Computer Science institute

IT Department
First Stage

Information Technology
Lecture 1

By
Paiwand S.Aziz
Awat Muhammad
Sarko Hawre

2024-2025
 Introduction to Information Technology
• Communication Technology: It consists of electromagnetic/optical
devices and systems for communicating over long distances
• Information Technology: It is the technology that uses computing
with a high speed communication links to spread information from
one place to another
• Information Technology: It is an technology that helps to produce,
manipulate, store, and communicate information
 Information Technology

• Information Technology merges computing with high-speed

communication links, carrying data, sound, and video
• Computer: It is a very important component of information
technology
 What is a computer
• Computer is ?
an information processing machine that performs tasks
or calculations according to a set of instructions or programs.
• Computers are used to keep records, analyze data, do research, and
manage projects. You can use computers to find information, store
pictures and music, track finances, play games, and communicate
with others.
 Parts of Computer

Computer

Hardware Software
 Types of Computer
❖ Analogue computer
• It recognizes data as a continuous measurement of a physical property
• It has no state
• Its output is usually displayed on a meter or graphs
• Examples are Analogue clock, speed of car, thermometer

❖ Digital computer
• It works with numbers
• It breaks all types of information into tiny units and use numbers to represent those
pieces of information
• Everything is described in two states. i.e. either ON (1) or OFF (0)
• It is very fast and has big memory
 Computers for Individual Use

❖ Desktop Computers
• The most common type of computer
• Sits on the desk or floor
• Performs a variety of tasks

❖ Workstations
• Specialized computers
• Optimized for science or graphics
• More powerful than a desktop
❖ Notebook Computers
• Small portable computers
• Weights approximately between 1 to 4 kilograms
• Screen size is about 8 by 17 inches
• Typically as powerful as desktop
• Can include a docking station

❖ Tablet Computers
• Newest development in portable computers
• Input is through a pen
• Run specialized version of office products
❖ Handheld Computers
• Very small computers
• Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
• Note taking or contact management
• Data can synchronize with a desktop

❖ Smart Phones
• Hybrid of cell phone and PDA
• Web surfing and email access
 Computers for Organizations
▪ Network Servers
➢ Generalized computers
➢ All other computer connect
➢ Provides access to network resources
➢ Multiple servers are called server farms
➢ Often simply a powerful desktop

▪ Mainframes
➢ Used in large organization
➢ Handle thousands of users
➢ Users access through a terminal
▪ Minicomputers
➢ Called midrange computers
➢ Power between mainframe and desktop
➢ Handle hundreds of users
➢ Used in smaller organizations
➢ Users access through a terminal

▪ Supercomputers
➢ The most powerful computer made
➢ Handle large and complex calculations
➢ Process trillions of operations per second
➢ Found in research organizations
Computer Science institute
IT Department
First Stage

Information Technology
Lecture 2

By
Paiwand S.Aziz
Awat Muhammad
Sarko Hawre

2024-2025
 Computer Organization

Computer

Software Hardware

Application O/S Local Main

Hardware:
➢ Local (Speaker / Printer/ Microphone / Headphone /
➢ Main
1. Motherboard
2. RAM
3. ROM
4. Hard Disk Types (HDD , SSD)
5. CPU
6. BUS
7. Slots (RAM Slot, PCI Slot)
8. Ports ( USB / Serial / VGA / Parallel / HDMI / (PS/2 (Keyboard/
Mouse)) / Screen (LED / LED)
9. DVD Drive
10. Device (External / Internal)
11. HIC Card
12. WHIC card
Motherboard: is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer.
The motherboard is a computer’s central communications backbone
connectivity point, through which all components and external
peripherals connect.
 Hardware concept
What is hardware ?
Hardware is the physical equipment which you can see and
touch, such as; the case, storage devices, keyboards, monitors,
cables, speakers, and printers.
 Hardware concept

• Hardware components include devices that perform the functions of input,

processing, data storage, and output.

• An input device sends information to a computer system for processing, and an

output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing. Depending on
the interaction, a device can be both, referred to as an input/output or I/O device.
 Main Internal part

Motherboard

The motherboard accommodates the central processing unit (CPU),

RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan assembly, BIOS chip, chip set,
and the embedded wires that interconnect the motherboard
components. Sockets, internal and external connectors, and various
ports are also placed on the motherboard.

