FullStack.

Cafe - Kill Your Tech Interview

FullStack.Cafe - Kill Your Tech Interview

Q1: What is Unit Of Work? ☆☆☆

Topics: ADO.NET OOP

Answer:

Unit of Work is referred to as a single transaction that involves multiple operations of insert/update/delete and
so on kinds. To say it in simple words, it means that for a specific user action (say registration on a website), all
the transactions like insert/update/delete and so on are done in one single transaction, rather than doing
multiple database transactions.

Q2: Can you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside
the interface? ☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

All the methods inside an interface are always public , by default. You cannot specify any other access modifier
for them.

Q3: Is it possible for a class to inherit the constructor of its base

class? ☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

No, a class cannot inherit the constructor of its base class.

Q4: How is method overriding different from method overloading ?

☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

Overriding involves the creation of two or more methods with the same name and same signature in
different classes (one of them should be parent class and other should be child).
Overloading is a concept of using a method at different places with same name and different signatures
within the same class.

Q5: What are similarities between a class and a structure ? ☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

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Answer:

The following are some of the similarities between a class and a structure:

Access specifiers, such as public, private, and protected, are identically used in structures and classes to
restrict the access of their data and methods outside their body.
The access level for class members and struct members, including nested classes and structs, is private by
default. Private nested types are not accessible from outside the containing type.
Both can have constructors, methods, properties, fields, constants, enumerations, events, and event
handlers.
Both structures and classes can implement interfaces to use multiple-inheritance in code.
Both structures and classes can have constructors with parameter.
Both structures and classes can have delegates and events.

Q6: State the features of an Interface ☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

An interface is a template that contains only the signature of methods. The signature of a method consists of the
numbers of parameters, the type of parameter (value, reference, or output), and the order of parameters. An
interface has no implementation on its own because it contains only the definition of methods without any
method body. An interface is defined using the interface keyword. Moreover, you cannot instantiate an interface.
The various features of an interface are as follows:

An interface is used to implement multiple inheritance in code. This feature of an interface is quite different
from that of abstract classes because a class cannot derive the features of more than one class but can
easily implement multiple interfaces.
It defines a specific set of methods and their arguments.
Variables in interface must be declared as public, static, and final while methods must be public and
abstract.
A class implementing an interface must implement all of its methods.
An interface can derive from more than one interface.

Q7: What do you mean by Data Encapsulation? ☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

Data encapsulation is a concept of binding data and code in single unit called object and hiding all the
implementation details of a class from the user. It prevents unauthorized access of data and restricts the user to
use the necessary data only.

Q8: What are the different ways a method can be Overloaded?

☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

The different ways to overload a method are given as follows:

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By changing the number of parameters used

By changing the order of parameters
By using different data types for the parameters

Q9: How could you define Abstraction in OOP? ☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

Abstraction is a technique of taking something specific and making it less specific.

In OOP we achieve the abstraction by separating the implementation from interface. We take a implemented
class and took only those method signatures and properties which are required by the class client. We put these
method signatures and properties into interface or abstract class.

Q10: Interface or an Abstract class: which one to use? ☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

Use an interface when you want to force developers working in your system (yourself included) to implement
a set number of methods on the classes they'll be building.

Use an abstract class when you want to force developers working in your system (yourself included) to
implement a set numbers of methods and you want to provide some base methods that will help them
develop their child classes.

Q11: What's the difference between a method and a function in

OOP context? ☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

A function is a piece of code that is called by name. It can be passed data to operate on (i.e. the parameters)
and can optionally return data (the return value). All data that is passed to a function is explicitly passed.

A method is a piece of code that is called by a name that is associated with an object. In most respects it is
identical to a function except for two key differences:

1. A method is implicitly passed the object on which it was called.

2. A method is able to operate on data that is contained within the class (remembering that an object is an
instance of a class - the class is the definition, the object is an instance of that data).

Q12: Does .NET support Multiple Inheritance? ☆☆☆☆

Topics: OOP .NET Core

Answer:

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.NET does not support multiple inheritance directly because in .NET, a class cannot inherit from more than one
class. .NET supports multiple inheritance through interfaces.

