Chapter 5 Students
Chapter 5 Students
❑
Definition
𝒃 ≠ 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂
𝒄 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 𝒂 = 𝒃𝒄
𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏
Special Logarithms:
❑
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒙
𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙
𝒃𝒄 = 𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 = 𝒄
𝟓
C. Find the value of the following logarithmic
expressions.
Logarithmic Logarithmic Logarithmic
Equation Inequality Function
Function of the
An equation An inequality
Definition form
involving involving
logarithms. logarithms. f(x) = logbx
(b > 0, b ≠ 1)
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒃𝒙 = 𝒙
𝒙>𝟎 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒙 = 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒃 = 𝟏
A. Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of
the following logarithmic expressions.
B. Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of
the following logarithmic expressions.
Laws
𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏 𝒏∈𝑹 𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒗 > 𝟎,
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟎
=
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙=𝟓
Example No. 2
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝟓𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
−𝟐𝒙 = −𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏
−𝟐𝒙 −𝟐𝟔
=
−𝟐 −𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟑
Here are some techniques or strategies in
solving the logarithmic inequality.
• 𝒃>𝟎
𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
• 𝟎<𝒃<𝟏 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝟏 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝟐
• 𝒃>𝟏 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝟐
•
Example No. 1
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟏
2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 (𝒙 + 𝟐)
Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale
𝟐 𝑬
𝑹 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟒.𝟒𝟎
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟒.𝟒𝟎
Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale
𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝑰
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈 −𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
𝒎𝟐
−𝟏𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
𝟏𝟎
𝒎𝟐
Sound Intensity
𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔/𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈 −𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎 𝟔
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟔
𝑫 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒅𝑩
Acidity & the pH Scale
𝒑𝑯 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑯+ ,
𝑯+
𝒑𝑯 𝒐𝒇 𝟕
𝒑𝑯 < 𝟕
𝒑𝑯 > 𝟕
Acidity & the pH Scale
𝟏𝟎−𝟓
−𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎−𝟓 = −𝟓.
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, 𝒑𝑯 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝒑𝑯 = − −𝟓
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟓
Properties Logarithmic Functions
𝒙 ∈ 𝑹ȁ𝒙 > 𝟎
𝒙=𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
𝒃>𝟏 𝟎<𝒃<𝟏
Properties Logarithmic Functions
𝒙 ∈ 𝑹ȁ𝒙 > 𝟎
𝒙=𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
𝒃>𝟏 𝟎<𝒃<𝟏
Example 1: Graph 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13-15, Identify the given with correct symbol, value and units.
𝟏
𝟑
𝟐