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DC Ch2 Part3

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7 views16 pages

DC Ch2 Part3

Uploaded by

Roshdy - رشدي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Baseband pulse transmission

Prepared by: Dr / Doaa Gamal


Assistant professor at Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University
([email protected])
Baseband data transmission
2
Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
3

 ISI describes the smearing (time-dispersion) of one


received symbol into the adjacent symbol(s) due to the
distorting effects of the channel.
 When we say a channel is dispersive, we mean the channel
has a frequency dependent amplitude spectrum.
 Channel distortion is in the form of dispersion is caused by
an attenuation of certain critical frequency components of
the baseband data pulse train.
ISI
4

 The simplest example of a dispersive channel is the band-


limited channel.
 A band-limited channel passes all frequencies |f|< W
without distortion, while it blocks all frequencies |f| > W.
 band-limited channel is a good model for many practical
situations where many signals must share the
communication medium using an FDM strategy.
Steps in Designing the receiver
5

AWGN alone: solved by matched filter


ISI alone: solved by formulation of pulse-shaping filter to realize Nyquist
channel (Zero-Forcing equalizer)
AWGN + ISI : solved by MMSE equalizer
Equalizers
6

• A data modulated baseband pulse train is often attenuated and


distorted by the transmission medium.
• The attenuation can be compensated by the preamplifier,
whereas the distortion can be compensated by an equalizer.
• Channel distortion is in the form of dispersion, which is caused
by an attenuation of certain critical frequency components of
the baseband data pulse train.
Equalizers
7

a) ZF equalizer, b)MMSE equalizer


- ZF equalizer is relatively easy to design because it ignores the
effect of the channel noise.
- Theoretically, an equalizer should have a frequency characteristic
that is the inverse of that of the distortive channel medium. This
apparatus will restore the critical frequency components and
eliminate pulse dispersion
- Unfortunately, ZF equalizer enhances the channel noise by boosting
its components at these critical frequencies.
- MMSE equalizer: reduce the effect of channel noise and ISI.
Theoretical ZF equalizer
8
ZF equalizers
9

 It is really not necessary to eliminate or minimize ISI


(interference) with neighboring pulses for all t.
 All that is needed is to eliminate or minimize interference
among neighboring pulses at their respective sampling
instants only.
 This is because the receiver decision is based on signal sample
values only.
 Zero-forcing equalizer: force ISI to zero at all instants 𝑡 = 𝐾𝑇,
except for k=0, and ignore the channel noise.
ZF equalizer
10

 This kind of (relaxed) equalization can be accomplished by equalizers


using the transversal filter structure (tapped-delay line equalizer)
with the following unit-impulse response

• the tap coefficients of the ZF equalizer can be determined by solving the following
system of linear equations for the (2N + 1) taps of the ZF equalizer to satisfy Nyquist
criterion:

c(t) is the non-ideal channel response


ZF equalizer
11
Minimum Mean Square error (MMSE) equalizer
12

MMSE equalizer selects the channel equalizer taps such that the combined
power in the residual ISI and the additive noise at the output of the
equalizer are minimized. In the presence of large ISI and noise, an MMSE
equalizer is more robust than a ZF equalizer.
MMSE equalizer
13
Adaptive equalizer
14

• Since the channel characteristics are always unknown and


often time-varying, equalizers in almost all digital
transmission systems are designed to be adaptive, as they
can be much more effective, versatile, and cheaper than
fixed (pre-set) equalizers. In practical implementations of
equalizers, the optimum tap values are thus obtained by
an iterative procedure.
• transversal filter equalizers are easily adjustable to
compensate against different channels or even slowly
time-varying channels.
Adaptive ZF equalizer
15

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