An important set of components on the motherboard is the chip set,

that composed of various integrated circuits attached to the
motherboard to control how system hardware interacts with the CPU
and motherboard.
 Memory

RAM
• Random access memory (RAM) is the temporary storage for data
and programs.
• RAM is a volatile memory.
• The more RAM in a computer, the more system performance.
• The different types of RAM are: DRAM, SRAM, FPM Memory, EDO
Memory, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM and RDRAM.
The differences between SRAM and DRAM
 Memory ROM
ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located on the motherboard.
ROM chips contain instructions that can be directly accessed by the
CPU.
Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating
system are stored in ROM.
The different types of ROM are: ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
 Processor
CPU
The central processing unit (CPU) is considered the brain of the
computer.
It is sometimes referred to as the processor.
In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important
element of a computer system.
CPUs come in different form factors, each style requiring a particular
slot or socket on the motherboard.
Common CPU manufacturers include Intel and AMD.
Most calculations take place in the CPU.
The CPU executes a program, which is a sequence of stored
instructions.
RAM (Random Access Memory ):
 is a form of computer data storage that stores data and machine
code currently being used.
 RAM used MHz or GHz unit.
 RAM is volatile
 data is lost when the power to the computer is turned off
Types of Random Access Memory
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY )

❖ Read Only Memory is exactly what the name implies, it can only be
read, not written to it.
❖ ROM is non-volatile
➢ Data are stored permanently
➢ Data can only be read but cannot be changed
 Hard Drive

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, is an electromechanical data
storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and
retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks
(platters) coated with magnetic material.
CPU (central processing unit)
✓the central unit in a computer containing the logic circuitry that
performs the instructions of a computer's programs.
✓ The CPU performs arithmetical, logical operations on data held in
the computer memory - the RAM
✓ CPU use MHz or GHz unit
Computer Bus
When referring to a computer, the bus also known as the address bus, data
bus, or local bus, is a data connection between two or more devices
connected to the computer. For example, a bus enables a
computer processor to communicate with the memory or a video card to
with the memory. You can think of it as a public transportation or school
bus.
The slots
Types of Slots:
1. RAM Slot
2. PCI Slot

RAM Slot

PCI Slot
Computer Port

Computer ports have numerous functions and connectors of

varying designs
Computer monitor

A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in

pictorial form
1. LCD ( liquid crystal display )
2. LED (light-emitting diode)
Computer DVD (Digital Versatile Discs) Drives

A DVD drive is a component of a computer or other electronic device

designed specifically to utilize digital versatile discs
LAN card Wireless card
Graphic card or video card
A video card (also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter,
or graphics adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to
a display device (such as a computer monitor). Frequently, these are advertised as
discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the distinction between these
and integrated graphics. At the core of both is the graphics processing unit (GPU),
which is the main part that does the actual computations, but should not be confused
with the video card as a whole, although "GPU" is often used to refer to video cards.
Types of Graphic Card
❑ ISA :Industry Standard Architecture slots were once standard on all PCs.
This older slot has all but disappeared on modern motherboards. With a
maximum data throughput of 2 to 3 megabytes per second, this slower slot
supports only basic graphic capabilities and performance degrades rapidly
at higher resolutions.
❑ PCI :PCI graphics cards are cards that use the PCI slots on your motherboard to
connect to your computer. PCI graphics cards are usually a little bit out of date, if not
extremely so. However, many older motherboards have PCI slots and lack newer
varieties of connections.
❑ AGP :AGP graphics cards are named for the same thing PCI cards are—the
slot they connect to on a motherboard. AGP cards can have four speeds, the
fastest being 8x. However, if your motherboard only supports a lower
speed, such as 1x, 2x, or 4x, your graphics card will behave as if it is of a
slower speed, rather than its real speed.
❑ PCI Express :PCI-E cards are the most advanced, connecting to the
motherboard's PCI-E slot. PCI-E graphics cards can be accelerated to 16x.
In addition, a motherboard with more than one PCI-E slot can have more
than one PCI-E graphics card connected to it and combine their power.
Types of Graphic Card

AGP
ISA
INPUT, OUTPUT DEVICES
The Mouse
Computer Science institute
IT Department
First Stage

Information Technology
Lecture 3
Bios
By
Paiwand S.Aziz
Awat Muhammad
Sarko Hawre

2024-2025
Computer Science institute
IT Department
First Stage

Information Technology
Lecture 4
Update Driver
By
Paiwand S.Aziz
Awat Muhammad
Sarko Hawre

2024-2025
Update Driver: More commonly known as a driver, a device driver or
hardware driver is a group of files that enable one or more hardware
devices to communicate with the computer's operating system.
Without drivers, the computer would not be able to send and receive
data correctly to hardware devices, such as a graphic card ,NIC
card,USB driver Wi-Fi (WLAN) and etc...

