CSC.

Assignment

CHOOSING THE RIGHT MICRO PROCESSOR:

Key considerations.

When selecting a micro- processor for a specific application, there are several
important parameters to evaluate. The significance of each parameter is outlined
below.

PERFORMANCE

The processing power and speed of the micro processor are crucial factors to
consider. Parameters such as clock frequency, number of cores, and architecture e.g
( 32-bit vs.64-bit) directly impact the micro processor's performance (Cardy, 2017).
For application requiring high speed processing, such as real time system or
multimedia applications, a more powerful micro processor with higher
performance would be essential.

POWER CONSUMPTION

Power consumption is a criticalparameter, especially for battery- powered or

energy-contained applications.

factors like operating voltage, power management technology can significantly

affect the power consumption of a micro processor (Grossman 219). For low-
power applications, such as werable device excellent power efficiency would be
preferred.

MEMORY AND STORAGE

The memory and the storage capabilitiesof a micro processor are essential for
determining it's suitability for an application. Parameters like on chip memory
(RAM, FLASH), Cache size and support for extal memory interface e.g RAM
FLASH should be considered ( Mano & Lime, 2015). Applications with large data
processing or storage requirements would benefit from a micro processor with
example memory and storage capacity.
PERIPHERALS AND INTERFACE

The integrated peripherals and and communication interface of a micro processor

can greatly impact it's capability with the target application. Factors such as the
availability of communication interface ( e.g UART, SPI, IZC), specialized
peripherals ( e.g ADCs, timers, PWM), and support for external peripherals should
be evaluated (Microship Technology Inc2021). applications with specific
peripherals requirements would need a microprocessor the can seamlessly integrate
with the necessary components.

COST AND AVAILABILITY

The cost and availability of the microprocessor are important practical

considerations. The overall cost, including the microprocessor unit price,
development tools, and supporting components should be within the project budget
(REESE, 2015). Additionally, the availability and long time supply of the
microprocessor can impact the feasibility and longevity of the application.

In conclusion, the selection of the right microprocessor for an application involves

a carful evaluation of performance, power consumption, memory and storage,
peripherals and considering these key parameters, engineers can ensure that the
chosen microprocessor meets the specific requirements of the application and
provides optimal performance, and cost -effectivebess.

REFERENCE'S

Cady F.M. (2017). Mi controller and microprocessors : principals and applications

oxford university press.

Grossman, H. ( 2019). Low-power design techniques for microprocessors springer.

Mano, M.M., & Kime, C.R. (2015). PICI6FL8 4468-bit micro controller with
Mano watt XLP technology. http: // www. Microship com/en- us/ product / PIC |6f|
8446.

Rees, R.B. (2015). Micro controller programming: the Microship PIC. CRC press

• Computer systems employ a variety of input and output (1/0) ports to connect
various peripheral devices and enable data transfor.
INPUT PORTS

* Keyboard port: This port is used to connect a keyboard, which is the primary
input device for text entry, command input and system comtrol. ( Khan& Usman,
2020)

* Joystick port: Joystick are commonly used to connect gaming controllers and
other input devices for applications like video games, flight simulators.

* Biometric ports: finger print input ports, such as finger readers or Iris scammers,
are used for users authentication and access control.

OUTPUT

* Adoi port: Audioports, including 3.5mmjacks or RCA connectors, allow the

connection or speakers, headphone or other audio output devices ( Maloney, 2015).

*Video port: Video ports, such as VGA, HDM, or display devices like
monitorsmonitors, progects, ortelevision. (stallings, 2017).

* Parallel port: this port are used to connect devices that require the simultaneous
transfer of multiple bits of data, such as older generations printer or scanner ( Khan
& Usman 2020).

* Serial port: serial port, such as Rs - 232 or USB, enable the connection of serial
devices, like modems, sensors, or industrial equipment, for data transfer ( Maloney,
2015).

* Network port: Network port, like internet or Wi-Fi facilitate the connection of the
computer to a local area communication (LAN) or the internet for data
communication (stallings, 2017).

* Printer port: Printer ports, such as parallel or USB porters, enable the connection
of printers for head - copy output (Khan Usman, 2020).

The choice of 1/0 ports in a computer system depends on the specific requirements
of the application, the compatibility of the connected devices, and the evaluation of
these 1/0 ports is crucial for the seamless integration and operation of various
peripheral devices in a computer system.
REFERENCES

Jain,M.J., FLYNN, P., & ROSS, A. A. (2016) Headbook or biometrics,

sprinterssprinter.

Khan, M. J. & Usman, M. (2020). Computer architecture aorganization.ion CRC

press.Maloney,ion T. (2015). Computer Science illuminated (6th Ed).
Borllolearning.ion

Olwal A., Lachanas, D., & Zacharrauli, E. touch,). other touch, A system for
position and orientation -dependent tangible interactions on wall- mounted
displays. in proceedings of the end international conference on tangible and
embadded interaction (pp. 109 -116).