Q13: Explain different types of Inheritance ☆☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

Inheritance in OOP is of four types:

Single inheritance - Contains one base class and one derived class
Hierarchical inheritance - Contains one base class and multiple derived classes of the same base class
Multilevel inheritance - Contains a class derived from a derived class
Multiple inheritance - Contains several base classes and a derived class

All .NET languages supports single, hierarchical, and multilevel inheritance. They do not support multiple
inheritance because in these languages, a derived class cannot have more than one base class. However, you
can implement multiple inheritance in.NET through interfaces.

Q14: Explain the concept of Destructor ☆☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

A destructor is a special method for a class and is invoked automatically when an object is finally destroyed. The
name of the destructor is also same as that of the class but is followed by a prefix tilde (~).

A destructor is used to free the dynamic allocated memory and release the resources. You can, however,
implement a custom method that allows you to control object destruction by calling the destructor.

The main features of a destructor are as follows:

Destructors do not have any return type

Similar to constructors, destructors are also always public
Destructors cannot be overloaded.

Q15: Differentiate between an abstract class and an interface

☆☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

Abstract Class:

1. A class can extend only one abstract class

2. The members of abstract class can be private as well as protected.
3. Abstract classes should have subclasses
4. Any class can extend an abstract class.
5. Methods in abstract class can be abstract as well as concrete.
6. There can be a constructor for abstract class.

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7. The class extending the abstract class may or may not implement any of its method.
8. An abstract class can implement methods.

Interface

1. A class can implement several interfaces

2. An interface can only have public members.
3. Interfaces must have implementations by classes
4. Only an interface can extend another interface.
5. All methods in an interface should be abstract
6. Interface does not have constructor.
7. All methods of interface need to be implemented by a class implementing that interface.
8. Interfaces cannot contain body of any of its method.

Q16: What is Coupling in OOP? ☆☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

OOP Modules are dependent on each other. Coupling refers to level of dependency between two software
modules. Two modules are highly dependent on each other if you have changed in one module and for
supporting that change every time you have to change in dependent module. Loose Coupling is always
preferred. Inversion of Control and dependency injections are some techniques for getting loose coupling in
modules.

Q17: What exactly is the difference between an Interface and

abstract class? ☆☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

An interface is a contract: The person writing the interface says, "hey, I accept things looking that way", and
the person using the interface says "OK, the class I write looks that way".
An interface is an empty shell*. There are only the signatures of the methods, which implies that the
methods do not have a body. The interface can't do anything. It's just a pattern. Implementing an interface
consumes very little CPU, because it's not a class, just a bunch of names, and therefore there isn't any
expensive look-up to do. It's great when it matters, such as in embedded devices.
Abstract classes, unlike interfaces, are classes. They are more expensive to use, because there is a look-up
to do when you inherit from them. Abstract classes look a lot like interfaces, but they have something more:
You can define a behavior for them. It's more about a person saying, "these classes should look like that, and
they have that in common, so fill in the blanks!".

Q18: What is the difference between an abstract function and a

virtual function? ☆☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

An abstract function cannot have functionality. You're basically saying, any child class MUST give their
own version of this method, however it's too general to even try to implement in the parent class.

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A virtual function, is basically saying look, here's the functionality that may or may not be good enough for
the child class. So if it is good enough, use this method, if not, then override me, and provide your own
functionality.

Q19: When should I use an Interface and when should I use a Base
Class? ☆☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

Modern style is to define IPet and PetBase. The advantage of the interface is that other code can use it without
any ties whatsoever to other executable code. Completely "clean." Also interfaces can be mixed. But base
classes are useful for simple implementations and common utilities. So provide an abstract base class as well to
save time and code.

Q20: What is the difference between Cohesion and Coupling?

☆☆☆☆

Topics: OOP

Answer:

Cohesion refers to what the class (or module) can do.

Low cohesion would mean that the class does a great variety of actions - it is broad, unfocused on what it
should do.
High cohesion means that the class is focused on what it should be doing, i.e. only methods relating to the
intention of the class.

As for coupling, it refers to how related or dependent two classes/modules are toward each other. For low
coupled classes, changing something major in one class should not affect the other. High coupling would
make it difficult to change and maintain your code; since classes are closely knit together, making a change
could require an entire system revamp.

Good software design has high cohesion and low coupling.

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