Update Driver

Internet Software Windows

Service Tag (Driver Pack Solution) (Snappy Drivers) Auto Manual

Or Original Windows
Serial Number
Windows
A: Automatically :Manage->Computer Management->Device Manager
Note: Before you install the driver, please make sure that your computer has connected to
the
❑ Right click this yellow icon, and select “Update Driver Software
❑ select “Search automatically for updated driver software”, then the windows will
install the driver automatically.
B. Manual: Manage->Computer Management->Device Manager

❑ Right click this yellow icon, and select “Update Driver Software
Software : Snappy driver or Driver pack solution
Internet : Using service Tag or Serial Number
For example search for Dell Drivers (www.dell.com)
For example model (dell latitude 3480) drivers
Now check box and then download all drivers
Computer Science institute
IT Department
First Stage

Information Technology
Lecture 5
Disk Management
By
Paiwand S.Aziz
Awat Muhammad
Sarko Hawre

2024-2025 72
What is a Disk?
Alternatively known as a diskette, a disk is a hard or floppy, flash memory, and magnetic platter capable of
having information read from and written to it. The most commonly found disks with a computer are the hard
disks and floppy disks (floppy diskette) shown in the picture. A disk drive is a randomly addressable and
rewritable storage device. The term can be broadly interpreted to include optical drives and in earlier times,
floppy drives. However, in popular usage, it has come to relate mainly to hard disk drives (HDDs).
Disk drives can either be housed internally within a computer or housed in a separate box that is external to
the computer. They are found in PCs, servers, laptops and storage arrays, for example. They work by rotating
very rapidly around a head or heads, which read and write data. They differ from solid state drives (SSDs),
which have no moving parts and offer greater performance, but also cost more and generally offer less
capacity.

73
HDD Vs SSD

74
HDD Vs SSD

75
 Disk Management:
The Disk Management it’s one of important part in Computer
management for partitions or add Local disk, it’s used for Hard disk and
division for two parts:

Disk Management

2. Extend 1. Shrink
Volume Volume

‫كسيدراه يندرك دايز‬ ‫كسيدراه يندرك شةباد‬

76
 1. Shrink Volume
Hard drive shrinking is the practice of reducing the size of your partition to create unallocated
space that you can use elsewhere. Before your computer can use the space on the hard drive to
store data, the drive needs to be split up into separate areas, called partitions.

Left to Right

➢ Letter D, E, F
➢ Volume 0, 1, 2
➢ Located
➢ Blue color
Right click on My computer → Disk management → right
click on C: → shrink volume → 52000 MB → next →
right click on new simple volume → letter → NTFS → ok 77
1. Shrink Volume

Right click on My computer → Disk management → right click on

C: → shrink volume → 52000 MB → next → right click on new
simple volume → letter → NTFS → ok

78
1. Shrink Volume

Right click on My computer → Disk management → right click on

C: → shrink volume → 10000 MB → next → right click on new
simple volume → letter → NTFS → ok

79
 2. Extend Volume
You can use Disk Management to add space to an existing volume, extending it into empty space on the drive, but only if the
empty space doesn't have a volume on it (it's unallocated) and comes immediately after the volume you want to extend, with
no other volumes in-between, as shown in the following image. The volume to extend also must be formatted with the NTFS

Delete
C: D: F: all
Full disk Data
Unallocated

Left to Right

➢ Delete Letter D, E, F
➢ Delete Volume 0, 1, 2
➢ Unallocated
➢ Black Color
80
 Extend Volume or Partition on Disk in Disk Management

L→R
1. Right click on My computer → Disk management → right click
on letter you want to be delete D: or E: →after delete right click
the letter you want to be extended volume(choose Extent
volume) → size by MB → ok → successful

81
 Extend Volume or Partition on Disk in Disk Management

L→R
2. Click/tap on Next in the Extend Volume Wizard. (see screenshot below)
Note
If Extend Volume is grayed out, then there is not any unallocated space
available on the disk to extend the partition/volume into.

