UNITED GROUP OF INSTITUTION

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
KEC-501
UNIT-5
(Phase Locked Loop (PLL))
Part-4 (Basic principle of PLL, block diagram, working)
Presented By-
RAVI SRIVASTAVA
UCER PRAYAGRAJ
 PLL BLOCK DIAGRAM
 The figure shows the block diagram of PLL which consists of
phase detector, LPF, error amplifier and VCO.
 PLL BLOCK DIAGRAM
 The phase detector block has two inputs, external signal and
oscillator signal.
 Phase detector detects the phase between two signals and
develops an output voltage proportional
to phase difference.
 This block also called as
phase detector or phase
comparator.
 PLL BLOCK DIAGRAM
• Output of phase detector is passed through a LPF.It removes
high frequency signal and passes only low frequencies.
This filter is also called as loop filter.
• Output of filter is amplified
by amplifier. This amplified
output is applied as input
for VCO.
 PLL BLOCK DIAGRAM
• This input voltage adjusts the frequency of VCO such that the
VCO frequency is equal to signal frequency.
• When the signal frequency and VCO frequency is same the
loop gets locked.
•
 PLL OPERATING MODE
• FREE RUNNING MODE-Without application of any
external signal, VCO has some frequency called as free
running frequency or centre frequency. In this initial condition
loop is not locked i.e. in open condition.
• LOCKED MODE- When the signal frequency and VCO
frequency is same the loop gets locked.
• CAPTURE MODE- Adjusting the frequency of VCO such
that input frequency is equal to VCO frequency and forms
locked condition is called capture mode.
 LOCK RANGE & CAPTURE RANGE
• If system acquires a locked condition then even if the signal
frequency changes the loop remains in locked condition.
• The range of input frequency over which the locked condition
maintained is called locked range.
• Lock range depends on amplifier and filter characteristics.
• There is some limit for input signal for which system can
acquire a locked condition. This range of frequency between
which the system can goes into locked condition is called
capture range.
 LOCK RANGE & CAPTURE RANGE
• Capture range is symmetrical about centre frequency.
• Capture range also depends upon filter and amplifier
characteristics.
• Capture range is always less than lock range or almost equal;
but capture range is never greater than locked range.
 PLL TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
 This is the curve between error voltage vs frequency.
 PLL TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
 The frequency range between f3 and f1 is called capture range
and frequency range between f4 and f2 is called lock range.
 PLL APPLICATIONS
 It is used in demodulation of Amplitude Modulated suppressed
carrier signal.
 It is also used for demodulation of FM & PM signals.
 It can also be used in clock recovery from a signal.
 Because of its stable nature, it is used as frequency synthesizer in
most of the digital device.
 A crystal oscillator can generate stable frequency up to 300Mhz.
while PLL can generate signals of a high & stable frequency greater
than 300 Mhz.
 It is used in different devices such as a signal analyzer, signal
generator, radar, cell phones & radio etc.
 QUESTIONS IN UNIVERSITY EXAM
 List the application of PLL.(2021-22)
 Draw the block diagram of a PLL and explain its operation.
Explain lock-in-range, capture range and pull-in time of a
PLL.(2021-22)
 Define lock range & capture range in PLL.(2020-21)
 Explain the working of PLL with the help of diagram. List
the application of PLL.(2020-21)
 QUESTIONS IN UNIVERSITY EXAM
 Draw the block diagram of a PLL and explain the function of
each block. What are the advantages, disadvantages and
applications of PLL. Explain any one application of PLL
along with its circuit diagram. (2019-20)
QUERIES?
UNITED GROUP OF INSTITUTION

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
KEC-501
UNIT-5
(Phase Locked Loop (PLL))
Part-5 (Ex-OR gates and multipliers as phase detectors)
Presented By-
RAVI SRIVASTAVA
UCER PRAYAGRAJ
 PHASE DETECTOR
 Phase detector is an important part of PLL system.
 It compares the phase at each input and generates an error
signal, ve(t), proportional to the phase difference between the
two inputs.
 There are two types of phase detectors-analog and digital.
 Multiplier(mixer) is used as analog phase detector.
 Digital phase detector can be implemented using EX-OR
gate or SR flip flop.
 EX-OR GATE AS PHASE DETECTOR
• The following figure shows the digital type Ex-OR
(Exclusive OR) phase detector.
• The output of the EX-OR gate is HIGH only when one of the
input signals is high.
EX-OR GATE AS PHASE DETECTOR
fS fo vo

low low 0

low high 1

high low 1

high high 0
 EX-OR GATE AS PHASE DETECTOR
These types of phase detectors are used when both the inputs
are square waves. The input and output waveforms are shown
below.
 EX-OR GATE AS PHASE DETECTOR
• The variation of dc output voltage with phase difference ɸ is
shown in figure below.
 EX-OR GATE AS PHASE DETECTOR
• It can be seen that the maximum dc output voltage occurs
when the phase difference is π (180̊) because output of the
gate remains high throughout.
• The slope of the curve gives
the conversation ratio kɸ of
the phase detector.
• EX-OR phase detector can be
realized using IC CD 4070.
 MULTIPLIER AS PHASE DETECTOR
 A phase detector is a multiplier. It multiplies the two
sinusoidal signals i.e. the input/reference signal & the output
of VCO.
 Suppose the input signal is A sin(ωct+ϴi) & the output signal
of VCO is B cos(ωct+ϴo)
 MULTIPLIER AS PHASE DETECTOR
Then the output of phase detector x(t) is:
x(t) = A sin(ωct+ϴi) B cos(ωct+ϴo)
x(t) = AB sin(ωct+ϴi) cos(ωct+ϴo)
x(t) = AB/2 {sin(ωct+ϴi+ ωct+ϴo)+ sin(ωct+ϴi– ωct-ϴo)}
x(t) = AB/2 {sin(2ωct+ϴi+ϴo)+ sin(ϴi-ϴo)}
x(t) = AB/2 sin(2ωct+ϴi+ϴo)+ AB/2 sin(ϴi-ϴo)
The high frequency component is then
removed by using the low pass filter.
 MULTIPLIER AS PHASE DETECTOR
• The low pass filter the output becomes
x(t) = AB/2 sin(ϴi-ϴo)
• This is the required error voltage that depends on phase
difference & it is used to operate VCO.
• This error voltage is
very low dc voltage
hence it is amplified to
operate VCO.
 QUESTIONS IN UNIVERSITY EXAM
 What is phase detector? What is the main function of phase
detector? Briefly describe the various types of phase
detectors with circuit diagram and input – output
waveform.(2019-20)
QUERIES?