1511

HAVING clause:
SQL> select sum(marks) from Gaurav
2 group by stdid
3 having sum(marks)>2000;

SUM(MARKS)
----------
2322

ALL clause:
SQL> select all name from Gaurav;

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NAME
--------------------
Goru
Sourabh
Amit
Sudhir
Richa

12.
SET OPERATIONS:
(a) Union:
SQL> select name from std union select name from Gaurav;

NAME
--------------------
Amit
Richa
Sourabh
Sudhir
goru
amit
preeti
sourabh
goru

9 rows selected.
(b) Union All:

SQL> select rollno,name,branch,sem from Gaurav union all select *from std;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH SEM

--------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------
6070 Goru CSE 4
6302 Sourabh IT 4

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7006 Amit CSE 2

6058 Sudhir CSE 4
6047 Richa CSE 4
6302 sourabh it 4
6317 preeti it 4
6070 goru cse 4
7006 amit cse 2

9 rows selected.

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