82
 Extend Volume or Partition on Disk in Disk Management

L→R
3. Type in how many MB of unallocated space you want to extend the partition/volume
into, and click/tap on Next. (see screenshot below)
Note
If you wanted to add all of the unallocated space to the partition/volume, then you type
what is shown as the Maximum available space in MB (ex: "10241").

1024 MB = 1 Gb
1024 GB = 1 TB

83
 Extend Volume or Partition on Disk in Disk Management

L→R
4. Type in how many MB of unallocated space you want to extend the partition/volume
into, and click/tap on Next. (see screenshot below)

84
 Extend Volume or Partition on Disk in Disk Management

L→R
Before

After

85
Computer Science institute
IT Department
First Stage

Information Technology
Lecture 6
User Account
By
Paiwand S.Aziz
Awat Muhammad
Sarko Hawre

2024-2025
User Account
A user account allows you to sign in to your computer. By default, your computer
already has one user account, which you were required to create when you set up your
computer. If you plan to share your computer with others, you can create a separate
user account for each person.
 Control Panel

User Account

User Sub Admin Administrator

User Account
•Administrator: Administrator accounts are special accounts that are used for making
changes to system settings or managing other people's accounts. They have full access to
every setting on the computer. Every computer will have at least one Administrator
account, and if you're the owner you should already have a password to this account.
•Sub Admin: Standard accounts are the basic accounts you use for normal everyday tasks.
As a Standard user, you can do just about anything you would need to do, such as running
software or personalizing your desktop and increase a permission level by administrator .
•User(Standard with Family Safety): These are the only accounts that can have parental
controls. You can create a Standard account for each child, then go to the Family
Safety settings in your Control Panel to set website restrictions, time limits, and more.
Create user account
1. Control panel – user account
Create user account
2. Right-click This PC and select Manage to open Computer Management.
Expand System Tools > Local Users and Groups. Then right-click
the Users folder and select New User to add a new user for Windows 10.
Create user account
3. Write a new user and password with more requirement password
❑ User must change password at next logon
❑ User cannot change password
❑ Password never expire
❑ Account is disabled
Create sub admin account
4. Right click on a user that you created for example (net) account – properties
– member of – advance – find now –choose administrator.
Create sub admin account
4. Right click on a user that you created for example (net) account – properties
– member of – add - advance – find now –choose administrator.
Create sub admin account
Switch Users

Press ctrl+Alt+delete
What is password
A password is a string of characters used to verify the identity of a user during
the authentication process. Passwords are typically used in conjuncture with a
username; they are designed to be known only to the user and allow that user to gain
access to a device, application or website. Passwords can vary in length and can
contain letters, numbers and special characters.

Password level

Weak Strong Complex

What is Security Account Manager (SAM)?
The Security Account Manager (SAM), often Security Accounts Manager, is a database file
in Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, 8.1 and 10 that stores users' passwords. It can be
used to authenticate local and remote users. Beginning with Windows 2000 SP4, Active
Directory authenticates remote users. SAM uses cryptographic measures to prevent
unauthenticated users accessing the system.

Physical path of password

C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG\SAM
How to protect your password
Password protect

BIOS Password Windows Admin Password

Hardware Software Windows

Remove Hard Disk and use as Booting Reset password disk

an external device
How to create a reset password disk?

Note: you have to a USB flash disk to save a password backup

❑ Connect a USB flash with you PC

❑ Open control panel > User Accounts >from dialog box click create a password reset
disk on left side >
How to create a reset password disk?

Note: you have to a USB flash disk to save a password backup

❑ Choose the letter a USB driver then Next

How to create a reset password disk?

Note: you have to a USB flash disk to save a password backup

❑ Finish the backup progress.

How to use the reset password disk

Note: you have to a USB flash disk to save a password backup

❑ While you have a problem from your password you can use a backup in your disk to
change and create a new password.
❑ Connect a USB flash
❑ Click a reset password
❑ Next
❑ Choose USB flash Letter
How to use the reset password disk

Note: you have to a USB flash disk to save a password backup

❑Choose a new password for this user account .

