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Math201 - Calculus

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6 views18 pages

Math201 - Calculus

Uploaded by

s-zeyad.mawjoud
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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❑ Matrix-Vector Multiplication

❑ Matrix Equation 𝐴𝐱 = 𝐛
Consider the system,
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 5
4𝑥1 − 6𝑥2 = −2
−2𝑥1 + 7𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 9
Can we write it as,
𝐴𝐱 = 𝐛
where
2 1 1 𝑥1 5
𝐴 = 4 −6 0 , 𝐱 = 𝑥2 , 𝐛 = −2
−2 7 2 𝑥3 9
Definition If 𝐴 is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix with columns 𝒂1 , 𝒂𝟐 , … 𝒂𝑛 and
𝐱 ∈ 𝑅𝑛 , 𝐴𝐱 is defined as:

𝑥1
𝑥2
𝐴𝐱 = 𝒂1 𝒂2 ⋯ 𝒂𝑛
⋮
𝑥𝑛
= 𝑥1 𝒂1 + 𝑥2 𝒂2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 𝒂𝑛
i.e. the linear combination of columns of 𝐴 using the
corresponding entries of 𝐱 as weights
Ex. Evaluate
2
1 2 3
3
0 4 5
4
2
1 2 3 =2
1
+3
2
+4
3 20
3 =
0 4 5 0 4 5 32
4
Row-Vector Rule
2 1 +3 2 + 4 3
= 2 0 +3 4 + 4 5
Ex. Write the following system in the form 𝐴𝐱 = 𝐛,
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 4
−5𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 1

𝑥1
1 2 −1 𝑥 4 matrix equation
2 =
0 −5 3 𝑥 1
3
which has the same solution as,
1 2 −1 4 vector equation
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 =
0 −5 3 1
There exists a solution iff 𝐛 can be expressed as,
a linear combination of columns of 𝐴
Ex. Does the equation 𝐴𝐱 = 𝐛 have a solution for all
possible values of 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ?
1 3 4 𝑏1
𝐴 = −4 2 −6 , 𝐛 = 𝑏2
−3 −2 −7 𝑏3
Theorem
If 𝐴 is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix, the following statements are
equivalent

1. For each 𝐛 in 𝑅𝑚 , the matrix equation 𝐴𝐱 = 𝐛 has a


solution
2. Each 𝐛 in 𝑅𝑚 is a linear combination of columns of 𝐴
3. The columns of 𝐴 span 𝑅𝑚
4. 𝐴 has a pivot position in each row

1 2 −1 1 5
Ex. 𝐴 = 0 −5 3 2 ,𝑏 = 6
0 0 3 4 7
𝑐1 𝒂𝟏 + 𝑐2 𝒂𝟐 = 𝐮
3 −5 0 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 4
−2 6 4 ~ −2 6 4 ~ 0 8 12 ~ 0 8 12
1 1 4 3 −5 0 0 −8 −12 0 0 0
5 3
𝑐1 = , 𝑐2 =
2 2
5 3
𝐮 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
2 2
❑ Homogeneous Linear Systems
❑ Parametric Vector Form
❑ Solutions of Nonhomogeneous Systems
Consider the system:

2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 2 1 1 0
6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ~ 0 −1 −2 0
−2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 0 0 4 0

A system with all zeros in R.H.S is a homogeneous system


Solution to the above system is: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
What do the equations represent geometrically?
In General:
❑ A homogeneous system is always consistent
❑ A homogeneous system has either
▪ a unique solution (the trivial solution) or
▪ an infinite number of solutions
i.e. It has at least one solution
Ex. What is the solution of the following system,
1 1 −2 0 1 1 −2 0
2 2 −4 0 ~ 0 1 0 0
3 4 −6 0 0 0 0 0
𝑥1 = 2𝑥3 , 𝑥2 = 0,
2
𝐱 = 𝑥3 0
1
𝐱 = 𝑡𝐯
Ex. What is the solution of the following system,
1 1 −2 2 1 1 −2 2
2 2 −4 4 ~ 0 1 0 1
3 4 −6 7 0 0 0 0
𝑥1 = 1 + 2𝑥3 , 𝑥2 = 1,
1 2
𝐱 = 1 + 𝑥3 0
0 1
𝐱 = 𝐩 + 𝑡𝐯
Ex. Write the general solution of the following
system in parametric vector form,
10𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 0
0.3 0.2
𝒙 = 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥3 0
0 1
Ex. Write the general solution of the following
system in parametric vector form,
10𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 10
1 0.3 0.2
𝒙 = 0 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥3 0
0 0 1
Theorem
Suppose the equation 𝐴𝐱 = 𝐛 is consistent for some
given 𝐛, and let 𝐩 be a solution, then the general
solution set of 𝐴𝐱 = 𝐛 is the set of all vectors of the
form,
𝐰 = 𝐩 + 𝐯ℎ
where 𝐯ℎ is any solution of the homogeneous
equation 𝐴𝐱 = 𝟎

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