Stallings W. (2017). Computer organization andarchitecture: designing for

performance (Loth Ed). person.
Internal Bus System

* The internal bus system of a computer is a communication system that allows the
various components of the computer to exchange data and control signals (
stallings 2017).

* System Bus: the system bus is the main communication channel that connects the
CPU, memory, and other components, allow them to exchange data and control
signals ( Tamenbaum & Bos, 2015).

* Control Bus: the control bus is used to transmitsignals, such as read, write and
interrupt, to co ordinate the operation of the various components.

* Data But: The data bus is used to transfar data bbetween athe CPU, memory and
other acomponents a( Maloney, 2015).

Auxillary storage devices offer increased storage capacity, data portability and
backupcapabilities, complementing the primary memory (RAM) in a computer
system (stallings, 2017).

REFERENCES

Khan, M. J. , & Usman, M. (2020) computer architecture and organizationCRC

press

Maloney, T. (2015). computer science illuminated (6th Ed). Jones &

Bortlettlearning.
INTRODUCTION

Computer peripherals are external devices that are connected to a computer to

extend it's functionality or provide additionalcapability. These devices often require
a specific communication protocol to exchange data with the hostcomputer.

* Serial loading scheme

one of the most common coding schemes used for computer peripherals is serial
communication.

*Asynchronous serial communication:This scheme uses start and stop bits to the
limit the data data frame, allowing the receiver to synchronize with the transmitter
without the transmitter and the receiver to share a common clock signal, to enable
the data to be transmitted and received in a synchronized manner. ( Tanenbawm &
Weatherall, 2011).

* Universal Asynchronous

Receiver - transmitter ( VART): VART is a hardware communication protocol,

converting data between parallel and serial formats. (stallings, 2017).

Parallel Coding Schemes

while serial communication is widely used, some computer peripherals may

employ parallel coding schemes, where multiple bits are transmitted
simultaneously.

* Centrics parallel interface: This interface was commonly used for connecting
printer to computers, transmitting data in parallel through a multi wire-cable (
Tanenbawm & Weatherall, 2011). ( Inenbawm & Weatherall, 2011).

* Small computer system interface ( scsi): SCSI is a parallel interface used for
connecting storage devices such as hard drives and tape drives, to computer
(stallings, 2017).

Communication protocols

in addition to decoding schemes, computer peripherals often utilize specific

communication protocols to ensure compatible and reliable data transfer.
* Universal serial bus (USB): USB is a widely adopted protocol for connecting
various peripherals, such as keyboard, mouse, and storage devices, to computers
(stallings, 2017).

* 1Eee1394 ( Fire Wire ): Fire Wire is a high speed serical bus protocol used for
connecting devices like digital cameras and external hard drives ( Tanenbawm &
Weatherall, 2011).

* Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a wireless communication protocol that enables the

connection of peripherals, such as keyboards, mouse, and speakers, to computers
(stallings, 2017).

REFERENCES

Stallings, W. (2017). Data and computer communications (10th Ed ). Person.

Tamenbaum, A. S., & Weatherall, D ). Person.

Introduction

Computer memory is a fundamental component of modern computing devices,

enabling the storage and retrieval of data, instructions, and information essential
for their operation.

TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY

Primary memory ( Random Access Memory - RAM ): Primary memory, also

known as main memory or random access memory (RAM), is the primary storage
medium used by computer processor.

* Dynamic Ram (D RAM): D Ram is the most common type of RAM, used in a
wide range of computing devices. (Gupta et Al. 2020).

* Static Ram: S Ram is faster and more efficient than D Ram, but also more
expensive. it is commonly used in cache memory, where fast access is crucial.
(Daoud, et Al., 2022).

* Synchronous D Ram (SDRam): SD Ram is a type of D Ram that is synchronized

with the computer's clock, allowing for faster data transfer rentos (Desai et Al,
2018).

Secondary Memory

Secondary Memory, also known as auxiliary memory or non-volatile memory is

used for long-term data storage.

* Hard Disk Drives (HDDS): HDDS use magnetic disks to store data.

* Solid - states Drives (SSDS):

SSDS are newer types of secondary memory that use flash memory technology
instead of magnetic disks. (stallings, 2020).

Optical Discs

Optical Discs, such as CDs DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, use lesser technology to read
and write data on an optical sensitive medium. (Patterson & Itennessy 2017).
Magnetic tapes: this tapes are a type of secondary memory that uses magnetic tape
for data storage. (stallings, 2020).

Solid states Hybrid Drives ( SSHDS)

SSHDS combine the features of HDDS and SDDS using a small solid state cache
to improve the overall performance of the storage system.

Technology and Production of Computer Memory