Note : This password will replace the old password .
Computer Science institute
IT Department
First Stage

Information Technology
Lecture 7
Backup and Restore
By
Paiwand S.Aziz
Awat Muhammad
Sarko Hawre

2024-2025
As the name says, this tool allows you to backup your operating system, its
settings and your data, part of the Backup and Restore features. choose what to
back up or you can select the individual folders, libraries, and the disk drives you
want backed up. By default, your backups are created on a automatic schedule,
but you can manually create a backup at any time. Once you set up Windows
Backup, it keeps track of the files and folders that are new or modified and adds
them to your backup.
Advantage of backup
❑ Reliability – data can be restore up to point failure because of logical – log
backups.
❑ Ability to restore at the system.
❑ Support for remote tape device.
❑ Support for external backup and restore.
❑ Simple configuration.
❑ Easy to use command syntax.
❑ data safety
❑ One of the repair your computer ways.
❑ You can restore this backup for all the same devices
System Restore is a Microsoft® Windows® tool designed to protect and repair the
computer software. System Restore takes a "snapshot" of the some system files
and the Windows registry and saves them as Restore Points. When an install
failure or data corruption occurs, System Restore can return a system to working
condition without you having to reinstall the operating system. It repairs the
Windows environment by reverting back to the files and settings that were saved
in the restore point.
The utility creates restore points once a day by default. It continually monitors
system activity and creates a restore point when particular activities occur. Types
of activities that trigger automatic creation of restore points include:
• installing software

• updating hardware drivers

•installing new hardware drivers

• manual creations of restore points

How to make a backup

❑ Control panel > backup and restore

How to make a backup

❑ Control panel > backup and restore > create a system image
How to make a backup

❑ Control panel > backup and restore > create a system image

❑Note: you can make backup windows backup manually and save in
Internal hard or external hard ,one or more DVD and network location
How to make a backup
❑ Control panel > backup and restore > create a system image > save windows backup
How to make a backup

❑ Control panel > backup and restore > create a system image > save windows
backup > choose a local disk that you want to backup > start backup
How to Restore a backup
❑ Note : to restore a backup you must be created a bootable disk to repair your
backup and use this disk from booting .
❑ You must have an empty disk (CD or DVD)
❑ Control panel > backup and restore > create a system repair disk.
How to Restore a backup

❑ Control panel > backup and restore > create a system image > create disk
How to Restore a backup

❑ After created a system repair disk if have a problem any time from your windows
it can be use a system image recovery (backup) from booting
❑ Now lets go to booting
❑ Restart your computer
❑ For example HP laptop press F9 to menu boot
❑ Select a DVD or CD drive
❑ Windows is loading file
How to Restore a backup

❑ After created a system repair disk if have a problem any time from your windows
it can be use a system image recovery (backup) from booting
❑ Now lets go to booting
❑ Restart your computer
❑ For example HP laptop press F9 to menu boot
❑ Select a DVD or CD drive
❑ Windows is loading file
❑ From system recovery option choose system image recovery
How to Restore a backup

❑ After created a system repair disk if have a problem any time from your windows
it can be use a system image recovery (backup) from booting
❑ Now lets go to booting
❑ Restart your computer
❑ For example HP laptop press F9 to menu boot
❑ Select a DVD or CD drive
❑ Windows is loading file
❑ From system recovery option choose system image recovery
How to Restore a backup

❑ After created a system repair disk if have a problem any time from your windows
it can be use a system image recovery (backup) from booting
❑ Now lets go to booting
❑ Restart your computer
❑ For example HP laptop press F9 to menu boot
❑ Select a DVD or CD drive
❑ Windows is loading file
❑ From system recovery option choose system image recovery
❑ Choose the letter of hard disk you will be restore the backup then next
Computer Science institute
IT Department
First Stage

Information Technology
Lecture 8
Disk Operating System(DOS)
By
Paiwand S.Aziz
Awat Muhammad
Sarko Hawre

2024-2025
MS-DOS is a non-graphical Command line Operating system created for IBM
compatible computers that was first introduced by Microsoft in August 1981 and
was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released. Used CharacterMode
❖The Command Prompt in Windows provides access to over 280 commands. These
commands are used to do certain operating system tasks from a command line
interface instead of the graphical Windows interface we use most of the time.

❖Note: It's important to know that the commands in Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, and XP are
called CMD commands or Command Prompt commands, and the commands in Windows
98/95 and MS-DOS are called DOS commands
The Command Prompt (CMD) Command Prompt is a command line interpreter
application available in most Windows operating systems. Command Prompt is
used to execute entered commands. Most of those commands are used to
automate tasks via scripts and batch files, perform advanced administrative
functions, and troubleshoot and solve certain kinds of Windows issues.

Open MS_DOS
Start > Run> cmd
 CMD

Internal command External command