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Chapter 5 Students

The document provides an overview of logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities, including their definitions and properties. It includes examples of converting between exponential and logarithmic forms, as well as techniques for solving logarithmic equations and inequalities. Additionally, it discusses applications of logarithms in measuring earthquake magnitudes and sound intensity.

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Chezmyrr Navarroza
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7 views60 pages

Chapter 5 Students

The document provides an overview of logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities, including their definitions and properties. It includes examples of converting between exponential and logarithmic forms, as well as techniques for solving logarithmic equations and inequalities. Additionally, it discusses applications of logarithms in measuring earthquake magnitudes and sound intensity.

Uploaded by

Chezmyrr Navarroza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objectives:

❑
Definition
𝒃 ≠ 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂

𝒄 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 𝒂 = 𝒃𝒄
𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏
Special Logarithms:
❑
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒙

𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙
𝒃𝒄 = 𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 = 𝒄

𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐


𝒆𝟐 = 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒
𝒆𝒂 = 𝟖 𝒍𝒏𝟖 = 𝒂
A. Rewrite the following exponential equations in
logarithmic form, whenever possible.
B. Rewrite the following logarithmic equations in
exponential form.

𝟓
C. Find the value of the following logarithmic
expressions.
Logarithmic Logarithmic Logarithmic
Equation Inequality Function
Function of the
An equation An inequality
Definition form
involving involving
logarithms. logarithms. f(x) = logbx
(b > 0, b ≠ 1)

Example logx2 = 4 ln x2 > (ln x)2 f(x) = log3x


A. Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function, a
logarithmic equation, a logarithmic inequality or neither.
Properties
𝒃>𝟎
𝒃 ≠ 𝟏

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒃𝒙 = 𝒙
𝒙>𝟎 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒙 = 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒃 = 𝟏
A. Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of
the following logarithmic expressions.
B. Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of
the following logarithmic expressions.
Laws
𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏 𝒏∈𝑹 𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒗 > 𝟎,

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒖𝒗 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒗


𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃(𝒖/𝒗) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒗
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏 • 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖
Example No. 1

𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂𝒃𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝟐 𝑳𝒂𝒘 𝑵𝒐. 𝟏


𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂𝒃𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 + 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑳𝒂𝒘 𝑵𝒐. 𝟑
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂𝒃𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 + 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃
Example No. 2
𝟑
𝟑 𝟑
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 = 𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝑳𝒂𝒘 𝑵𝒐. 𝟑
𝒙 𝒙
𝟑
𝟑
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 = 𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟑 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 𝑳𝒂𝒘 𝑵𝒐. 𝟐
𝒙
𝟑
𝟑
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 = 𝟑 𝟏 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 (𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚 𝑵𝒐. 𝟒)
𝒙
𝟑
𝟑
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 = 𝟑 − 𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙
𝒙
Example No. 3
𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟓
= 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟓
A. Use the properties to logarithm to condense the
expressions as a single logarithm
Here are some techniques or strategies in
solving the logarithmic equation.
Example No. 1
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟏𝟎

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟎
=
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙=𝟓
Example No. 2
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝟓𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
−𝟐𝒙 = −𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏
−𝟐𝒙 −𝟐𝟔
=
−𝟐 −𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟑
Here are some techniques or strategies in
solving the logarithmic inequality.

• 𝒃>𝟎
𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
• 𝟎<𝒃<𝟏 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝟏 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝟐
• 𝒃>𝟏 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝟐

•
Example No. 1
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐

𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 + 𝟐 > 𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐


𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝟎 𝒙+𝟐>𝟎 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 > 𝟏 𝒙 > −𝟐 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙 > 𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟐𝒙 𝟏 𝒙>𝟑
>
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝒙> 𝒙 > −𝟐 𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒊𝒔 (𝟑, +∞)
𝟐
Quiz No. 2 (1/4 Sheet)

𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟏
2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 (𝒙 + 𝟐)
Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale

𝟐 𝑬
𝑹 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟒.𝟒𝟎
𝟑 𝟏𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟒.𝟒𝟎
Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale

𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐

𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔


𝟐 𝑬 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝑹 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟒.𝟒𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟕.𝟔 ≈ 𝟑𝟗, 𝟖𝟏𝟎, 𝟕𝟏𝟕
𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟒.𝟒𝟎
𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝑹 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟒.𝟒𝟎 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒉𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒌𝒆.
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝟐
𝑹 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎𝟕.𝟔
𝟑
𝟐
𝑹 = (𝟕. 𝟔)
𝟑
𝑹 ≈ 𝟓. 𝟏
Sound Intensity

𝑰
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈 −𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
𝒎𝟐
−𝟏𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
𝟏𝟎
𝒎𝟐
Sound Intensity

𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔/𝒎𝟐

𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈 −𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎 𝟔
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟔
𝑫 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒅𝑩
Acidity & the pH Scale

𝒑𝑯 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑯+ ,

𝑯+
𝒑𝑯 𝒐𝒇 𝟕
𝒑𝑯 < 𝟕
𝒑𝑯 > 𝟕
Acidity & the pH Scale

𝟏𝟎−𝟓

−𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎−𝟓 = −𝟓.
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, 𝒑𝑯 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝒑𝑯 = − −𝟓
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟓
Properties Logarithmic Functions

𝒙 ∈ 𝑹ȁ𝒙 > 𝟎

𝒙=𝟎

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
𝒃>𝟏 𝟎<𝒃<𝟏
Properties Logarithmic Functions

𝒙 ∈ 𝑹ȁ𝒙 > 𝟎

𝒙=𝟎

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
𝒃>𝟏 𝟎<𝒃<𝟏
Example 1: Graph 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13-15, Identify the given with correct symbol, value and units.

𝟏
𝟑
𝟐

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